美國垃圾焚化發電（WTE）：市場佔有率分析、行業趨勢和統計數據以及成長預測（2026-2031 年）

根據 Mordor Intelligence 估計，2026 年美國垃圾焚化發電市場價值為 72.6 億美元，預計在預測期（2026-2031 年）內將以 11.59% 的複合年成長率成長，到 2031 年達到 125.6 億美元。

本報告按技術（物理、熱力、生物）、廢棄物類型（城市固態廢棄物、農業及農業相關工業殘渣等）、能源輸出（電力、熱力、運輸燃料等）以及最終用戶（公共產業和獨立發電商 (IPP)、運輸燃料經銷商等）進行細分。市場規模和預測以美元計價。

美國垃圾焚化發電(WTE) 市場的趨勢與洞察

掩埋陸的承載能力正變得越來越緊張。

到2025年，美國東北部的掩埋成本將超過每噸100美元，是全國平均的兩倍。這是因為紐約州、新澤西州、麻薩諸塞州和康乃狄克州的剩餘掩埋容量僅夠使用不到10年。因此，各市政當局正在權衡長途運輸帶來的可避免成本與本地垃圾焚化發電合約（可產生可再生能源證書，REC）之間的利弊。紐約州監管機構警告稱，到2033年，該州27個掩埋中可能有14個關閉，這將加速廢棄物設施改造的採購進程。加州的SB 1383法案強制要求對有機垃圾進行分類，預計到2025年將有廢棄物萬噸食物和園林廢棄物得到再利用，從而確保厭氧消化所需的穩定原料供應。考慮到降低運輸成本、能源回收和信用收益，決策者傾向於選擇廢棄物設施改造。

更嚴格的州可再生能源組合標準

康乃狄克州、麻薩諸塞州和紐約州在2024年至2025年間修訂了可再生能源組合標準，將符合更嚴格排放上限的合格垃圾焚化發電納入其中。康乃狄克州現在向氮氧化物（NOx）排放量低於45 ppm的設施頒發一級可再生能源認證，從而產生每兆瓦時35至42美元的新收入。馬薩諸塞州也將在2025年底前發布類似指南，將符合標準的電廠重新歸類為“替代能源”，以鼓勵營運商投資催化排放控制設備。這些調整將改善專案現金流，並使已連接現有電網的營運商受益。

加強對 PFAS 和戴奧辛排放的監測

美國環保署 (EPA) 於 2025 年 9 月發布的指導草案提案了PFAS 煙氣排放的限制，迫使營運商考慮實施活性碳噴射系統，每個廠址的成本高達 1,200 萬美元。紐約州暫停了兩家工廠的許可證續約，直到 PFAS 控制措施落實到位。馬薩諸塞州和佛蒙特州現在要求每季進行 PFAS 採樣並公佈結果，這可將許可證有效期延長 6 至 9 個月。更嚴格的戴奧辛標準（參考歐盟 0.05 ng/m³ 的基準值）正在影響美國監管機構。合規成本和聲譽風險的疊加阻礙了短期專案的推出。

細分市場分析

儘管熱處理系統在2025年佔銷售額的64.5%，但預計到2031年，生物處理製程的複合年成長率將達到15.9%，成為廢棄物發電市場各技術類別中成長率最高的。 2025年，AnaelGear在威斯康辛州和愛荷華州運作了三個農場沼氣池。每座設施可處理多達6萬噸畜禽糞便，並供應碳排放強度低於-200克二氧化碳當量/兆焦耳的可再生天然氣。此外，該生物平台也吸引了公共產業的投資，這些公司希望利用可獲得高碳權額的負碳分子來實現天然氣組合的多元化。

繼Enerchem公司在瓦雷訥成功實現每噸原料300公升甲醇的產量後，氣化和熱解計畫正逐漸佔據市場佔有率，因為開發商尋求的是確保化學原料供應，而非依賴直接燃燒。等離子弧氣化技術仍屬於小眾領域，其資本密集度超過每噸每年800美元。隨著美國環保署（EPA）最終確定可再生燃料標準（RFS）的配額，纖維素乙醇發酵製程取得了進展。該標準強調生產過程應減少至少60%的溫室氣體排放。 Fulcrum Bioenergy公司的Sierra工廠預計到2025年將生產1,100萬加侖乙醇，並於2026年1月與美國聯合航空公司簽署了一份為期10年的噴射機燃料供應合約。

2025年，都市固態廢棄物佔原料的52.9%，而農業殘餘物預計在2026年至2031年間將以14.6%的複合年成長率成長，成為廢棄物發電市場所有類別中成長率最高的。農場沼氣可獲得州政府的低碳燃料補貼和聯邦沼氣稅收優惠，從而支持年處理量低於2萬噸的計畫。 2025年，威斯康辛州、愛荷華州和明尼蘇達州共安裝了11座新的農場沼氣池，每座沼氣池都向州際管線輸送可再生氣體，並獲得45Z生產補助。

越來越多的工業廢棄物被化學回收公司回收利用，這些公司透過解聚合塑膠來處理廢棄物；高熱值材料也正從焚化爐中回收再利用。在大西洋中部地區，市政污水處理廠正根據水環境聯合會的最佳實踐手冊，擴大污水廢棄物與食物廢棄物的聯合消化處理。不符合回收分類標準的建築和拆除木材正被製成顆粒，並用於水泥窯的混燒，符合美國林務局減少野火燃料的津貼。

其他好處：

• Excel格式的市場預測（ME）表
• 3個月的分析師支持

目錄

第1章：引言

• 研究假設和市場定義
• 調查範圍

第2章：調查方法

第3章執行摘要

第4章 市場狀況

• 市場概覽
• 市場促進因素
  • 掩埋陸的承載能力正變得越來越緊張。
  • 各州收緊可再生能源組合標準（RPS）
  • 根據《通貨膨脹控制法》，廢棄物發電 (WtE) 設施的維修稅額扣抵。
  • 企業為實現零浪費所做的努力（財富500強）
  • 自 2022 年以來，天然氣價格波動劇烈。
  • 一項開創性的碳負排放RDF共燒試點計畫。
• 市場限制因素
  • 加強對 PFAS 和戴奧辛排放的監測
  • 隨著回收的進步，一般廢棄物的熱值逐漸降低。
  • 當地居民反對新建焚化廠（「我們不需要它建在我們家門口」）。
  • 先進的機械回收技術加劇了競爭
• 供應鏈分析
• 監理情勢
• 技術展望
• 波特五力模型
• PESTLE分析

第5章 市場規模與成長預測

• 透過技術
  • 物理處理（廢棄物衍生燃料、機械處理和生物處理）
  • 熱處理（焚燒/燃燒、氣化、熱解、等離子弧）
  • 生物法（厭氧消化、發酵）
• 廢棄物類型
  • 一般廢棄物
  • 工業廢棄物
  • 農業和農業產業的殘餘物
  • 污水污泥
  • 其他（商業廢棄物、建築廢棄物、危險廢棄物）
• 以能源生產量計算
  • 電力
  • 熱
  • 熱電聯產（CHP）
  • 運輸燃料（生物合成天然氣、生物液化天然氣、乙醇）
• 最終用戶
  • 公共產業及獨立電力生產商（IPP）
  • 工業私營發電廠
  • 區域供熱業務
  • 運輸燃料經銷商

第6章 競爭情勢

• 市場集中度
• 策略趨勢（併購、聯盟、購電協議）
• 市場佔有率分析（主要公司的市場排名和佔有率）
• 公司簡介
  • Covanta Holding Corp.
  • Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.
  • WIN Waste Innovations
  • SUEZ SA
  • Veolia North America
  • Waste Management Inc.
  • Montenay International
  • Martin GmbH
  • Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises
  • Hitachi Zosen Inova
  • Groupe CNIM
  • Enerkem
  • Fulcrum BioEnergy
  • Brightmark
  • Aries Clean Energy
  • Bioenergy DevCo
  • Anaergia
  • Green Conversion Systems
  • Covanta Environmental Solutions
  • Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Environmental & Chemical Engineering

第7章 市場機會與未來展望

According to Mordor Intelligence, the United States waste to energy market size is estimated at USD 7.26 billion in 2026, and is expected to reach USD 12.56 billion by 2031, at a CAGR of 11.59% during the forecast period (2026-2031).

This report is Segmented by Technology (Physical, Thermal, and Biological), Waste Type (Municipal Solid Waste, Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Residues, and More), Energy Output (Electricity, Heat, Transportation Fuels, and More), and End-User (Utilities and IPPs, Transport Fuel Distributors, and More). The Market Sizes and Forecasts are Provided in Terms of Value (USD).

United States Waste To Energy (WTE) Market Trends and Insights

Rising Landfill-Capacity Constraints

Landfill tipping fees in the Northeast topped USD 100 per ton in 2025, twice the national average, because remaining airspace in New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Connecticut fell below a decade of capacity. Municipalities are therefore weighing the avoided cost of long-haul disposal against local waste-to-energy contracts that generate renewable-energy certificates. New York regulators warned that 14 of 27 landfills could close by 2033, accelerating procurement of conversion facilities. California's organic-diversion mandate under SB 1383 redirected 6.8 million tons of food and yard waste in 2025, providing steady feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The combined economics of avoided transport, energy recovery, and credit revenue tilt decision-making toward conversion infrastructure.

Stricter State Renewable Portfolio Standards

Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York amended renewable-portfolio rules in 2024-2025 to include qualifying waste-to-energy plants that comply with tighter emissions caps. Connecticut now allows Class I renewable-energy certificates for facilities achieving nitrogen-oxide levels below 45 ppm, creating a new USD 35-42 per MWh revenue stream. Massachusetts issued parallel guidance in late 2025 that reclassifies compliant plants as "alternative energy," encouraging operators to invest in catalytic controls. These adjustments improve project cash flow and favor incumbents with existing grid interconnections.

Heightened PFAS & Dioxin Emission Scrutiny

Draft EPA guidance released in September 2025 introduced proposed PFAS stack-emission limits, compelling operators to consider activated-carbon injection systems that add up to USD 12 million per site. New York paused permit renewals for two plants pending PFAS controls. Massachusetts and Vermont now require quarterly PFAS sampling with public disclosure, lengthening permits by six to nine months. Tighter dioxin standards referencing the European Union benchmark of 0.05 ng/m3 are influencing U.S. regulators. Compliance costs and reputational risk combine to hamper near-term project starts.

Other drivers and restraints analyzed in the detailed report include:

1. Inflation Reduction Act Tax Credits for WtE Retrofits
2. Corporate Zero-Waste Commitments
3. Declining MSW Calorific Value Due to Recycling Gains

For complete list of drivers and restraints, kindly check the Table Of Contents.

Segment Analysis

Thermal systems commanded 64.5% of 2025 revenue, yet biological processes are forecast to grow at a 15.9% CAGR through 2031, the highest among technology classes in the waste-to-energy market. Anaergia brought three farm-based digesters online in Wisconsin and Iowa during 2025, each treating up to 60,000 tons of livestock waste and injecting renewable natural gas with carbon intensities below -200 g CO2e/MJ. Biological platforms also attract capital from utilities eager to diversify gas portfolios with carbon-negative molecules that carry premium credits.

Gasification and pyrolysis projects are gaining share as developers seek chemical feedstock rather than direct combustion, following Enerkem's demonstrated methanol yields of 300 L per ton at Varennes. Plasma-arc gasification remains niche owing to capital intensity above USD 800 per annual ton. Fermentation routes for cellulosic ethanol advanced when EPA finalized renewable-fuel-standard volumes that prize pathways reducing greenhouse-gas emissions by at least 60%. Fulcrum BioEnergy's Sierra plant produced 11 million gallons in 2025 and secured a 10-year jet-fuel offtake with United Airlines in January 2026.

Municipal solid waste accounted for 52.9% of feedstock in 2025, yet agricultural residues are expected to expand at a 14.6% CAGR from 2026 to 2031, the fastest of any category in the waste-to-energy market. On-farm digestion qualifies for state low-carbon-fuel credits and federal biogas tax breaks, supporting projects below 20,000 tons per year. Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota collectively added 11 farm digesters in 2025, each injecting renewable gas into interstate pipelines and claiming 45Z production credits.

Industrial waste streams are increasingly intercepted by chemical-recycling firms that depolymerize plastics, diverting high-calorific materials from combustors. Sewage-sludge co-digestion with food waste is rising at municipal wastewater plants in the Mid-Atlantic, guided by Water Environment Federation best-practice manuals. Construction and demolition wood that fails recycling screening is pelletized for cement-kiln co-firing, aligning with U.S. Forest Service wildfire-fuel reduction grants.

Complete Report Scope:

• By Technology
  • Physical (Refuse-Derived Fuel, Mechanical Biological Treatment)
  • Thermal (Incineration/Combustion, Gasification, Pyrolysis and Plasma-Arc)
  • Biological (Anaerobic Digestion, Fermentation)
• By Waste Type
  • Municipal Solid Waste
  • Industrial Waste
  • Agricultural and Agro-industrial Residues
  • Sewage Sludge
  • Others (Commercial, Construction, Hazardous)
• By Energy Output
  • Electricity
  • Heat
  • Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
  • Transportation Fuels (Bio-SNG, Bio-LNG, Ethanol)
• By End-user
  • Utilities and IPPs
  • Industrial Captive Plants
  • District Heating Operators
  • Transport Fuel Distributors

List of Companies Covered in this Report:

1. Covanta Holding Corp.
2. Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.
3. WIN Waste Innovations
4. SUEZ SA
5. Veolia North America
6. Waste Management Inc.
7. Montenay International
8. Martin GmbH
9. Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises
10. Hitachi Zosen Inova
11. Groupe CNIM
12. Enerkem
13. Fulcrum BioEnergy
14. Brightmark
15. Aries Clean Energy
16. Bioenergy DevCo
17. Anaergia
18. Green Conversion Systems
19. Covanta Environmental Solutions
20. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Environmental & Chemical Engineering

Additional Benefits:

• The market estimate (ME) sheet in Excel format
• 3 months of analyst support

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction

• 1.1 Study Assumptions & Market Definition
• 1.2 Scope of the Study

2 Research Methodology

3 Executive Summary

4 Market Landscape

• 4.1 Market Overview
• 4.2 Market Drivers
  • 4.2.1 Rising landfill-capacity constraints
  • 4.2.2 Stricter state Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)
  • 4.2.3 Inflation Reduction Act tax credits for WtE retrofits
  • 4.2.4 Corporate zero-waste commitments (Fortune 500)
  • 4.2.5 High natural-gas price volatility post-2022
  • 4.2.6 Novel carbon-negative RDF co-firing pilots
• 4.3 Market Restraints
  • 4.3.1 Heightened PFAS & dioxin emission scrutiny
  • 4.3.2 Declining MSW calorific value due to recycling gains
  • 4.3.3 Local opposition to new incinerators ("not-in-my-back-yard")
  • 4.3.4 Rising competition from advanced mechanical recycling
• 4.4 Supply-Chain Analysis
• 4.5 Regulatory Landscape
• 4.6 Technological Outlook
• 4.7 Porter's Five Forces
  • 4.7.1 Threat of New Entrants
  • 4.7.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
  • 4.7.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
  • 4.7.4 Threat of Substitutes
  • 4.7.5 Industry Rivalry
• 4.8 PESTLE Analysis

5 Market Size & Growth Forecasts

• 5.1 By Technology
  • 5.1.1 Physical (Refuse-Derived Fuel, Mechanical Biological Treatment)
  • 5.1.2 Thermal (Incineration/Combustion, Gasification, Pyrolysis and Plasma-Arc)
  • 5.1.3 Biological (Anaerobic Digestion, Fermentation)
• 5.2 By Waste Type
  • 5.2.1 Municipal Solid Waste
  • 5.2.2 Industrial Waste
  • 5.2.3 Agricultural and Agro-industrial Residues
  • 5.2.4 Sewage Sludge
  • 5.2.5 Others (Commercial, Construction, Hazardous)
• 5.3 By Energy Output
  • 5.3.1 Electricity
  • 5.3.2 Heat
  • 5.3.3 Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
  • 5.3.4 Transportation Fuels (Bio-SNG, Bio-LNG, Ethanol)
• 5.4 By End-user
  • 5.4.1 Utilities and IPPs
  • 5.4.2 Industrial Captive Plants
  • 5.4.3 District Heating Operators
  • 5.4.4 Transport Fuel Distributors

6 Competitive Landscape

• 6.1 Market Concentration
• 6.2 Strategic Moves (M&A, Partnerships, PPAs)
• 6.3 Market Share Analysis (Market Rank/Share for key companies)
• 6.4 Company Profiles (includes Global level Overview, Market level overview, Core Segments, Financials as available, Strategic Information, Products & Services, and Recent Developments)
  • 6.4.1 Covanta Holding Corp.
  • 6.4.2 Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.
  • 6.4.3 WIN Waste Innovations
  • 6.4.4 SUEZ SA
  • 6.4.5 Veolia North America
  • 6.4.6 Waste Management Inc.
  • 6.4.7 Montenay International
  • 6.4.8 Martin GmbH
  • 6.4.9 Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises
  • 6.4.10 Hitachi Zosen Inova
  • 6.4.11 Groupe CNIM
  • 6.4.12 Enerkem
  • 6.4.13 Fulcrum BioEnergy
  • 6.4.14 Brightmark
  • 6.4.15 Aries Clean Energy
  • 6.4.16 Bioenergy DevCo
  • 6.4.17 Anaergia
  • 6.4.18 Green Conversion Systems
  • 6.4.19 Covanta Environmental Solutions
  • 6.4.20 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Environmental & Chemical Engineering

7 Market Opportunities & Future Outlook

• 7.1 White-space & Unmet-Need Assessment