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1961273

汽車網路安全市場－全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會和預測：按車輛類型、安全類型、應用類型、地區和競爭格局分類，2021-2031年

Automotive Cybersecurity Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Vehicle Type, By Security Type, By Application Type, By Region & Competition, 2021-2031F
出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 185 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

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簡介目錄

全球汽車網路安全市場預計將從 2025 年的 36.4 億美元成長到 2031 年的 50.1 億美元，複合年成長率為 5.47%。

該市場包含用於保護車輛軟體、網路和電子系統免受資料竊取、未授權存取和惡意篡改的成熟技術和通訊協定。推動市場成長的根本動力是聯網汽車技術的快速發展以及強制執行認證安全措施的嚴格法規。這些促進因素代表安全領域必要的結構性轉變，而非曇花一現的趨勢。例如，汽車資訊共用與分析中心 (AISAC) 指出，到 2024 年，將有 13 個勒索軟體組織專門針對汽車產業，凸顯了情勢的嚴峻性。

市場概覽
預測期 2027-2031
市場規模：2025年 36.4億美元
市場規模：2031年 50.1億美元
複合年成長率：2026-2031年 5.47%
成長最快的細分市場 商用車輛
最大的市場 北美洲

然而，保障多層汽車供應鏈的複雜性為市場帶來了重大挑戰。對眾多第三方供應商提供的軟體硬體元件的高度依賴，造成了難以識別和管理的隱藏漏洞。這些安全漏洞阻礙了全面網路安全解決方案的持續應用，因為它們妨礙了在整個供應鏈中統一部署必要的保護措施。

市場促進因素

向軟體定義車輛 (SDV) 架構的轉變以及互聯技術的日益普及正在重塑汽車網路安全格局。隨著汽車製造商部署自動駕駛和個人化車內體驗等先進功能，車輛的數位化邊界不斷擴大，也帶來了新的安全漏洞。這種演進需要強大的安全框架來保護車輛、雲端和第三方應用程式之間持續的資料交換，尤其是在遠端管理成為標準配置的情況下。 2025 年 6 月 Sonatas 的一項調查顯示，67% 的汽車專業人士已經實施了空中下載 (OTA) 更新，這凸顯了保護這些互聯功能免受攔截和篡改的重要性。

同時，隨著網路威脅日益頻繁且手段愈加複雜，相關人員被迫加強防禦。攻擊者正從實驗性駭客攻擊升級到針對車輛營運和關鍵基礎設施的大規模攻擊，其攻擊效果越來越難以抵禦傳統安全措施。根據 Upstream Security 的報告顯示，2024 年報告的汽車網路安全事件數量將增加至 409 起，顯示惡意活動顯著增加。這一激增正造成嚴重的經濟後果，VicOne 估計，到 2024 年，包括勒索軟體和供應鏈漏洞在內的汽車網路攻擊造成的經濟損失將達到 225 億美元。

市場挑戰

保障多層汽車供應鏈的安全難度是限制全球網路安全市場成長的一大結構性障礙。隨著汽車產業向軟體定義平台轉型，製造商嚴重依賴分散的第三方供應商網路來獲取關鍵的硬體和軟體。這種相互依賴造成了安全盲點，一個底層供應商的漏洞就可能威脅到整個車隊的安全。因此，汽車製造商被迫將大量資金投入審核和遏制策略，而非創新，從而延緩了先進互聯和自動駕駛技術的應用。

這些供應鏈漏洞的影響巨大，而無法保障端到端安全性迫使相關人員對新產品整合採取規避風險的態度。歐盟網路安全局 (ENISA) 2024 年的報告凸顯了這項風險的嚴重性，報告指出，交通運輸業約佔所有已通報網路安全事件的 11%，是該地區第二大網路安全攻擊目標產業。這種源自於系統性缺陷的高威脅削弱了下一代汽車廣泛應用所需的信心，並阻礙了市場擴張。

市場趨勢

人工智慧 (AI) 和機器學習 (ML) 在即時威脅偵測領域的應用正日益普及，產業也正從被動防禦轉向主動行為分析。隨著車輛架構日益複雜，傳統的基於規則的安全措施已無法有效阻止自動化零時差攻擊。如今，AI 演算法正被用來定義電控系統的基線運作模式，從而能夠即時偵測到顯示入侵的異常情況。黑莓公司 2024 年 6 月發布的報告清楚地展現了這項需求的規模：報告指出，在 2024 年 1 月至 3 月的短短時間內，其 AI 解決方案就攔截了超過 310 萬次網路攻擊。

同時，迫切需要實施軟體材料清單(SBOM)，以提高供應鏈透明度並管理與開放原始碼和第三方程式碼相關的風險。隨著汽車製造商整合來自不同供應商的數百萬行程式碼，快速識別和修復易受攻擊的組件已成為至關重要的營運要求。這種結構性變化直接應對了軟體缺陷的增加。 VicOne 的報告顯示，2024 年與汽車相關的 530 個通用漏洞和揭露 (CVE) 數量創歷史新高，凸顯了標準化組件追蹤對於降低車隊風險的緊迫性。

目錄

第1章概述

第2章：調查方法

第3章執行摘要

第4章：客戶心聲

第5章：全球汽車網路安全市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
    • 按金額
  • 市佔率及預測
    • 車輛類型（乘用車、商用車）
    • 按類型分類的安全（應用程式、網路、終端）
    • 依應用類型（ADAS/安全系統、資訊娛樂系統、車身電子設備、動力傳動系統、遠端資訊處理系統）
    • 按地區
    • 按公司（2025 年）
  • 市場地圖

第6章：北美汽車網路安全市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 北美洲：國別分析
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第7章：歐洲汽車網路安全市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 歐洲：國別分析
    • 德國
    • 法國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 西班牙

第8章：亞太地區汽車網路安全市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 亞太地區：國別分析
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韓國
    • 澳洲

第9章：中東和非洲汽車網路安全市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 中東與非洲：國別分析
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 南非

第10章：南美洲汽車網路安全市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 南美洲：國別分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥倫比亞
    • 阿根廷

第11章 市場動態

  • 促進因素
  • 任務

第12章 市場趨勢與發展

  • 併購
  • 產品發布
  • 近期趨勢

第13章：全球汽車網路安全市場：SWOT分析

第14章：波特五力分析

  • 產業競爭
  • 新進入者的潛力
  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 顧客權力
  • 替代品的威脅

第15章 競爭格局

  • Intel Corporation
  • ETAS GmbH
  • NXP Semiconductors NV
  • DENSO Corporation
  • Continental AG
  • Harman International Industries, Inc.
  • Robert Bosch GmbH
  • Cisco Systems Inc.
  • Argus Cyber Security Ltd.
  • Karamba Security Ltd.

第16章 策略建議

第17章：關於研究公司及免責聲明

簡介目錄
Product Code: 19248

The Global Automotive Cybersecurity Market is projected to rise from USD 3.64 Billion in 2025 to USD 5.01 Billion by 2031, registering a CAGR of 5.47%. This market comprises the technologies and protocols established to defend vehicle software, networks, and electronic systems against data theft, unauthorized access, and malicious manipulation. Growth is fundamentally driven by the rapid expansion of connected vehicle technologies and the enforcement of strict regulations requiring certified security measures. These drivers indicate a necessary structural shift for safety rather than temporary trends. Highlighting the severity of the landscape, the Automotive Information Sharing Analysis Center identified 13 ransomware groups explicitly targeting the automotive sector in 2024.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2027-2031
Market Size 2025USD 3.64 Billion
Market Size 2031USD 5.01 Billion
CAGR 2026-20315.47%
Fastest Growing SegmentCommercial Vehicles
Largest MarketNorth America

However, the market faces a significant hurdle due to the complexity of securing the multi-tiered automotive supply chain. The extensive reliance on a wide variety of third-party vendors for software and hardware components introduces obscure vulnerabilities that are challenging to identify and manage. These security gaps hinder the consistent application of comprehensive cybersecurity solutions, as defects in the supply chain impede the uniform adoption of necessary protective measures.

Market Driver

The shift toward software-defined vehicle (SDV) architectures and the increase in connected technologies are reshaping the automotive cybersecurity environment. As automakers introduce advanced features such as autonomous driving and personalized in-cabin experiences, the digital perimeter of vehicles expands, creating new vulnerabilities. This evolution requires robust security frameworks to protect the continuous data exchange between vehicles, clouds, and third-party applications, especially as remote management becomes standard. A June 2025 survey by Sonatus revealed that 67% of automotive professionals have already deployed over-the-air (OTA) updates, underscoring the critical need to protect these connectivity features from interception and tampering.

Concurrently, the increasing frequency and sophistication of cyber threats are driving stakeholders to strengthen their defenses. Threat actors have escalated from experimental hacks to large-scale attacks targeting fleet operations and critical infrastructure, often outpacing traditional security methods. Upstream Security reported that publicly disclosed automotive cybersecurity incidents rose to 409 in 2024, marking a significant increase in malicious activity. This surge has severe economic implications; VicOne estimated the financial impact of automotive cyberattacks, including ransomware and supply chain breaches, at $22.5 billion in 2024.

Market Challenge

The difficulty of securing the multi-tiered automotive supply chain acts as a primary structural barrier to the growth of the global cybersecurity market. As the industry transitions to software-defined platforms, manufacturers depend heavily on a fragmented network of third-party vendors for essential hardware and software. This interdependence creates security blind spots, where a vulnerability in a single lower-tier supplier can compromise an entire fleet. Consequently, automakers are forced to divert significant capital toward auditing and containment strategies instead of innovation, which delays the rollout of advanced connected and autonomous technologies.

The impact of these supply chain vulnerabilities is profound, causing stakeholders to adopt a risk-averse approach to new product integration due to the inability to guarantee end-to-end security. The extent of this exposure is illustrated by the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA), which noted in its 2024 report that the transport sector accounted for approximately 11% of all reported cybersecurity incidents, making it the second most targeted industry in the region. This high threat level, driven by systemic weaknesses, undermines the trust needed for the widespread adoption of next-generation vehicles, thereby hampering market expansion.

Market Trends

The adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) for real-time threat detection is becoming a dominant trend, shifting the industry from reactive defense to proactive behavioral analysis. With vehicle architectures increasing in complexity, traditional rule-based security is no longer sufficient to stop automated, zero-day attacks. AI algorithms are now employed to define baseline operational patterns for electronic control units, allowing for the immediate detection of anomalies that suggest intrusion. The scale of this necessity is evident in BlackBerry's June 2024 report, which noted that their AI-powered solutions blocked over 3.1 million cyberattacks between January and March 2024 alone.

Simultaneously, there is a heightened focus on Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) implementations to improve supply chain transparency and manage risks related to open-source and third-party code. As automakers incorporate millions of lines of code from various suppliers, the ability to rapidly identify and fix vulnerable components has become an essential operational requirement. This structural shift is a direct response to the rising number of software flaws; VicOne reported a record 530 automotive-related Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) in 2024, highlighting the urgent need for standardized component tracking to mitigate fleet risks.

Key Market Players

  • Intel Corporation
  • ETAS GmbH
  • NXP Semiconductors N.V.
  • DENSO Corporation
  • Continental AG
  • Harman International Industries, Inc.
  • Robert Bosch GmbH
  • Cisco Systems Inc.
  • Argus Cyber Security Ltd.
  • Karamba Security Ltd.

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Automotive Cybersecurity Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Automotive Cybersecurity Market, By Vehicle Type

  • Passenger Cars
  • Commercial Vehicles

Automotive Cybersecurity Market, By Security Type

  • Application
  • Network
  • Endpoint

Automotive Cybersecurity Market, By Application Type

  • ADAS & Safety System
  • Infotainment
  • Body Electronics
  • Powertrain
  • Telematics

Automotive Cybersecurity Market, By Region

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Germany
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • South Korea
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Automotive Cybersecurity Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Automotive Cybersecurity Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Vehicle Type (Passenger Cars, Commercial Vehicles)
    • 5.2.2. By Security Type (Application, Network, Endpoint)
    • 5.2.3. By Application Type (ADAS & Safety System, Infotainment, Body Electronics, Powertrain, Telematics)
    • 5.2.4. By Region
    • 5.2.5. By Company (2025)
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Vehicle Type
    • 6.2.2. By Security Type
    • 6.2.3. By Application Type
    • 6.2.4. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Security Type
        • 6.3.1.2.3. By Application Type
    • 6.3.2. Canada Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Security Type
        • 6.3.2.2.3. By Application Type
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Security Type
        • 6.3.3.2.3. By Application Type

7. Europe Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Vehicle Type
    • 7.2.2. By Security Type
    • 7.2.3. By Application Type
    • 7.2.4. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Germany Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Security Type
        • 7.3.1.2.3. By Application Type
    • 7.3.2. France Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Security Type
        • 7.3.2.2.3. By Application Type
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Security Type
        • 7.3.3.2.3. By Application Type
    • 7.3.4. Italy Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Security Type
        • 7.3.4.2.3. By Application Type
    • 7.3.5. Spain Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Security Type
        • 7.3.5.2.3. By Application Type

8. Asia Pacific Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Vehicle Type
    • 8.2.2. By Security Type
    • 8.2.3. By Application Type
    • 8.2.4. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Security Type
        • 8.3.1.2.3. By Application Type
    • 8.3.2. India Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Security Type
        • 8.3.2.2.3. By Application Type
    • 8.3.3. Japan Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Security Type
        • 8.3.3.2.3. By Application Type
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Security Type
        • 8.3.4.2.3. By Application Type
    • 8.3.5. Australia Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Security Type
        • 8.3.5.2.3. By Application Type

9. Middle East & Africa Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Vehicle Type
    • 9.2.2. By Security Type
    • 9.2.3. By Application Type
    • 9.2.4. By Country
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Security Type
        • 9.3.1.2.3. By Application Type
    • 9.3.2. UAE Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Security Type
        • 9.3.2.2.3. By Application Type
    • 9.3.3. South Africa Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Security Type
        • 9.3.3.2.3. By Application Type

10. South America Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Vehicle Type
    • 10.2.2. By Security Type
    • 10.2.3. By Application Type
    • 10.2.4. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Security Type
        • 10.3.1.2.3. By Application Type
    • 10.3.2. Colombia Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Security Type
        • 10.3.2.2.3. By Application Type
    • 10.3.3. Argentina Automotive Cybersecurity Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Vehicle Type
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Security Type
        • 10.3.3.2.3. By Application Type

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
  • 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
  • 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Automotive Cybersecurity Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. Intel Corporation
    • 15.1.1. Business Overview
    • 15.1.2. Products & Services
    • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
    • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
  • 15.2. ETAS GmbH
  • 15.3. NXP Semiconductors N.V.
  • 15.4. DENSO Corporation
  • 15.5. Continental AG
  • 15.6. Harman International Industries, Inc.
  • 15.7. Robert Bosch GmbH
  • 15.8. Cisco Systems Inc.
  • 15.9. Argus Cyber Security Ltd.
  • 15.10. Karamba Security Ltd.

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer