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6G通訊中光學和光電子技術的機會：傳輸、RIS、接收、佈線、處理、調諧、冷卻、自供電、感測器：市場和技術（2027-2047）
市場調查報告書
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2123812

6G通訊中光學和光電子技術的機會：傳輸、RIS、接收、佈線、處理、調諧、冷卻、自供電、感測器：市場和技術（2027-2047）

6G Communications Optics and Optronics Opportunities in Transmission, RIS, Reception, Cable, Processing, Tuning, Cooling, Self-Powering, Sensors: Markets, Technologies 2027-2047
出版日期: | 出版商: Zhar Research | 英文 452 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

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簡介目錄

概括

各種光學技術和光電子技術對無線通訊未來發展的重要性日益凸顯，並由此創造了巨大的商業機會。這份商業性觀點的報告全面涵蓋了所有這些方面，包括截至2026年的最新研究進展，並持續更新最新資訊。這份500頁的報告內容涵蓋了利用遠紅外線和可見光頻率的光資料傳輸、光學可重構智慧表面（ORIS）和訊號處理、利用近紅外光的被動輻射冷卻（PRC）以及未來光纖電纜及其替代技術。

無所不在的光學和光電子技術輔助6G第二階段

預計6G部署將於2030年開始，初期重點在於透過實體層之上各層的基礎技術進步來提升效能，同時盡可能減少大規模的額外基礎設施投資。然而，要實現6G的最初目標並扭轉客戶端設備銷售下滑的局面，第二階段必須充分利用光技術。 6G的目標包括Tbps級資料傳輸速度、亞毫秒延遲、原生人工智慧、原生感知、原生高精度定位以及比5G高10倍的終端密度。這些能力足以支援各種下一代應用，例如即時腦機介面、先進機器人、全像通訊和身臨其境型延展實境（XR）。為了實現這些應用，通訊需要大幅擴展，至少涵蓋0.1-0.3 THz頻段和可見光通訊。

光纖技術是實現 6G 覆蓋範圍和 Tbps 速率的關鍵。

光纖中繼預計將進一步發展，這方面的一項重大進展是，倫敦在2026年實現了使用傳統光纜450Tbps的通訊速度，足以同時傳輸約5,000萬部電影。 5G在地理覆蓋範圍、室內覆蓋和空中覆蓋方面的不足將在6G中得到緩解，其實現方式包括：利用近紅外線和可見光太陽光發電為大部分基礎設施自供電，以及使設備光學透明且隱蔽，允許在更多地點安裝設備。這也包括在傳播路徑中採用主動式光學可重構智慧表面（ORIS），這將擴大通訊範圍並增加許多新服務。此外，人們也探索利用光電子技術進行高速處理和RIS調諧。

採用光學技術來應對更高的熱負荷

與 5G 類似，6G 也需要更高的功率，並且需要在高溫環境下運行，這兩點都需要進一步的冷卻。而光學技術正迅速成為可行的解決方案。它無需任何功率，而是將光的反射與透過所謂的「大氣窗口」直接向太空發射近紅外線輻射相結合。這種方法稱為被動輻射冷卻（PRC）。

目錄

第1章 執行摘要與結論

  • 本報告的目標和重點領域
  • 本分析的調查方法
  • 關於 6G 通訊系統和硬體的17個結論和 10個資訊圖表。
  • 12項SWOT分析
    • 6G 增加了亞太赫茲、太赫茲、近紅外線和可見光頻率。
    • 用於 6G 的光纖 Wi-Fi（OWC）
    • 可見光通訊（VLC）
    • 6G RIS
    • 同時傳輸/反射型RIS（STAR-RIS）
    • 用於光無線通訊（OWC）的6G RIS
    • 兩個 SWOT 評估、衍生技術和與白天被動輻射冷卻（PDRC）相關的材料優先性分析。
    • 用於 6G 的光訊號處理
    • 為6G零排放設備（ZED）提供太陽能
    • 6G系統設計中的兆赫和遠紅外線電纜波導管
    • 6G系統設計中的光纖
  • 6G系統、材料和標準化藍圖：6項內容
  • 6G 材料、硬體及相關市場的市場預測：45個項目，附圖表和說明。
    • 概述
    • 光學及光電子相關6G材料及裝置市場
    • 面向 6G 的全被動式超材料反射陣列市場：OWC 與整體狀況
    • 6G RIS市場規模：主動系統與四種半被動系統（依頻率）
    • 面向 6G 基礎設施和客戶端設備的光學及整合式溫度控管材料/結構市場
    • 固體冷卻市場的三大主要類型
    • 商業產品中地面輻射冷卻性能
    • 智慧型手機及其後續機型的全球銷售
    • 6G 與 5G 基地台市場：年銷售量
    • 如果6G基地台市場成功，其市場規模將達到多少？
    • 熱超構裝置市場：依應用領域分類，包括紅外線應用

第2章 引言

  • 摘要：經驗教訓與6G硬體配置計劃
  • 光學和光電技術對於 6G 的成功非常重要。
    • 概述
    • 擴大光學/光電子技術在 6G 的應用 - 8 種候選技術
    • 計劃中的6G 頻段與研究的頻段之間的不匹配可能會導致新的競爭技術的出現。
    • 對6G光無線通訊（OWC）進行SWOT分析
    • 可見光通訊（VLC）的SWOT分析
    • 具有近紅外線冷卻、6G RIS 或 6G 反射陣列的光學透明智慧窗戶和覆材
  • 預計6G材料將有顯著進步
    • 強勁的6G 趨勢和 SWOT 分析：從「盒裝組件」到智慧材料和超表面。
    • 超材料在 6G 中的作用，包括光學應用。
    • 超材料和超表面的SWOT評估
    • 6G OTA，用於 T-RIS 的電氣化透明玻璃
    • 用於 6G 的量子光學計算
  • 參考文獻：截至2026年的學術研究進展等。

第3章 與6G基礎設施和客戶端設備相關的光無線通訊

  • 光無線通訊（OWC），包括最新研究
    • OWC 的範圍和潛力，以及最新的研究進展。
    • 衛星間以及飛機與衛星間的光衛星網路
    • 光學地面站：Airbus範例
    • OWC在6G通訊中的重要性：2025-2026年研究展望
  • 光6G通訊，包括2025年的研究
    • 概述
    • 資訊圖表：6G中光通訊和光電通訊硬體的重要性
    • 資訊圖表：光纖和OWC在潛在的Tbps級6G網路中的應用，並增加了遠紅外線（THz）、近紅外線和可見光
    • 最新相關研究
    • 6G非地面網路（NTN）的應用：6G-NTN的發展趨勢
  • 在相容 6G 的用戶端裝置中擴大光纖技術的應用
    • 由人直接操作的設備：例如智慧型手機。
    • 2027年至2047年間的預期進展
    • 2025年智慧型手機VLC及VLC處理技術的研究
  • 一項2026年的研究揭示了未來雷射、雷射二極體、檢測器和其他OWC光電的發展方向。
    • 雷射
    • 用於未來 6G OWC 的LED、雷射二極體、光子接收器以及其他裝置和材料

第4章 用於6G的光可重構智慧表面（ORIS）與光調諧

  • 概述
  • ORIS，一款用於光纖通訊的RIS（風險和系統檢查系統）和 SWOT 評估工具。
  • ORIS實施方法
  • OWC 和 RIS 在遠距離、地下、水下和太空中的應用：最新研究進展
  • 短距離室內開放水域循環訓練（OWC）和RIS：最新研究進展
  • 6G超透鏡及其最新進展
  • 鏡陣列式 ORIS 的設計、應用與最新進展。

第5章 近紅外線被動輻射冷卻（PRC：日間被動輻射冷卻PDRC）

  • 概述：6G 需求、SWOT 分析及2027年成熟度曲線
  • PRC基本概念：定義、起源、目的及六個視角下的比較
  • 2025-2026年材料分析：包括塗層、多模態和多功能 PRC 的進步。
  • PRC新興應用領域：資料中心、建築、水回收、太陽能板、服飾、軟性電子產品。
  • 12家PRC製造商簡介
  • 參考
  • 克服PRC技術缺陷的衍生技術

第6章 光訊號處理（OSP）、光電發電作為多功能6G基礎設施用戶端設備、遠紅外線太赫茲波導管與光纖纜線、光纖、光電感測器

  • 概述
  • 6G光訊號處理（OSP）
  • 光學和光電子技術在6G能源採集中的作用
  • 為什麼太陽能及其衍生技術對6G非常重要
  • 6G波導管與電纜設計及材料：SWOT分析與最新研究進展
  • 光電感測器：光子感測器、紅外線感測器、LiDAR感測器、光電憶阻器感測器、光電感測器、太陽能感測器

第7章 參與6G材料與硬體的35家公司：產品、計畫、專利及Zhar Research評估

  • 概述：6G硬體的未來發展趨勢，包括廠商案例研究和專利申請趨勢 - Apple、Intel、Cisco
  • AGC（日本）
  • Airbus（歐洲）
  • Alcan Systems（德國）
  • Alibaba（中國）
  • Alphacore（美國）
  • China Telecom、China Mobile、China Unicom、Huawei、ZTE、Lenovo、CICT共同開發的項目（中國）
  • Ericsson（瑞典）
  • Fractal Antenna Systems（美國）
  • Greenerwave（法國）
  • Huawei（中國）
  • ITOCHU（日本）
  • Kymeta Corp.（美國）
  • Kyocera（日本）
  • Metacept Systems（美國）
  • Metawave（美國）
  • NEC（日本）
  • Nokia（芬蘭）/LG Uplus（韓國）
  • NTT DoCoMo、NTT（日本）
  • Orange（法國）
  • Panasonic（日本）
  • Pivotal Commware（美國）
  • Qualcomm（美國）
  • Samsung Electronics（韓國）
  • Sekisui（日本）
  • SensorMetrix（美國）
  • SK Telecom（韓國）
  • Sony（日本）
  • TeraView（美國）
  • TOPTICA（德國）
  • Vivo Mobile Communications（中國）
  • VTT（芬蘭）
  • ZTE（中國）
簡介目錄

Summary

You have huge opportunities from the fact that optics and optronics in many forms are essential to the future success of wireless communications. A new, commercially-oriented report uniquely covers all of this including latest research advances through 2026, constantly updated. It is the 500 page, Zhar Research report, “6G Communications Optics and Optronics Opportunities in Transmission, RIS, Reception, Cable, Processing, Tuning, Cooling, Self-Powering, Sensors: Markets, Technologies 2027-2047” . Think of such things as optical data transmission at far IR and visible frequencies, Optical Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces ORIS and processing, near-infrared Passive Radiative Cooling PRC, future fiber optic cable and alternatives.

Ubiquitous optics and optronics enables 6G Phase Two

Although 6G will mostly launch in 2030 with minimal infrastructure expenditure, just performance improved by radical advances above the physical layer, a largely-optical Phase Two will be essential to meet the original promises and reverse the decline in sales of client devices. Those promises include Tbps data rates, sub ms latency, native AI, native sensing and native precise positioning, ten times the client density of 5G, all sufficient to serve the ambitions of real-time brain-computer interfaces, superlative robotics, holographic communication, immersive extended reality XR and so much more. For these, transmission must widely add at least 0.1-0.3 THz and visible light communication.

Optics essential for 6G reach and Tbps

There will be much more fiber optic intermediary, a major advance here being achievement of 450Tbps (50 million movies simultaneously) with regular cable in London in 2026. The poor geographical, indoor and aerial coverage of 5G will be eased by making much infrastructure self-powered using near IR/ visible light photovoltaics and by assets becoming optically transparent for invisibility/ acceptability in more locations, including active Optical Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces ORIS in the propagation path increasing range and adding many new services. Highest-speed processing and RIS tuning with optronics are also in the frame.

Optics coping with more heat

As with 5G, 6G will again bring need for higher power and operation in hotter regions, both incurring need for more cooling. Here a strongly emerging option is optical. It needs no power and it combines light reflection with emission of near-infrared directly into space through the “atmospheric window”. Call it Passive Radiative Cooling PRC.

Up-to-date PhD level analysis

The Executive Summary and Conclusions (63 pages) is complete in itself – the basics, 17 key conclusions, summary infograms, 13 SWOT appraisals, prioritisation of best materials, roadmaps, and 45 forecast lines/ graphs with explanation. The Introduction (49 pages) puts it in context, giving eight candidates for increasing adoption of optics/ optronics for 6G. With data, it warns that the mismatch of planned and researched 6G frequencies may invite usurpers. Building blocks such as metamaterials are introduced together with some possible results including optically transparent smart windows and cladding acting as 6G RIS or 6G reflect arrays also cooling the building. See likely radical advances in 6G materials and understand the strong 6G trend from components-in-a-box to smart materials and metasurfaces with SWOT. Many examples of relevant academic research advances from 2026 and 2025 are given.

Chapter 3. Optical Wireless Communications involving infrastructure and client devices for 6G (36 pages), using new infograms, reveals how this is very much a 3D opportunity. Here are optical networks between ground, High Altitude Platform Stations HAPS and satellites. See 1Tbps optical ground stations with Airbus examples. Then learn OWC relevance to 6G Communications including Visible Light VLC to smartphones and research advances through 2025 and 2026. The toolkit covered includes future OWC lasers, laser diodes, photodetectors and other OWC photonics revealed in 2026 research.

Chapter 4. Optical Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces ORIS and optical tuning for 6G including advances in 2025 (71 pages) gives basics then broad coverage including potential in space, underground and underwater and the distributed DRIS option. There are SWOT appraisals, parameter comparisons and a frank assessment of ORIS challenges. RIS enhanced OWC vehicular networks and mobile environments are here plus laser stratospheric and space communications with RIS technology. See short range and indoor OWC and its RIS with latest research advances. The toolkit covered includes LiFi, metalenses and mirror arrays. Chapter 5. Near Infrared Passive Radiative Cooling PRC (Passive Daylight Radiative Cooling PDRC) (130 pages) describes, appraises and predicts this relatively new technology that will cool 6G assets such as base stations and active RIS without moving parts or attendant warming (vapor compression currently heats cities up to 3C and is too expensive: 6G will do better). Even cooling apparel and buildings are relevant as 6G vanishes into the fabric of society.

Chapter 6 is concerned with much more of the optical toolkit relevant to 6G. It is called “Optical Signal Processing OSP, photovoltaics including as multifunctional 6G infrastructure and client devices, Far IR THz waveguides and cable, fiber optics, optronic sensors” (97 pages). There is much critical assessment, appraisal of latest research, SWOTs, infograms, identified gaps in the market and views of the future. Required materials are detailed, assessed and prioritised based on latest advances. See far infrared THz waveguides and long-distance fiber. Also appraised for 6G are optronic sensors: photonic, infrared, LIDAR, optoelectronic memtransistors, photoelectric, photovoltaic. The report closes with Chapter 7. 35 companies involved in 6G materials and hardware: products, plans, patents, Zhar Research appraisals: 2025-6. These profiles focus on 6G relevance.

The Zhar Research report, “6G Communications Optics and Optronics Opportunities in Transmission, RIS, Reception, Cable, Processing, Tuning, Cooling, Self-Powering, Sensors: Markets, Technologies 2027-2047” guides you to create one-billion-dollar businesses from these added-value materials, device and system opportunities without being superficial or out-of-date.

Table of Contents

1. Executive summary and conclusions

  • 1.1 Purpose and focus of this report
    • 1.1.1 General
    • 1.1.2 Infogram: 6G optical, optronic opportunities with infrastructure and client devices 2026-2046
    • 1.1.3 Infogram: increasing adoption of optics/ optronics for 6G – nine candidates
    • 1.1.4 Lessons from analysis of 245 latest researches and recommendations
  • 1.2 Methodology of this analysis
  • 1.3 17 conclusions for 6G Communications systems and hardware with 10 infograms
  • 1.4 12 SWOT appraisals
    • 1.4.1 SWOT appraisal of 6G adding sub-THz, THz, near infrared and visible frequencies
    • 1.4.2 SWOT appraisal of Optical Wireless Communications for 6G
    • 1.4.3 SWOT appraisal of visible light communication VLC
    • 1.4.4 SWOT appraisal of 6G RIS
    • 1.4.5 SWOT appraisal Simultaneous Transmission And Reflection STAR-RIS
    • 1.4.6 SWOT appraisal of 6G RIS for Optical Wireless Communication OWC
    • 1.4.7 Two SWOT appraisals of Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling PDRC, variant and materials prioritisation analysis
    • 1.4.8 SWOT appraisal of Optical Signal Processing for 6G
    • 1.4.9 SWOT appraisal of photovoltaics for 6G Zero Emission Devices ZED
    • 1.4.10 SWOT appraisal of terahertz far infrared cable waveguides in 6G system design
    • 1.4.11 SWOT appraisal of fiber optics in 6G system design
  • 1.5 6G systems, materials and standards roadmaps in six lines 2026-2047
  • 1.6 Market forecasts for 6G materials, hardware, context 2026-2046 in 45 lines, graphs, explanation
    • 1.6.1 Overview
    • 1.6.2 Optical and optronic 6G materials and device market 2026-2047
    • 1.6.3 6G fully passive metamaterial reflect-array market OWC and total $ billion 2029-2047
    • 1.6.4 6G RIS value market $ billion: active vs four semi-passive categories by frequency 2026-2047
    • 1.6.5 Optical and total thermal management material and structure for 6G infrastructure and client devices $ billion 2026-2047
    • 1.6.6 The three main types of solid-state cooling $ billion 2026-2047
    • 1.6.7 Terrestrial radiative cooling performance in commercial products W/sq. m 2025-2047
    • 1.6.8 Smartphone and successor billion units sold globally 2025-2047
    • 1.6.9 Market for 6G vs 5G base stations units millions yearly 2025-2047
    • 1.6.10 Market for 6G base stations market value $bn if successful 2029-2047
    • 1.6.11 Thermal meta-device market $ billion 2027-2047 by two application segments including infrared

2. Introduction

  • 2.1 Overview: lessons and planned 6G hardware anatomy
    • 2.1.1 Lessons from the evolution of wireless communication
    • 2.1.2 The 1G to 6G journey seeking higher performance
    • 2.1.3 Why 6G must come in two phases and the second will be largely optical
    • 2.1.4 Situation with primary 6G infrastructure and client devices by type
    • 2.1.5 Detail on 6G Phase One
    • 2.1.6 Progressing to 6G Phase Two: spectrum, objectives, ISAC, SWOT
  • 2.2 How many optical and optronic technologies are essential for 6G success
    • 2.2.1 Overview
    • 2.2.2 Increasing adoption of optics/ optronics for 6G – eight candidates
    • 2.2.3 Mismatch of planned and researched 6G frequencies may invite usurpers
    • 2.2.4 SWOT appraisal of Optical Wireless Communications for 6G
    • 2.2.5 SWOT appraisal of Visible Light Communication VLC
    • 2.2.6 Optically transparent smart windows and cladding with near IR cooling, 6G RIS or 6G reflect arrays
  • 2.3 Likely radical advances in 6G materials
    • 2.3.1 Strong 6G trend from components-in-a-box to smart materials and metasurfaces with SWOT
    • 2.3.2 The place of metamaterials in 6G including optical
    • 2.3.3 SWOT appraisal for metamaterials and metasurfaces generally
    • 2.3.4 Electrically-functionalised transparent glass for 6G OTA, T-RIS
    • 2.3.5 Optical quantum computing for 6G
  • 2.4 Further reading – academic research advances through 2026 and

3. Optical Wireless Communications involving infrastructure and client devices for 6G

  • 3.1 Optical Wireless Communication OWC including latest research
    • 3.1.1 OWC scope and potential with latest research advances
    • 3.1.2 Optical Satellite Networks between satellites and aircraft to satellite
    • 3.1.3 Optical ground stations: Airbus examples
    • 3.1.4 OWC relevance to 6G Communications: studies through 2025-6
  • 3.2 Optical 6G Communications including 2025 research
    • 3.2.1 General
    • 3.2.2 Infogram: Importance of optical/ optronic communication hardware in 6G
    • 3.2.3 Infogram: OWC with fiber optics in a potential Tbps 6G network adding far IR (THz), near IR and visible light
    • 3.2.4 Relevant latest research
    • 3.2.5 Application in 6G Non-Terrestrial Networks: activity of 6G-NTN
  • 3.3 Client devices for 6G gain more optical technology
    • 3.3.1 Human interfaced: smartphones, other
    • 3.3.2 Progress expected 2027-2047
    • 3.3.3 Research in 2025 on VLC to a smartphone and VLC processing
  • 3.4 Future OWC lasers, laser diodes, photodetectors and other OWC photonics revealed in 2026 research
    • 3.4.1 Lasers
    • 3.4.2 Future 6G OWC LED, laser diode, photonic receiver and other devices and materials

4. Optical Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces ORIS and optical tuning for 6G including advances in

  • 4.1 Overview
    • 4.1.1 Definitions, terminology, basics
    • 4.1.2 Optical tuning for GHz, mmWave and subTHz RIS with 2026 advances
  • 4.2 Optical Communication RIS called ORIS with SWOTs
    • 4.2.1 Overview6
    • 4.2.2 ORIS benefits and the Distributed RIS DRIS option
    • 4.2.3 ORIS challenges
    • 4.2.4 SWOT appraisal of 6G RIS for OWC
    • 4.2.5 SWOT appraisal of visible light communication
  • 4.3 ORIS implementation procedures
  • 4.4 Long range, underground, underwater and space OWC: RIS: latest research advances
    • 4.4.1 General
    • 4.4.2 RIS enhanced OWC vehicular networks and mobile environments
    • 4.4.3 Hybrid RF-FSO RIS
    • 4.4.4 Underwater UOWC systems
    • 4.4.5 Underground OWC needing RIS
    • 4.4.6 Laser stratospheric and space communications with RIS technology
  • 4.5 Short range and indoor OWC and its RIS: latest research advances
    • 4.5.1 Indoors and short range in air
    • 4.5.2 Leveraging other indoor and short-range outdoor systems such as LiFi with RIS
  • 4.6 Metalenses for 6G including latest advances
  • 4.7 Mirror array ORIS design and application with latest advances

5. Near Infrared Passive Radiative Cooling PRC (Passive Daylight Radiative Cooling PDRC)

  • 5.1 Overview with 6G requirements, SWOT appraisal, 2027 maturity curve
  • 5.2 PRC basics: Definition, origin, purpose, six aspects compared
  • 5.3 Materials analysis 2025, 2026 including paint and multi-mode, multifunctional PRC advances
    • 5.3.1 Overall materials analysis with commercial implications
    • 5.3.2 PRC paint and color without compromise
    • 5.3.3 Aerogel and porous material approaches
    • 5.3.4 Environmental and inexpensive PRC materials development
    • 5.3.5 Advanced thermal insulation for PRC: polymer, ceramic, 3DP
  • 5.4 Emerging PRC applications: datacenters, buildings, water harvesting, solar panels, apparel, flexible electronics, other
    • 5.4.1 Overall opportunity and progress including proposals for datacenters
    • 5.4.2 PRC for buildings, solar panels and windows: progress in 2025-6
    • 5.4.3 Textile, fabric, wearable PRC: commercial implications of 2025-6 advances and SWOT
    • 5.4.4 PRC cold side boosting power of thermoelectric generators in 2026 and earlier
    • 5.4.5 Cooling of photovoltaics: solid-state options in context 2026 and earlier
    • 5.4.6 Other 2025-6 research related to PRC
  • 5.5 Profiles of 12 manufacturers of PRC
  • 5.6 Further reading
  • 5.7 Variants on PRC overcome shortcomings

6. Optical Signal Processing OSP, photovoltaics including as multifunctional 6G infrastructure and client devices, Far IR THz waveguides and cable, fiber optics, optronic sensors

  • 6.1 Overview
  • 6.2 Optical Signal Processing OSP for 6G
    • 6.2.1 Definition
    • 6.2.2 Devices involved
    • 6.2.3 SWOT appraisal of Optical Signal Processing for 6G
    • 6.2.4 OSP and allied advances through 2026 relevant to 6G
  • 6.3 Place of optics and optronics in 6G energy harvesting
    • 6.3.1 13 energy harvesting technologies with place of optics, optronics for 6G
    • 6.3.2 6G personal device, active RIS and UM MIMO base station power demands matched to energy harvesting options
    • 6.3.3 Electromagnetic energy harvesting toolkit by frequency: place of photovoltaics
    • 6.3.4 Energy harvesting system improvement strategies including photonics compatibility with “massless energy” with SWOT
    • 6.3.5 Significance of Zero Energy Devices ZED in 6G Communications infrastructure and client devices
    • 6.3.6 Device architecture
  • 6.4 How photovoltaics and variants are very important for 6G
    • 6.4.1 Experience curve showing fastest cost reduction, efficiency improvement, PV for 6G SWOT
    • 6.4.2 Massive power increases ahead: basics and latest research progress including triple junction
  • 6.5 Design and materials of 6G waveguides and cables with SWOTs and latest research advances
    • 6.5.1 Uses and options
    • 6.5.2 THz graphene, PTFE, PBVE, PP, PE/PP, LiNb, InAs, GaP with two SWOTs and latest research advances
    • 6.5.3 Future fiber optic intermediary for 6G with SWOT: silica, sapphire, PBTP, PE, PI, FRP
    • 6.5.4 Photonics defined radio to cable and photonic integration for THz 6G
    • 6.5.5 SWOT appraisal of fiber optics in 6G system design
  • 6.6 Optronic sensors: photonic, infrared, LIDAR, optoelectronic memtransistors, photoelectric, photovoltaic

7. 35 companies involved in 6G materials and hardware: products, plans, patents, Zhar Research appraisals: 2025-6

  • 7.1 Overview: Likely 6G hardware landscape with examples of manufacturers and patenting trends, Apple, Intel, Cisco
    • 7.1.1 Rapidly changing situation 2025-6
    • 7.1.2 Examples of material patenting and literature trends
  • 7.2 AGC Japan
  • 7.3 Airbus Europe
  • 7.4 Alcan Systems Germany
  • 7.5 Alibaba China
  • 7.6 Alphacore USA
  • 7.7 China Telecom China Mobile, China Unicom, Huawei, ZTE, Lenovo, CICT China collaboration
  • 7.8 Ericsson Sweden
  • 7.9 Fractal Antenna Systems USA
  • 7.10 Greenerwave France
  • 7.11 Huawei China
  • 7.12 ITOCHU Japan
  • 7.13 Kymeta Corp. USA
  • 7.14 Kyocera Japan
  • 7.15 Metacept Systems USA
  • 7.16 Metawave USA
  • 7.17 NEC Japan
  • 7.18 Nokia Finland with LG Uplus South Korea
  • 7.19 NTT DoCoMo and NTTJapan
  • 7.20 Orange France
  • 7.21 Panasonic Japan
  • 7.22 Pivotal Commware USA
  • 7.23 Qualcomm USA
  • 7.24 Samsung Electronic South Korea
  • 7.25 Sekisui Japan
  • 7.26 SensorMetrix USA
  • 7.27 SK Telecom South Korea
  • 7.28 Sony Japan
  • 7.29 Teraview USA
  • 7.30 Toptica Germany
  • 7.31 Vivo Mobile Communications China
  • 7.32 VTT Finland
  • 7.33 ZTE China