鋰離子電容器及其他電池超級電容器混合元件：市場與技術（2026-2046）

摘要

核融合發電、電磁武器和電動車快速充電等新興市場需要兼具超級電容器和電池優勢的儲能系統。鋰離子電池（LIC）及其他電池超級電容器混合元件（BSH）應運而生。它們既適用於備用電源（高容量且可即時重複使用），也適用於需要緊湊、免維護、長壽命和安全運行的脈衝功率應用。 LIC 的成熟應用包括起重機、工程機械、挖土機和海上鑽井設備。此外，它們還能滿足對緊湊輕便型設備的日益成長的需求，這些設備能夠處理大型設備（例如列車再生製動、旋轉鑽臂和裝卸起重機）的大量脈衝功率接收和供應。

市場快速擴張，應用與設計發生重大變化

隨著市場的快速成長，Bosch家電（BSH）的應用和設計發生顯著變化。本報告基於大量研究進展，分析並預測了2025-2026年這項重大商機，涵蓋117家公司。

Zhar Research的CEO，Peter Harrop博士表示： "雖然了解重工業領域新興的需求非常重要，但電子領域也存在諸多需求。對鎳離子和鋅離子 BSH 的研究已證明能夠顯著提升鋰離子電容器（LIC）的性能。為什麼在2025年至2026年間，人們對提升贗氧化物性能以及採用金屬電容框架和設計在內的複雜多元素化合物如此感興趣？

日益引人注目

BSH 作為一種兼具兩者優勢的材料，正吸引越來越多的關注。它比所安裝的設備擁有更長的循環壽命，幾乎不需要防火措施或複雜的電池管理系統，最大限度地減少了處置問題，並具有最高的耐溫性。

本報告是企業成功供應高價材料和硬件，並透過利用這些新型設備來獲得市場領導地位的重要指南。

圖註：鋰離子電容器（LIC）按能量密度分佈的定位，資料來源：Zhar Research 報告《鋰離子電容器和其他電池超級電容器混合元件：市場、技術，2026-2046》

目錄

第1章 執行摘要與結論

• 本報告的目標報告
• 本分析的研究方法
• 定義
• 儲能工具包
  • 基本選項
  • BSH 結合了超級電容器和電池的卓越特性
  • BSH，特別是 LIC，創造了多個重要的轉折點
  • LIC 的諸多優勢與能量密度選擇
• 12個關鍵結論：BSH 市場（包括 LIC）
• 資訊圖表：最具影響力的市場需求
• 資訊圖表：BSH 和贗電容器相對商業重要性的趨勢
• EDLC 和 BSH 的市場提案和應用
• 技術應用案例：依應用分類
• 大型設備中 LIC 和 EDLC 的供應和潛力分析
• 19個關鍵結論：技術與製造商
• 資訊圖表：能量密度的權衡，功率密度、壽命、尺寸和重量
• 超級電容器改良策略如何使無電池儲能（BSH）受益，包括鋰離子電容器（LIC）
• 活性電極和電解質組合的優先排序
• 2025年製造商對無電池儲能超級電容器電極的偏好
• 研究方向轉變的必要性
• 無電池儲能和雙電層電容器（EDLC）的研究活動：依國家和技術領域劃分
• SWOT分析與路線圖
  • 超級電容器與無電池儲能
  • 鋰離子電容器（LIC）和其他無電池儲能
  • 石墨烯鋰離子電容器（LIC）
  • 無電池儲能技術概述
• 推動無電池儲能市場發展的無電池儲能事件路線圖 - 技術、產業、市場
• 無電池儲能：2025-2046年30線預測
  • 競爭產品：射頻電池（離網）、雙電層電容器（EDLC）電容器）、偽電容器、BSH
  • BSH 依類型細分：BSH、非鋰電池、LIC、儲能系統
  • BSH 市場規模（依地區）
  • BSH 市場佔有率（依三個績效類別）
  • BSH 市場規模（依Wh 單位）
  • BSH 市值比：依3種電極配置
  • BSH 產品及其安裝設備的使用壽命
  • 7 種設備安裝組件的市場規模：BSH
  • 儲能設備市場：電池供電型與無電池型

第2章 BSH：必要性、工具包與製造概述

• 儲能工具包
• 儲能市場
• 技術最佳化與技術競爭問題概述
• LIC 的34個參數比較鋰離子電池和超級電容器
• LIC 格式及相關技術比較
• 閱讀更多

第3章 鋰離子電容器的未來設計與競爭定位

• 概述及資料中心 UPS 範例
• 設計問題
• 研究進展分析
• 專利範例
• 閱讀更多

第4章 其他金屬離子電容器的設計與進展：鉛離子電容器、鎳離子電容器、鉀離子電容器、鈉離子電容器和鋅離子電容器

• 概述
• 鉛離子電容器：歷史、原理與研究
• 鎳離子電容器：2025-2026年的進展
• 鉀離子電容器：2025-2026年進展
• 鈉離子電容器：2025-2026年進展
• 鋅離子電容器：2025-2026年進展

第5章 BSH 儲能的其他新興化學技術

• 概述
• 基礎
• 研究方向
• 參考文獻

第6章 研究方向分析所使用的新材料

• 概述
• 影響超級電容器關鍵參數和銷售的因素
• 通用材料選擇
• 超級電容器效能改進策略
• 石墨烯及其衍生物在超級電容器中的重要性
• 其他二維材料及相關材料及研究實例超級電容器
• 超級電容器電極材料與結構研究
• 以往重要案例
• 超級電容器電解質及其衍生物
• 薄膜、常用材料及擬用材料的製備難度
• 降低自放電：亟待解決，但研究不足

第7章 新興超級電容器市場：能源、汽車、航太、軍事、電子等領域基本趨勢及最佳前景比較

• 市場影響
• 概述
• 各類超級電容器的商業重要性
• 最具發展前景的超級電容器系列市場前景
• 市場潛力及規模不匹配
• 大型設備的供應及潛力分析

第8章 新興超級電容器市場能源領域

• 概述：2024-2044年展望
• 熱核融合發電
• 低波動電網發電：波浪能、潮汐能、高空風能
• 獨立於電網的超級電容器：重要的全新商機
• 水力發電

第9章 陸上車輛和船舶的新興應用：汽車、巴士、卡車、火車、越野建築、農業、採礦、林業、物料搬運、船舶

• 超級電容器在陸地交通運輸的應用概述
• 公路應用減少，而越野應用蓬勃發展
• 陸地車輛超級電容器及其衍生產品的價值市場如何從主要面向公路轉向主要面向陸地交通越野
• 採用大型超級電容器的新一代車輛及相關設計
• 電車和無軌電車的能量再生以及解決接觸網間隙問題
• 用於物料搬運（內部物流）的超級電容器
• 大型超級電容器在採礦和採石業的應用
• 與車輛用大型超級電容器相關的研究
• 用於火車和軌道旁能量再生的大型超級電容器
• 大型超級電容器的海洋應用及研發項目

第10章 6G通訊、電子與小型電子設備的新興應用

• 概述
• 小型BSH和超級電容器應用的顯著擴展
• BSH和超級電容器在穿戴式裝置、智慧手錶、智慧型手機、筆記型電腦和其他類似裝置的應用
• 6G通訊：BSH的新市場即將到來2030
• 資產追蹤市場成長
• 電池支援和備用電源超級電容器
• 便攜式終端BSH和超級電容器
• 基於BSH和超級電容器的物聯網節點、無線感測器和能量收集模式
• 資料傳輸、鎖定、電磁閥驅動、電子墨水螢幕刷新和LED閃爍的最大功率
• 智慧電錶
• 點焊

第11章 新興軍事與航太應用

• 概述
• 軍事應用：電動力和電磁武器目前備受關注。
• 軍事應用：無人機、通訊設備、雷達、飛機、船、坦克、衛星、導引飛彈、彈藥點火系統、電磁裝甲。
• 航空航太：衛星、全電動飛機、全電動飛機（MEA）及其他成長機會。

第12章 對 118 家包括 BSH（含 LIC）、超級電容器、贗電容器和 CSH 的公司進行評估

• 基於 116 家公司比較的指標分析
• 對 118 家超級電容器、贗電容器和 BSH（含 LIC）製造商的評估

Summary

Emerging markets such as nuclear fusion power, electromagnetic weapons and fastest charging of electric vehicles need storage with the benefits of both supercapacitors and batteries. Enter the lithium-ion battery LIC and other battery supercapacitor hybrids, suitable for both backup-power (massive, yet ready again in an instant) and pulse-power applications where compact, maintenance-free, long-life, and safe-operation power sources are required. Established LIC uses include cranes, earthmoving, drilling and offshore rigs. They serve the burgeoning requirements for compact, lighter weight devices to accept and deliver huge pulses including regenerative braking of trains and of large tools such as rotating excavator arms and cranes dropping loads.

Market surges, applications and designs change radically

As the market surges, the applications and designs of BSH are changing radically. The new 514-page Zhar Research report, "Lithium-ion capacitors and other battery supercapacitor hybrids: markets, technology, 2026-2046" analyses and forecasts this large opportunity for you covering 117 companies and a flood of 2025-6 research advances.

Dr Peter Harrop, CEO of Zhar Research says, "Understand the new needs, mainly in heavy engineering, but with much in electronics. We find that nickel-ion and zinc-ion BSH research advances are newly creating several improvements on LIC. In 2025-6, why so much interest in boosting pseudocapacitance and employing complex multi-element compounds including metal oxide frameworks and MXenes? Why is graphene increasingly used? These questions are answered. Clearly, there are large opportunities for your added-value materials emerging."

Increasingly compelling

Increasingly, BSH being the best of both worlds, with cycle life longer than the equipment to which it is fitted, little or no need for fire control and complex battery management systems, minimal disposal issues and best tolerance of temperature.

Uniquely up-to-date, comprehensive report

The "Executive summary and conclusions" is sufficient for those with limited time. It has basics, 12 market key conclusions and 19 on technology. See many infograms, the main SWOT appraisals, 2026-2046 roadmaps and the forecasts in 30 lines. Chapter 2 takes 27 pages to introduce "Battery supercapacitor hybrids BSH: introduction to need, toolkit and manufacture". Then comes the detail with 30 pages of Chapter 3. "Future lithium-ion capacitor design and competitive position". Here are design issues, basic structure, current and future applications to optimise, performance issues being addressed. See the lithium-ion capacitor LIC market positioning by energy density spectrum including examples of positioning of manufacturers here. There is analysis of research advances through 2025-6. These are very different from earlier work.

The next chapters cover the increasingly complex chemistries as the industry moves to a greater level of optimisation mostly seeking higher energy density for given power density, pulse performance etc. and long life but sometimes improving charge retention. Chapter 4. "Other emerging chemistries for battery-supercapacitor hybrid storage" takes 41 pages to move beyond the current winner lithium-ion capacitors to lead-ion and sodium-ion capacitors receiving less research attention but strong advances ongoing with potassium, nickel and zinc options.

The 24 pages of Chapter 5. "Other emerging chemistries for battery-supercapacitor hybrid storage" then add another level of sophistication including the place of new advances with zeolites, metal oxide frameworks and particularly MXenes and graphene in BSH. Metal alloys, manganese compounds and other options are covered by explaining much new research and targets 2026-2046. You should then be ready for the 50 pages of Chapter 6. "Emerging materials employed with research pipeline analysis". This covers such aspects as lessons from advances in supercapacitors, and the membranes and other options for BSH, including matching electrolytes to electrodes and the incoming solid state, semi-solid-state and flexible electrolytes.

Chapters 7-11 provide a close look at markets emerging, the report closing with a detailed comparison of what each manufacturer has to offer. Chapter 7. "Emerging BSH markets : basic trends and best prospects compared between energy, vehicles, aerospace, military, electronics, other" (49 pages) is followed by Chapter 8. "Energy sector emerging BSH markets" (48 pages) then Chapter 9. "Emerging land vehicle and marine applications: automotive, bus, truck train, off-road construction, agriculture, mining, forestry, material handling, boats, ships" (50 pages) and Chapter 10. "Emerging applications in 6G Communications, electronics and small electrics" (48 pages) then Chapter 11 "Emerging military and aerospace applications" is 29 pages.

Chapter 12. "118 BSH (including LIC), supercapacitor, pseudocapacitor, CSH companies assessed in 10 columns and 112 pages" (118 pages) starts with detailed analysis of the total situation including by country, device sizes and other aspects. The listing includes those making allied products that may make BSH in the future.

Zhar Research report, "Lithium-ion capacitors and other battery supercapacitor hybrids: markets, technology, 2026-2046" is your essential portal to business success in supplying premium-priced materials and hardware and market leadership from using these new devices.

CAPTION: Lithium-ion capacitor LIC market positioning by energy density spectrum. Source: Zhar Research report, "Lithium-ion capacitors and other battery supercapacitor hybrids: markets, technology, 2026-2046".

Table of Contents

1. Executive summary and conclusions

• 1.1 Purpose of this report
• 1.2 Methodology of this analysis
• 1.3 Definitions
• 1.4 Energy storage toolkit
  • 1.4.1 The basic options
  • 1.4.2 BSH have some of superlatives of a supercapacitor combined with those of a battery
  • 1.4.3 BSH and in particular LIC create some valuable tipping points
  • 1.4.4 The many advantages of lithium-ion capacitors LIC and the energy density choices
• 1.5 12 Primary conclusions: BSH markets including LIC
• 1.6 Infogram: the most impactful market needs
• 1.7 Infogram: trends in relative commercial significance of BSH and pseudocapacitors
• 1.8 Some market propositions and uses of EDLC and BSH including LIC 2024-2044
• 1.9 Technology uses by applicational sector - examples
• 1.10 Analysis of supply and potential of LIC and EDLC for large devices
• 1.11 19 primary conclusions: technologies and manufacturers
• 1.12 Infogram: the energy density-power density, life, size and weight compromise
• 1.13 How strategies for improving supercapacitors will benefit BSH including LIC
• 1.14 Prioritisation of active electrode-electrolyte pairings
• 1.15 Manufacturer preferences for the supercapacitor-like electrode of BSH in 2025
• 1.16 How research needs redirecting: 5 columns, 7 lines
• 1.17 BSH and EDLC research activity by country and technology 2024
• 1.18 SWOT appraisals and roadmap 2025-2045
  • 1.18.1 SWOT appraisal of supercapacitors and BSH
  • 1.18.2 SWOT appraisal of LIC and other BSH
  • 1.18.3 SWOT appraisal of graphene LIC
  • 1.18.4 SWOT appraisal of batteryless storage technologies generally
• 1.19 Roadmap of market-moving BSH events - technologies, industry and markets 2026-2046
• 1.20 Battery supercapacitor hybrids: forecasts by 30 lines 2025-2046
  • 1.20.1 Competitors RFB beyond grid, EDLC, Pseudocapacitor and BSH $ billion 2025-2046
  • 1.20.2 Battery supercapacitor hybrid storage BSH by type: BSH, Non-lithium, LIC, banks $ billion 2026-2046
  • 1.20.3 Battery supercapacitor hybrids BSH value market percent by four regions 2026-2046
  • 1.20.4 BSH value market percent by three performance categories 2026-2046
  • 1.20.5 Battery supercapacitor hybrid BSH value market % by two Wh categories 2026-2046
  • 1.20.6 BSH value market % by three electrode morphologies 2026-2046
  • 1.20.7 BSH product life years and life of equipment to which it is fitted years 2014-2046
  • 1.20.8 Market for seven types of equipment fitting BSH $ billion 2026-2046
  • 1.20.9 Energy storage device market battery vs batteryless $ billion 2026-2046

2. Battery supercapacitor hybrids BSH: introduction to need, toolkit and manufacture

• 2.1 Energy storage toolkit
  • 2.1.1 The basic options
  • 2.1.2 How BSH will compete with other technologies
  • 2.1.3 Electrochemical vs electrostatic storage
  • 2.1.4 Examples of competition between capacitor, supercapacitor and battery technologies
  • 2.1.5 Supercapacitors and BSH replacing batteries in ebikes
• 2.2 Energy storage market
  • 2.2.1 Overview
  • 2.2.2 Energy harvesting creates markets for BSH storage
  • 2.2.3 The beyond-grid opportunity for large BSH
  • 2.2.4 Need for conventional BSH formats but also structural electrics and electronics
• 2.3 Introduction to technology optimisation and technology competition issues
  • 2.3.1 Overview
  • 2.3.2 BSH internal design compared to others
  • 2.3.3 Hot topics include LIB and graphene
  • 2.3.4 BSH voltage, charge retention and ageing issues compared to competition
  • 2.3.5 BSH competitive position on energy density vs power density
  • 2.3.6 Days storage vs rated power return MW for storage technologies
• 2.4 34 parameters for LIC, Li-ion battery and supercapacitor compared
• 2.5 LIC formats compared with adjacent technologies
• 2.6 Further reading

3. Future lithium-ion capacitor design and competitive position

• 3.1 Overview and the datacenter UPS example
• 3.2 Design issues
  • 3.2.1 Basic structure
  • 3.2.2 Current applications to optimise
  • 3.2.3 Future applications to optimise
  • 3.2.4 Performance issues being addressed
  • 3.2.5 Lithium-ion capacitor LIC market positioning by energy density spectrum
• 3.3 Analysis of research advances through 2025-6
• 3.4 Examples of patents
• 3.5 Further reading -Zhar Research report putting LIB in supercapacitor context

4. Other metal-ion capacitors design and progress: Lead-ion, nickel-ion, potassium-ion, sodium-ion, zinc-ion capacitors

• 4.1 Overview
• 4.2 Lead ion capacitors: history, rationale , research
• 4.3 Nickel-ion capacitors: advances in 2025-6
• 4.4 Potassium-ion capacitors: advances in 2025-6
• 4.5 Sodium-ion capacitors: advances in 2025-6
• 4.5 Zinc-ion capacitors: advances in 2025-6

5. Other emerging chemistries for battery-supercapacitor hybrid storage

• 5.1 Overview
• 5.2 Rationale
• 5.3 Research pipeline
  • 5.3.1 Zeolite Ionic Frameworks for BSH
  • 5.3.2 MXene and MOFs composites for BSH: advances through 2025-6
  • 5.3.3 Metal alloys, manganese compounds, other options in BSH
• 5.4 Further reading 2025-6

6. Emerging materials employed with research pipeline analysis

• 6.1 Overview
• 6.2 Factors influencing key supercapacitor parameters driving sales
• 6.3 Materials choices in general
• 6.4 Strategies for improving supercapacitors
  • 6.4.1 General
  • 6.4.2 Prioritisation of active electrode-electrolyte pairings
• 6.5 Significance of graphene in supercapacitors and variants
  • 6.5.1 Overview
  • 6.5.2 Graphene supercapacitor SWOT appraisal
  • 6.5.3 Vertically-aligned graphene for ac and improved cycle life
  • 6.5.4 Frequency performance improvement with graphene
  • 6.5.5 Graphene textile for supercapacitors and sensors
  • 6.5.6 Eleven graphene supercapacitor material and device developers and manufacturers compared in five columns
• 6.6 Other 2D and allied materials for supercapacitors with examples of research
  • 6.6.1 MOF and MXene and combinations are the focus
  • 6.6.2 Tantalum carbide MXene hybrid as a biocompatible supercapacitor electrodes
  • 6.6.3 CNT
• 6.7 Research on supercapacitor electrode materials and structures in 2024-6
• 6.8 Research on supercapacitor electrode materials and structures in 2023
• 6.9 Important examples from earlier
• 6.10 Electrolytes for supercapacitors and variants
  • 6.10.1 General considerations
• 6.11 Electrolytes for supercapacitors and variants
  • 6.11.1 General considerations including organic electrolytes
  • 6.11.2 Supercapacitor electrolyte choices
  • 6.11.3 Focus on aqueous supercapacitor electrolytes
  • 6.11.4 Ionic liquid electrolytes in supercapacitor research
  • 6.11.5 Focus on solid state, semi-solid-state and flexible electrolytes
  • 6.11.6 Hydrogels as electrolytes for semi-solid supercapacitors
  • 6.11.7 Supercapacitor concrete and bricks
• 6.12 Membrane difficulty levels and materials used and proposed
• 6.13 Reducing self-discharge: great need, little research

7. Emerging BSH markets : basic trends and best prospects compared between energy, vehicles, aerospace, military, electronics, other

• 7.1 Implications for the market 2025-2045
• 7.2 Overview
• 7.3 Relative commercial significance of supercapacitor variants 2025-2045
• 7.4 Market propositions of the most-promising supercapacitor families 2025-2045
• 7.5 Mismatch between market potential and sizes made
• 7.6 Analysis of supply and potential for large devices
  • 7.6.1 Overview
  • 7.6.2 Largest lithium-ion capacitors offered by manufacturer with parameters and uses
  • 7.6.3 Markets for the largest BSH
  • 7.6.4 Market analysis for the six most important applicational sectors

8. Energy sector emerging BSH markets

• 8.1 Overview: poor, modest and strong prospects 2024-2044
• 8.2 Thermonuclear power
  • 8.2.1 Overview
  • 8.3.2 Applications of supercapacitors in fusion research
  • 8.3.3 Other thermonuclear supercapacitors
  • 8.3.4 Hybrid supercapacitor banks for thermonuclear power: Tokyo Tokamak
  • 8.3.5 Helion USA supercapacitor bank
  • 8.3.6 First Light UK supercapacitor bank
• 8.3 Less-intermittent grid electricity generation: wave, tidal stream, elevated wind
  • 8.3.1 Supercapacitors in utility energy storage for grids and large UPS
  • 8.3.2 5MW grid measurement supercapacitor
  • 8.3.3 Tidal stream power applications
  • 8.3.4 Wave power applications
  • 8.3.5 Airborne Wind Energy AWE applications
  • 8.3.6 Taller wind turbines tapping less-intermittent wind: protection, smoothing
• 8.4 Beyond-grid supercapacitors: large emerging opportunity
  • 8.4.1 Overview
  • 8.4.2 Beyond-grid buildings, industrial processes, minigrids, microgrids, other
  • 8.4.3 Beyond-grid electricity production and management
  • 8.4.4 The off-grid megatrend
  • 8.4.5 The solar megatrend
  • 8.4.6 Hydrogen-supercapacitor rural microgrid Tapah, Malaysia
  • 8.4.7 Supercapacitors in other microgrids, solar buildings
  • 8.4.8 Fast charging of electric vehicles including buses and autonomous shuttles
• 8.5 Hydro power

9. Emerging land vehicle and marine applications: automotive, bus, truck train, off-road construction, agriculture, mining, forestry, material handling, boats, ships

• 9.1 Overview of supercapacitor use in land transport
• 9.2 On-road applications face decline but off-road vibrant
• 9.3 How the value market for supercapacitors and their variants in land vehicles will move from largely on-road to largely off-road
• 9.4 Emerging vehicle and allied designs with large supercapacitors
  • 9.4.1 Industrial vehicles: Rutronik HESS
  • 9.4.2 Heavy duty powertrains and active suspension
• 9.5 Tram and trolleybus regeneration and coping with gaps in catenary
• 9.6 Material handling (intralogistics) supercapacitors
• 9.7 Mining and quarrying uses for large supercapacitors
  • 9.7.1 Overview and future open pit mine and quarry
  • 9.7.2 Mining and quarrying vehicles go electric
  • 9.7.3 Supercapacitors for electric mining and construction
• 9.8 Research relevant to large supercapacitors in vehicles
• 9.9 Large supercapacitors for trains and their trackside regeneration
  • 9.9.1 Overview
  • 9.9.2 Supercapacitor diesel hybrid and hydrogen trains
  • 9.9.3 Supercapacitor regeneration for trains on-board and trackside
  • 9.9.4 Research pipeline relevant to supercapacitors for trains
• 9.10 Marine use of large supercapacitors and the research pipeline

10. Emerging applications in 6G Communications, electronics and small electrics

• 10.1 Overview
• 10.2 Substantial growing applications for small BSH and supercapacitors
• 10.3 BSH and supercapacitors in wearables, smart watches, smartphones, laptops and similar devices
  • 10.3.1 General
  • 10.3.2 Wearables needing BSH and supercapacitors
• 10.4 6G Communications: new BSH market from 2030
  • 10.4.1 Overview with needs
  • 10.4.2 New needs and 5G inadequacies
  • 10.4.3 6G massive hardware deployment: proliferation but many compromises
  • 10.4.4 Objectives of NTTDoCoMo, Huawei, Samsung and others
  • 10.4.5 Progress from 1G-6G rollouts 1980-2044
  • 10.4.6 6G underwater and underground
• 10.5 Asset tracking growth market
• 10.6 Battery support and back-up power supercapacitors
• 10.7 Hand-held terminals BSH and supercapacitors
• 10.8 Internet of Things nodes, wireless sensors and their energy harvesting modes with BSH and supercapacitors
  • 10.8.1 Overview
  • 10.8.2 Sensor inputs and outputs
  • 10.8.3 Ten forms of energy harvesting for sensing and power for sensors
  • 10.8.4 Supercapacitor transpiration electrokinetic harvesting for battery-free sensor power supply
• 10.9 Peak power for data transmission, locks, solenoid activation, e-ink update, LED flash
• 10.10 Smart meters
• 10.11 Spot welding
• 11 Emerging military and aerospace applications
• 11.1 Overview
• 11.2 Military applications: electrodynamic and electromagnetic weapons now a strong focus
  • 11.2.1 Overview: laser weapons, beam energy weapons, microwave weapons, electromagnetic guns
  • 11.2.2 Electrodynamic weapons: coil and rail guns
  • 11.2.3 Electromagnetic weapons disabling electronics or acting as ordnance
  • 11.2.4 Pulsed linear accelerator weapon
• 11.3 Military applications: unmanned aircraft, communication equipment, radar, plane, ship, tank, satellite, guided missile, munition ignition, electromagnetic armour
  • 11.3.1 CSH sales increasing
  • 11.3.2 Force Field protection
  • 11.3.3 Supercapacitor- diesel hybrid heavy mobility army truck
  • 11.3.4 17 other military applications now emerging
• 11.4 Aerospace: satellites, More Electric Aircraft MEA and other growth opportunities
  • 11.4.1 Overview: supercapacitor numbers and variety increase
  • 11.4.2 More Electric Aircraft MEA
  • 11.4.3 Better capacitors sought for aircraft

12. 118 BSH (including LIC), supercapacitor, pseudocapacitor, CSH companies assessed in 10 columns and 112 pages

• 12.1 Analysis of metrics from the comparison of 116 companies
• 12.2 118 supercapacitor, pseudocapacitor and BSH (including LIC) manufacturers assessed in 10 columns across 108 pages