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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
2048028

馬鈴薯澱粉市場-全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會、預測:按類型、性質、最終用途產業、地區和競爭格局分類,2021-2031年

Potato Starch Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Type, By Nature, By End-use Industry, By Region & Competition, 2021-2031F

出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 185 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

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簡介目錄

全球馬鈴薯澱粉市場預計將從 2025 年的 3,389,210 噸成長到 2031 年的 3,776,570 噸,複合年成長率為 1.82%。

馬鈴薯澱粉是從馬鈴薯塊莖中提取的一種精製碳水化合物,因其在食品、造紙和化工等諸多領域作為增稠劑、粘合劑和調質劑的用途而備受重視。市場成長主要受快速擴張的加工食品產業的驅動,該產業充分利用了馬鈴薯澱粉優異的黏度和中性風味,以及其作為工業黏合劑和紡織品上漿劑的重要作用。這些基本因素確保了市場需求的穩定,不受消費者臨時偏好或生活方式變化的影響。然而,市場擴張的主要障礙是原料供應的不穩定性,這主要是由於天氣變化無常和作物疾病等因素造成的,導致產量受限和價格波動。這種對農業的依賴對大規模工業買家所需的穩定供應鏈構成了重大風險。例如,中國澱粉工業協會的報告指出,中國馬鈴薯澱粉產量將在2024年首次突破100萬噸,凸顯了這些農業因素對產量的重大影響。

市場概覽
預測期 2027-2031
市場規模:2025年 3,389,210噸
市場規模:2031年 3,776,570噸
複合年成長率:2026-2031年 1.82%
成長最快的細分市場 修改
最大的市場 歐洲

市場促進因素

全球馬鈴薯澱粉市場的主要驅動力是加工食品和簡便食品需求的不斷成長。馬鈴薯澱粉是多種產品(包括湯、醬汁、烘焙食品和調理食品)中不可或缺的增稠劑和質地改良劑。隨著都市化進程的加快和生活節奏的加快,大規模生產的食品對中性口味且穩定的粘合劑的需求顯著成長。這一趨勢在新興國家尤為明顯,這些國家正在擴大其食品生產能力。例如,根據美國農業部(USDA)2025年4月發布的報告顯示,中國食品加工業在2024年成長了2.2%,達到1.26兆美元。這表明對馬鈴薯澱粉等配料的需求將持續成長。同時,植物來源和純素食品產業的成長也創造了新的高價值應用,製造商擴大使用馬鈴薯澱粉作為明膠和動物脂肪的潔淨標示替代品。其獨特的凝膠特性使其能夠生產出與傳統產品相似質地的植物來源乳酪和糖果甜點。主要產業參與者正大力投資永續生產和產品創新。例如,根據皇家阿貝貝公司2025年12月發布的報告,該公司在2024/2025會計年度投資了6,000萬歐元,用於開發植物來源解決方案,例如純素明膠替代品。儘管此類策略調整正在推進,但澱粉領域正面臨激烈的競爭。例如,阿格拉納集團於2025年10月發布的財務業績顯示,其2025/2026會計年度上半年的銷售額略有下降,至5.065億歐元。

市場挑戰

全球馬鈴薯澱粉市場面臨的主要障礙之一是原料供應的不穩定性。這導致供應量和成本難以預測,從而限制了行業的依賴性。與合成替代品不同,馬鈴薯澱粉的生產與農業條件密切相關,使其供應鏈極易受到天氣波動和作物疾病的影響。一旦惡劣天氣或病害損害了收成,澱粉加工商就會立即面臨馬鈴薯原料短缺的問題。這種供不應求會阻礙製造商的生產能力,迫使他們將增加的成本轉嫁給買家。這種不穩定性阻礙了主要食品和紡織業嚴格的採購要求,導致潛在客戶減少對馬鈴薯澱粉的依賴,最終限制了整體市場規模。近期產量數據也印證了這種農業波動性。例如,西北歐馬鈴薯種植者協會(NEPG)報告稱,惡劣天氣和高病害壓力導致其轄區全部區域2024年的平均馬鈴薯產量降至每公頃43.8噸。這種區域性產量波動直接阻礙了供應商簽訂長期合約的能力,從而限制了市場成長前景。

市場趨勢

除了食品產業因素外,可生物分解和可堆肥包裝薄膜的開發也是一項變革性趨勢。製造商正在探索傳統塑膠的可再生替代品。馬鈴薯澱粉因其重要的阻隔性和可生物分解性,在生質塑膠中,尤其是在軟包裝薄膜領域,備受關注。這項轉變的驅動力來自嚴格的環境法規和企業永續發展目標,這些法規和目標都建議物流和零售業使用可堆肥材料。這種非食品應用領域的成長尤為顯著。根據歐洲生質塑膠協會2025年12月發布的《生質塑膠市場趨勢更新報告》,全球生物基塑膠產能預計將從2025年的231萬噸加倍,到2030年達到約469萬噸,其中包裝仍將佔據最大的市場佔有率。同時,功能性天然馬鈴薯澱粉的商業化進程也不斷推進,重新定義了原料組合,以滿足消費者對化學改質添加劑替代品的需求。與植物來源產品替代不同,此趨勢是用物理改性馬鈴薯澱粉取代化學改質澱粉(E編號),後者在維持同等熱穩定性和剪切穩定性的同時,仍可標註「天然」字樣。這項技術進步將使食品加工商能夠在不影響工業生產所需質地性能的前提下,簡化成分錶。 KMC 2025年11月發布的《永續發展報告》強調了該合作社對這一高價值領域的承諾,核准投資3億丹麥克朗擴建其品牌工廠,旨在提升其在不斷成長的高級食品配料市場的佔有率。

目錄

第1章概述

第2章:調查方法

第3章執行摘要

第4章:客戶心聲

第5章:全球馬鈴薯澱粉市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
    • 按金額
  • 市佔率及預測
    • 按類型(加工過的、天然的)
    • 依生產方法(傳統方法、有機方法)
    • 依最終用途產業(食品飲料、造紙、醫藥/化工、其他)分類
    • 按地區
    • 按公司(2025 年)
  • 市場地圖

第6章:北美馬鈴薯澱粉市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 北美洲:國別分析
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第7章:歐洲馬鈴薯澱粉市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 歐洲:國別分析
    • 德國
    • 法國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 西班牙

第8章:亞太地區馬鈴薯澱粉市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 亞太地區:國別分析
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韓國
    • 澳洲

第9章:中東和非洲馬鈴薯澱粉市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 中東與非洲:國別分析
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 南非

第10章:南美洲馬鈴薯澱粉市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 南美洲:國別分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥倫比亞
    • 阿根廷

第11章 市場動態

  • 促進因素
  • 任務

第12章 市場趨勢與發展

  • 併購
  • 產品發布
  • 近期趨勢

第13章:全球馬鈴薯澱粉市場:SWOT分析

第14章:波特五力分析

  • 產業競爭
  • 新進入者的潛力
  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 顧客權力
  • 替代品的威脅

第15章 競爭格局

  • Emsland Group
  • Cargill Inc.
  • Ingredion Incorporated
  • Novidon BV
  • Ettlinger Corporation
  • Archer Daniels Midland
  • Royal Ingredients Group BV
  • PEPEES Group
  • KMC
  • Roquette Freres

第16章 策略建議

第17章:關於研究公司及免責聲明

簡介目錄
Product Code: 27323

The global potato starch market is projected to expand from 3389.21 Thousand Tonnes in 2025 to 3776.57 Thousand Tonnes by 2031, achieving a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 1.82%. Potato starch, a refined carbohydrate derived from potato tubers, is highly valued as a thickener, binder, and texturizer across diverse sectors including food, paper, and chemicals. This market growth is primarily fueled by the burgeoning processed food industry, which benefits from potato starch's excellent viscosity and neutral flavor, alongside its critical roles in industrial adhesives and textile sizing. These foundational drivers ensure steady demand, independent of fleeting consumer preferences or lifestyle changes. However, a significant obstacle to market expansion is the inconsistent supply of raw materials, largely due to unpredictable weather and crop diseases, leading to production constraints and price fluctuations. This reliance on agriculture presents a substantial risk to the stable supply chain demanded by large industrial purchasers. Illustrating this vulnerability, China's potato starch production exceeded one million tons for the first time in 2024, as reported by the China Starch Industry Association, highlighting the considerable output subject to these agricultural variables.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2027-2031
Market Size 20253389.21 Thousand Tonnes
Market Size 20313776.57 Thousand Tonnes
CAGR 2026-20311.82%
Fastest Growing SegmentModified
Largest MarketEurope

Market Driver

A primary driver for the global potato starch market is the escalating demand for processed and convenience foods, where potato starch is indispensable as a thickener and texturizer in various products, including soups, sauces, bakery items, and ready meals. With increasing urbanization and faster lifestyles, the industrial need for consistent, neutral-tasting binding agents in mass-produced foods has risen significantly, especially in emerging economies expanding their food manufacturing capabilities. For example, China's food processing sector grew by 2.2 percent to $1.26 trillion in 2024, as reported by the USDA in April 2025, indicating a sustained need for ingredients like potato starch. Simultaneously, the growth of the plant-based and vegan food sector is creating new high-value applications, prompting manufacturers to use potato starch as a clean-label alternative to gelatin and animal fats. Its unique gelling properties enable the production of plant-based cheeses and confectionery that replicate traditional textures. Key industry players are investing substantially in sustainable production and product innovation, such as Royal Avebe's €60 million investment in 2024/2025 for developing plant-based solutions like vegan gelatin alternatives, according to their December 2025 report. This strategic adaptation occurs even as the starch segment faces competitive pricing, evidenced by Agrana's slight revenue reduction to €506.5 million in the first half of 2025/26, as per their October 2025 group results.

Market Challenge

A significant impediment to the global potato starch market is the unreliable supply of raw materials, which introduces unpredictable volumes and costs, deterring industrial dependence. Unlike synthetic alternatives, potato starch production is inherently tied to agricultural conditions, rendering its supply chain highly susceptible to weather fluctuations and crop diseases. When harvests are compromised by adverse weather or outbreaks, starch processors encounter immediate shortages of raw potatoes. This scarcity hinders manufacturers' operational capacity and necessitates passing increased costs to purchasers. Such inconsistency disrupts the stringent procurement demands of major food and textile industries, causing potential customers to reduce their reliance on potato starch and consequently limiting the overall market size. This agricultural variability is confirmed by recent yield data; for instance, the North-Western European Potato Growers (NEPG) reported that the average potato yield across their zone fell to 43.8 tonnes per hectare in 2024 due to challenging weather and high disease pressure. Such regional yield fluctuations directly impede suppliers' ability to secure long-term contracts, thereby restricting the market's growth prospects.

Market Trends

A transformative trend, separate from food-centric drivers, is the increasing development of biodegradable and compostable packaging films, where manufacturers are seeking renewable alternatives to conventional plastics. Potato starch is gaining prominence in bioplastic formulations, especially for flexible packaging films, due to its crucial barrier properties and biodegradability. This transition is propelled by strict environmental regulations and corporate sustainability goals favoring compostable materials in logistics and retail. The growth in this non-food application is significant; European Bioplastics' December 2025 'Bioplastics Market Development Update' projects global biobased plastics production capacity to double from 2.31 million tonnes in 2025 to about 4.69 million tonnes by 2030, with packaging remaining the largest segment. Concurrently, the commercialization of functional native potato starches is redefining ingredient portfolios, responding to consumer demand for alternatives to chemically modified additives. This trend, distinct from plant-based product substitution, involves replacing chemically modified starches (E-numbers) with physically modified potato starches that offer comparable heat and shear stability while allowing for a "native" label. This technological advancement enables food processors to simplify ingredient lists without compromising the textural performance essential for industrial production. KMC's November 2025 'Sustainability Report' highlights industrial commitment to this high-value area, with the cooperative approving a DKK 300 million investment to expand its Brande factory, specifically to capture a larger share of the expanding market for advanced food ingredients.

Key Market Players

  • Emsland Group
  • Cargill Inc.
  • Ingredion Incorporated
  • Novidon B.V.
  • Ettlinger Corporation
  • Archer Daniels Midland
  • Royal Ingredients Group B.V.
  • PEPEES Group
  • KMC
  • Roquette Freres

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Potato Starch Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Potato Starch Market, By Type

  • Modified
  • Native

Potato Starch Market, By Nature

  • Conventional
  • Organic

Potato Starch Market, By End-use Industry

  • Food & Beverages
  • Paper
  • Pharmaceutical & Chemical
  • Others

Potato Starch Market, By Region

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Germany
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • South Korea
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Potato Starch Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Potato Starch Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Potato Starch Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Type (Modified, Native)
    • 5.2.2. By Nature (Conventional, Organic)
    • 5.2.3. By End-use Industry (Food & Beverages, Paper, Pharmaceutical & Chemical, Others)
    • 5.2.4. By Region
    • 5.2.5. By Company (2025)
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Potato Starch Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Type
    • 6.2.2. By Nature
    • 6.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 6.2.4. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Nature
        • 6.3.1.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 6.3.2. Canada Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Nature
        • 6.3.2.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Nature
        • 6.3.3.2.3. By End-use Industry

7. Europe Potato Starch Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Type
    • 7.2.2. By Nature
    • 7.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 7.2.4. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Germany Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Nature
        • 7.3.1.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 7.3.2. France Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Nature
        • 7.3.2.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Nature
        • 7.3.3.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 7.3.4. Italy Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Nature
        • 7.3.4.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 7.3.5. Spain Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Nature
        • 7.3.5.2.3. By End-use Industry

8. Asia Pacific Potato Starch Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Type
    • 8.2.2. By Nature
    • 8.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 8.2.4. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Nature
        • 8.3.1.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 8.3.2. India Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Nature
        • 8.3.2.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 8.3.3. Japan Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Nature
        • 8.3.3.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Nature
        • 8.3.4.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 8.3.5. Australia Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Nature
        • 8.3.5.2.3. By End-use Industry

9. Middle East & Africa Potato Starch Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Type
    • 9.2.2. By Nature
    • 9.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 9.2.4. By Country
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Nature
        • 9.3.1.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 9.3.2. UAE Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Nature
        • 9.3.2.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 9.3.3. South Africa Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Nature
        • 9.3.3.2.3. By End-use Industry

10. South America Potato Starch Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Type
    • 10.2.2. By Nature
    • 10.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 10.2.4. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Nature
        • 10.3.1.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 10.3.2. Colombia Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Nature
        • 10.3.2.2.3. By End-use Industry
    • 10.3.3. Argentina Potato Starch Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Nature
        • 10.3.3.2.3. By End-use Industry

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
  • 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
  • 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Potato Starch Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. Emsland Group
    • 15.1.1. Business Overview
    • 15.1.2. Products & Services
    • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
    • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
  • 15.2. Cargill Inc.
  • 15.3. Ingredion Incorporated
  • 15.4. Novidon B.V.
  • 15.5. Ettlinger Corporation
  • 15.6. Archer Daniels Midland
  • 15.7. Royal Ingredients Group B.V.
  • 15.8. PEPEES Group
  • 15.9. KMC
  • 15.10. Roquette Freres

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer