封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1874017

陶瓷磚市場

Ceramic Tiles Market

出版日期: | 出版商: The Insight Partners | 英文 150 Pages | 商品交期: 1-5個工作天內

價格
簡介目錄

預計陶瓷磚市場規模將從2024年的2,337億美元成長到2031年的3,627億美元,2024年至2031年期間的年複合成長率(CAGR)為7.70%。商業和住宅領域的持續需求是市場擴張的關鍵因素。此外,陶瓷產業對3D列印技術的日益了解和應用預計也將成為未來發展的重要趨勢。

陶瓷磚市場分析

預計陶瓷地磚將佔據最大的市場佔有率。陶瓷地磚廣受歡迎的主因包括價格實惠、產品種類豐富、安裝簡單。從地理上看,亞太地區在全球陶瓷地磚市場佔據領先地位,這得益於其龐大的人口基數和蓬勃發展的建築業。此外,亞洲各國政府正積極尋求外國直接投資以改善其商業基礎設施,這進一步推動了市場成長。

陶瓷磚市場概覽

由於陶瓷磚具有更優異的耐用性和更低的成本,其市場佔有率正逐漸取代天然石材產品。這種成本效益促使陶瓷磚在對價格敏感的市場(例如中國、印度和中東部分國家)得到更廣泛的應用。除了價格實惠之外,陶瓷磚的防潮、防塵和防污等特性也推動了市場成長。然而,眾多陶瓷磚生產商的存在也為全球市場帶來了挑戰。歐洲地區也為陶瓷磚市場帶來了巨大的發展機會,這主要得益於人們對美觀家居需求的不斷成長。值得注意的是,近年來德國和英國的建築業均呈現正向成長態勢。

戰略洞察

陶瓷磚市場促進因素與機會

建築業的成長

人口持續成長和都市化進程推動著建築業的發展。根據Macrotrends統計,全球人口從2020年的78億增加到2022年的80億,聯合國預測2030年將達到85億。人口成長預計將帶動住宅、商業和基礎設施建設的需求,從而促進瓷磚市場的發展。

對永續材料的需求日益成長

在旨在減少碳足跡的各項措施的推動下,建築業對環保材料的需求正迅速成長。世界各國政府,尤其是已開發國家,正在實施嚴格的法規,要求建築材料製造商生產低排放產品。因此,瓷磚製造商正投入大量研發力量,致力於開發低碳足跡產品,預計將為瓷磚市場帶來豐厚的機會。

陶瓷磚市場報告細分分析

陶瓷磚市場分析按類型和應用進行細分。

按類型分類,市場分為地磚和牆磚,預計到 2024 年,地磚市場佔有率將更大。

按應用領域分類,市場分為商業和住宅領域,其中住宅領域在 2024 年將佔據最大佔有率。

按地域分類的陶瓷磚市場佔有率分析

陶瓷磚市場的地理分析分為五個地區:北美、亞太、歐洲、中東和非洲以及南美/南美和中美洲。

亞太地區在全球市場中佔據最大佔有率,這主要得益於其龐大的人口基數和對價格適中產品的需求。該市場按國家進一步細分,包括澳洲、中國、印度、日本、韓國以及亞太其他地區。根據美國人口普查和經濟資訊中心的數據顯示,2022年中國建築業的收入約為40億美元,並自2024年以來保持穩定成長。這一成長對建築業產生了積極影響。此外,印度也積極推行各項措施以促進建築業發展,其中「總理住房計畫」(Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana)對住宅建築業的扶持作用尤為顯著。

陶瓷磚市場報告範圍

陶瓷磚市場新聞及最新動態

陶瓷磚市場評估是基於從一手和二手研究中獲得的定性和定量資料,包括重要的企業出版物、協會資料和資料庫。陶瓷磚市場的最新發展包括:Atlas Concorde 在 2023 年 Cersaie 國際陶瓷衛浴展上推出了三個全新系列,分別是 Marvel Meraviglia、Boost Balance 和 Marvel Onyx。 (資料來源:Atlas Concorde,新聞稿/公司網站/簡報,2023 年)Daltile 推出了六個全新瓷磚系列,包括 Artcrafted、Divinium、Acreage、Calgary、Pure 和 Gamma(天然石材)。 (資料來源:Daltile,新聞稿/公司網站/簡報,2023 年)陶瓷磚市場報告涵蓋範圍和交付成果

這份題為《陶瓷磚市場規模及預測(2021-2031)》的報告對市場進行了全面分析,涵蓋以下方面:全球、區域和國家層面所有關鍵細分市場的市場規模和預測。

市場動態,例如促進因素、限制因素和關鍵機會

未來主要趨勢

詳細的PEST/波特五力模型與SWOT分析

全球及區域市場分析,重點在於關鍵趨勢、主要參與者、法規及最新發展。

產業格局和競爭分析,包括市場集中度、熱力圖分析、主要參與者和最新發展動態

深入的公司概況

目錄

第1章:引言

第2章:要點總結

第3章:磁磚市場概況

  • 市場概覽
  • 市場區隔
    • 全球陶瓷磚市場-按類型分類
    • 全球陶瓷磚市場-按應用領域分類
    • 全球陶瓷磚市場-以地理分類
  • 害蟲分析
    • 北美 - PEST 分析
    • 歐洲 - PEST 分析
    • 亞太地區 - PEST 分析
    • 中東和非洲 - PEST 分析
    • 南美洲 - PEST 分析

第4章:瓷磚-生產過程(定性分析)

  • 磁磚原料
  • 製造過程
    • 配料原料
    • 混合和研磨
    • 成型
    • 烘乾
    • 玻璃
    • 開火
    • 最終產品

第5章:瓷磚市場-關鍵產業動態

  • 關鍵市場促進因素
    • 商業和住宅建築業蓬勃發展
    • 性能和經濟參數正在加劇需求
  • 主要市場限制因素
    • 用戶最關心的是冷度和硬度。
  • 主要市場機遇
    • 增加瓷磚的使用,以替代其他材料
  • 未來趨勢
    • 新型3D瓷磚的出現預計將推動市場成長。
  • 駕駛員和約束裝置的影響分析

第6章:瓷磚市場—全球分析

  • 全球磁磚市場概覽
  • 全球磁磚市場預測與分析

第7章:陶瓷磚市場收入及至2025年預測 - 類型

  • 概述
  • 2017 年和 2025 年全球瓷磚市場按類型分類的細分市場
  • 地板磚市場
    • 概述
    • 地板磚市場預測與分析
  • 牆磚市場
    • 概述
    • 牆磚市場預測與分析

第8章:磁磚市場收入及至2025年預測-依應用領域分類

  • 概述
  • 2017 年及 2025 年全球磁磚市場按應用領域分類的細分市場
  • 商業市場
  • 住宅市場

第9章:瓷磚市場——地理分析

  • 概述
  • 北美洲
    • 北美洲
      • 美國
      • 加拿大
      • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 歐洲
      • 法國
      • 德國
      • 義大利
      • 西班牙
      • 英國
      • 土耳其
      • 歐洲其他地區
  • 亞太地區
    • 亞太地區
      • 澳洲
      • 中國
      • 印度
      • 日本
      • 越南
      • 印尼
      • 亞太其他地區
  • 中東和非洲 (MEA)
    • 中東和非洲
      • 非洲
      • 沙烏地阿拉伯
      • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
      • 伊朗
      • 中東和非洲其他地區
  • 南美洲(SAM)
    • 南美洲
      • 巴西
      • 南美洲其他地區

第0章:行業概況

  • 市場推廣活動
  • 併購
  • 新開發項目

第1章:競爭格局

  • 競爭產品分析
  • 市場定位-全球前五大企業

第2章:瓷磚,主要公司簡介

  • MOHAWK INDUSTRIES, INC.2.1.1 Key Facts
  • CHINA CERAMICS CO., LTD.2.2.1 Key Facts
  • FLORIDA TILE, INC.12.3.1 Key Facts
  • GRUPO LAMOSA, S.A.B.DE C.V.12.4.1 Key Facts
  • GRUPPO CERAMICHE RICCHETTI S.P.A.12.5.1 Key Facts
  • KAJARIA CERAMICS LTD.12.6.1 Key Facts
  • PORCELANOSA GRUPO A.I.E.12.7.1 Key Facts
  • PT.MULIAKERAMIK INDAHRAYA
  • RAK CERAMICS
  • THE SIAM CEMENT PUBLIC CO.LTD.12.10.1 Key Facts

第13章:附錄

簡介目錄
Product Code: TIPTE100001091

The ceramic tiles market is anticipated to grow from US$ 233.7 billion in 2024 to US$ 362.7 billion by 2031, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.70% during the period from 2031 to 2031. The ongoing demand from both the commercial and residential sectors has been a key factor in the market's expansion. Additionally, the increasing awareness and implementation of 3D printing technology within the ceramic industry is expected to be a significant trend moving forward.

Ceramic Tiles Market Analysis

The segment for ceramic flooring tiles is expected to capture the largest share of the market. Key factors driving the popularity of ceramic flooring tiles include their affordability, extensive product variety, and straightforward installation process. Geographically, the Asia Pacific region leads the global ceramic tiles market, bolstered by a large population and a burgeoning construction industry. Furthermore, Asian governments are actively seeking foreign direct investment to enhance their commercial infrastructure, which is further propelling market growth.

Ceramic Tiles Market Overview

Ceramic tiles have increasingly supplanted natural stone products due to their superior durability and lower costs. This cost-effectiveness has led to a rise in the adoption of ceramic tiles in price-sensitive markets such as China, India, and various Middle Eastern nations. In addition to affordability, features like moisture resistance, anti-dust, and anti-stain properties are also contributing to market growth. However, the presence of numerous ceramic tile manufacturers poses a challenge for the global market. The European region is also presenting promising opportunities for the ceramic tiles market, driven by a rising demand for aesthetically pleasing homes. Notably, the construction sectors in Germany and the UK have shown positive growth in recent years.

Strategic Insights

Ceramic Tiles Market Drivers and Opportunities

Growth in the Construction Industry

The construction industry is being propelled by a continuously growing population and urbanization. According to Macrotrends, the global population increased from 7.8 billion in 2020 to 8 billion in 2022, with projections suggesting it will reach 8.5 billion by 2030, as reported by the United Nations. This population growth is expected to drive demand for residential, commercial, and infrastructural construction, thereby boosting the ceramic tiles market.

Increasing Demand for Sustainable Materials

There is a rapidly growing demand for eco-friendly materials in the construction sector, driven by initiatives aimed at reducing carbon footprints. Governments worldwide, particularly in developed nations, are enforcing stringent regulations that require construction material manufacturers to produce low-emission products. Consequently, ceramic tile manufacturers are engaging in extensive research and development to create products with reduced carbon footprints, which is likely to open up lucrative opportunities in the ceramic tiles market.

Ceramic Tiles Market Report Segmentation Analysis

The analysis of the Ceramic Tiles Market is segmented by type and application.

By type, the market is categorized into floor tiles and wall tiles, with the floor tiles segment holding a larger market share in 2024.

By application, the market is divided into commercial and residential segments, with the residential segment capturing the largest share in 2024.

Ceramic Tiles Market Share Analysis by Geography

The geographic analysis of the Ceramic Tiles Market is divided into five regions: North America, Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and South America/South & Central America.

The Asia Pacific region holds the largest share of the global market, driven by a high population and demand for affordable products. The market is further segmented by country, including Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea, and the Rest of Asia Pacific. According to the Census and Economic Information Center, China's construction sector generated approximately 4 billion US$ in revenue in 2022, showing steady growth since 2024. This expansion positively impacts the construction sector. Additionally, India is actively pursuing initiatives to grow its construction sector, with the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana scheme significantly benefiting the residential construction industry.

Ceramic Tiles Market Report Scope

Ceramic Tiles Market News and Recent Developments

The Ceramic Tiles Market is assessed through qualitative and quantitative data obtained from primary and secondary research, including significant corporate publications, association data, and databases. Recent developments in the ceramic tiles market include:Atlas Concorde unveiled three new collections at Cersaie 2023, an international exhibition for ceramic tiles and bathroom furnishings, showcasing Marvel Meraviglia, Boost Balance, and Marvel Onyx. (Source: Atlas Concorde, Press Release/Company Website/Newsletter, 2023)Daltile launched six new tile collections, including Artcrafted, Divinium, Acreage, Calgary, Pure, and Gamma (Natural Stone). (Source: Daltile, Press Release/Company Website/Newsletter, 2023)Ceramic Tiles Market Report Coverage and Deliverables

The report titled "Ceramic Tiles Market Size and Forecast (2021-2031)" offers a comprehensive analysis of the market, covering the following areas:Market size and forecast at global, regional, and country levels for all key segments included in the scope

Market dynamics such as drivers, restraints, and key opportunities

Key future trends

Detailed PEST/Porter's Five Forces and SWOT analysis

Global and regional market analysis highlighting key trends, major players, regulations, and recent developments

Industry landscape and competition analysis, including market concentration, heat map analysis, prominent players, and recent developments

In-depth company profiles

Table Of Contents

1.INTRODUCTION

  • 1.1 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
  • 1.2 THE INSIGHT PARTNERS RESEARCH REPORT GUIDANCE

2.KEY TAKEAWAYS

3.CERAMIC TILES MARKET LANDSCAPE

  • 3.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
  • 3.2 MARKET SEGMENTATION
    • 3.2.1 Global Ceramic Tiles Market - By Types
    • 3.2.2 Global Ceramic Tiles Market - By Application
    • 3.2.3 Global Ceramic Tiles Market - By Geography
  • 3.3 PEST ANALYSIS
    • 3.3.1 North America - PEST Analysis
    • 3.3.2 Europe - PEST Analysis
    • 3.3.3 Asia Pacific - PEST Analysis
    • 3.3.4 Middle East and Africa - PEST Analysis
    • 3.3.5 South America - PEST Analysis

4.CERAMIC TILES - PRODUCTION PROCESS (QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS)

  • 4.1 CERAMIC TILES RAW MATERALS
  • 4.2 MANUFACTURING PROCESS
    • 4.2.1 Batching raw materials
    • 4.2.2 Mixing and grinding
    • 4.2.3 Forming
    • 4.2.4 Drying
    • 4.2.5 Glazing
    • 4.2.6 Firing
    • 4.2.7 End-product

5.CERAMIC TILES MARKET - KEY INDUSTRY DYNAMICS

  • 5.1 KEY MARKET DRIVERS
    • 5.1.1 Rising Commercial and Residential Construction
    • 5.1.2 Performance and Economic Parameters are Accentuating the Demand
  • 5.2 KEY MARKET RESTRAINTS
    • 5.2.1 Coldness and Hardness are the Major Concerns for the Users
  • 5.3 KEY MARKET OPPORTUNITIES
    • 5.3.1 Augment in use of ceramic tiles as substitute to other materials
  • 5.4 FUTURE TRENDS
    • 5.4.1 Advent of new 3D ceramic tiles is expected to boost the market growth
  • 5.5 IMPACT ANALYSIS OF DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

6.CERAMIC TILES MARKET - GLOBAL ANALYSIS

  • 6.1 GLOBAL CERAMIC TILES MARKET OVERVIEW
  • 6.2 GLOBAL CERAMIC TILES MARKET FORECAST AND ANALYSIS

7.CERAMIC TILES MARKET REVENUE AND FORECASTS TO 2025 - TYPE

  • 7.1 OVERVIEW
  • 7.2 GLOBAL CERAMIC TILES MARKET BREAKDOWN, BY TYPE, 2017 & 2025
  • 7.3 FLOOR TILES MARKET
    • 7.3.1 Overview
    • 7.3.2 Floor Tiles Market Forecasts and Analysis
  • 7.4 WALL TILE MARKET
    • 7.4.1 Overview
    • 7.4.2 Wall Tiles Market Forecasts and Analysis

8.CERAMIC TILES MARKET REVENUE AND FORECASTS TO 2025 - BY APPLICATION

  • 8.1 OVERVIEW
  • 8.2 GLOBAL CERAMIC TILES MARKET BREAKDOWN, BY APPLICATION, 2017 & 2025
  • 8.3 COMMERCIAL MARKET
    • 8.3.1 Overview
    • 8.3.2 Commercial Market Forecasts and Analysis
  • 8.4 RESIDENTIAL MARKET
    • 8.4.1 Overview
    • 8.4.2 Residential Market Forecasts and Analysis

9.CERAMIC TILES MARKET - GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

  • 9.1 OVERVIEW
  • 9.2 NORTH AMERICA CERAMIC TILES MARKET REVENUE AND FORECASTS TO 2025
    • 9.2.1 Overview
    • 9.2.2 North America Ceramic Tiles Market Breakdown, by Key Countries
      • 9.2.2.1 U.S.Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.2.2.2 Canada Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecast to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.2.2.3 Mexico Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
    • 9.2.3 North America Ceramic Tiles Market Breakdown, by Type
    • 9.2.4 North America Ceramic Tiles Market Breakdown, by Application
  • 9.3 EUROPE CERAMIC TILES MARKET REVENUE AND FORECASTS TO 2025
    • 9.3.1 Overview
    • 9.3.2 Europe Ceramic Tiles Market Breakdown, by Key Countries
      • 9.3.2.1 France Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.3.2.2 Germany Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecast to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.3.2.3 Italy Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.3.2.4 Spain Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.3.2.5 U.K.Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.3.2.6 Turkey Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.3.2.7 Rest of Europe Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
    • 9.3.3 Europe Ceramic Tiles Market Breakdown, by Types
    • 9.3.4 Europe Ceramic Tiles Market Breakdown, by Application
  • 9.4 ASIA PACIFIC CERAMIC TILES MARKET REVENUE AND FORECASTS TO 2025
    • 9.4.1 Overview
    • 9.4.2 Asia Pacific Ceramic Tiles Market Breakdown, by Key Countries
      • 9.4.2.1 Australia Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.4.2.2 China Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecast to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.4.2.3 India Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.4.2.4 Japan Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.4.2.5 Vietnam Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.4.2.6 Indonesia Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.4.2.7 Rest of APAC Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecast to 2025 (US$ Mn)
    • 9.4.3 Asia Pacific Ceramic Tiles Market Breakdown, by Type
    • 9.4.4 Asia Pacific Ceramic Tiles Market Breakdown, by Application
  • 9.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA (MEA) CERAMIC TILES MARKET REVENUE AND FORECASTS TO 2025
    • 9.5.1 Overview
    • 9.5.2 Middle East and Africa Ceramic Tiles Market Breakdown, by Key Countries
      • 9.5.2.1 Africa Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecast to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.5.2.2 Saudi Arabia Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.5.2.3 UAE Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.5.2.4 Iran Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.5.2.5 Rest of MEA Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
    • 9.5.3 Middle East and Africa Ceramic Tiles Market Breakdown, by Type
    • 9.5.4 Middle East and Africa Ceramic Tiles Market Breakdown, by Application
  • 9.6 SOUTH AMERICA (SAM) CERAMIC TILES MARKET REVENUE AND FORECASTS TO 2025
    • 9.6.1 Overview
    • 9.6.2 South America Ceramic Tiles Market Breakdown, by Key Countries
      • 9.6.2.1 Brazil Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
      • 9.6.2.2 Rest of SAM Ceramic Tiles Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2025 (US$ Mn)
    • 9.6.3 South America Ceramic Tiles Market Breakdown, by Type
    • 9.6.4 South America Ceramic Tiles Market Breakdown, by Application

0.INDUSTRY LANDSCAPE

  • 0.1 MARKET INITIATIVE
  • 0.2 MERGER AND ACQUISITION
  • 0.3 NEW DEVELOPMENT

1.COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

  • 1.1 COMPETITIVE PRODUCT MAPPING
  • 1.2 MARKET POSITIONING - GLOBAL TOP 5 PLAYERS

2.CERAMIC TILES, KEY COMPANY PROFILES

  • 2.1 MOHAWK INDUSTRIES, INC.2.1.1 Key Facts
    • 2.1.2 Business Description
    • 2.1.3 Financial Overview
    • 2.1.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 2.1.5 Key Developments
  • 2.2 CHINA CERAMICS CO., LTD.2.2.1 Key Facts
    • 2.2.2 Business Description
    • 2.2.3 Financial Overview
    • 2.2.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 2.2.5 Key Developments
  • 12.3 FLORIDA TILE, INC.12.3.1 Key Facts
    • 12.3.2 Business Description
    • 12.3.3 Financial Overview
    • 12.3.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.3.5 Key Developments
  • 12.4 GRUPO LAMOSA, S.A.B.DE C.V.12.4.1 Key Facts
    • 12.4.2 Business Description
    • 12.4.3 Financial Overview
    • 12.4.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.4.5 Key Developments
  • 12.5 GRUPPO CERAMICHE RICCHETTI S.P.A.12.5.1 Key Facts
    • 12.5.2 Business Description
    • 12.5.3 Financial Overview
    • 12.5.4 SWOT Analysis
  • 12.6 KAJARIA CERAMICS LTD.12.6.1 Key Facts
    • 12.6.2 Business Description
    • 12.6.3 Financial Overview
    • 12.6.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.6.5 Key Developments
  • 12.7 PORCELANOSA GRUPO A.I.E.12.7.1 Key Facts
    • 12.7.2 Business Description
    • 12.7.3 Financial Overview
    • 12.7.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.7.5 Key Developments
  • 12.8 PT.MULIAKERAMIK INDAHRAYA
    • 12.8.1 Key Facts
    • 12.8.2 Business Description
    • 12.8.3 Financial Overview
    • 12.8.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.8.5 Key Developments
  • 12.9 RAK CERAMICS
    • 12.9.1 Key Facts
    • 12.9.2 Business Description
    • 12.9.3 Financial Overview
    • 12.9.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.9.5 Key Developments
  • 12.10 THE SIAM CEMENT PUBLIC CO.LTD.12.10.1 Key Facts
    • 12.10.2 Business Description
    • 12.10.3 Financial Overview
    • 12.10.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 12.10.5 Key Developments

13.APPENDIX

  • 13.1 ABOUT THE INSIGHT PARTNERS
  • 13.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
  • 13.3 METHODOLOGY
    • 13.3.1 Coverage
    • 13.3.2 Secondary Research
    • 13.3.3 Primary Research 132