2026-2036年全球先進生物基與永續材料市場

全球先進生物基和永續材料市場正從利基替代品轉向主流工業供應。生物基材料以可再生生質能（例如農作物、林業和農業殘餘物、藻類以及微生物發酵產物）取代化石衍生碳。永續材料的評估是基於其整個生命週期，包括減少排放、使用可再生或回收原料、降低毒性以及是否可回收、可再利用或可堆肥。

生物基聚合物是該市場的核心。其產能正以每年約11%的速度成長，預計到2036年將達到約1,500萬至1,600萬噸，屆時生物基聚合物預計將佔聚合物市場總量的3%至4%。包括功能性聚合物、天然橡膠和合成纖維在內，生物基產品總量已達約4,200萬噸，約佔所有聚合物的8%。該市場在2025年迎來轉捩點。這是亞洲首次不再是新增產能成長的主要動力。受大規模PHA、生物基PP和生物基PE計畫的推動，預計到2036年，北美和歐洲合計佔全球產能的佔有率將從31%上升至40%以上。亞洲仍是最大的市場，約佔市場佔有率的50%。

包裝、消費品、汽車、時尚和電子產業的品牌所有者正在採用這些材料來實現淨零排放和範圍3減排承諾。許多生物基材料也具有卓越的性能。天然纖維可以減輕零件重量，塗層可以提供阻隔保護，有些材料還具有生物相容性或可控制生物分解性。 PHA、生物基PP和PEF是成長最快的聚合物之一。它們的應用範圍已從包裝和紡織品擴展到汽車零件、建築、電子產品和醫療產品等領域。

隨著產能擴張，成本溢價預計將會下降。 PLA和PHA預計將在2030年至2032年間在其主要應用領域實現價格持平。材料產業正圍繞可再生碳材料重組其原料基礎，「2026-2036年全球先進生物基和永續材料市場」報告為此轉型提供了全面的指導。該報告分析了支持生物基聚合物、化學品、纖維和複合材料的技術、市場和公司，以及它們在建築、包裝、紡織、塗料、燃料、電子和黏合劑等領域的應用。預測期至2036年。該報告結合了市場數據和技術評估。除了按材料、應用和地區預測產能和產量外，報告還分析了原料、製造流程、成本、法規和競爭趨勢。報告共2500多頁，包含796個表格和89個圖表。

報告內容

• 摘要整理：定義、益處、全球聚合物供應、生物基含量及至2036年的區域展望
• 生質塑膠市場：組成、新一代聚合物、與化學回收的關係、產能、市場預測、法規
• 生物基化學品和中間體：生物煉製廠，以及澱粉、醣類、木質纖維素、油脂、廢棄物、氣態原料和生產預測。
• 生物基聚合物和塑膠：PLA、PHA、生物基PE、生物基PP、PEF、PBS、PBAT、生物基PA、纖維素、木質素、奈米纖維素等。
• 天然纖維塑膠和複合材料：纖維類型、加工和市場
• 永續建築材料：低碳水泥和混凝土、生物基隔熱材料材料、木材和複合材料
• 生物基包裝材料：薄膜、紙張和模塑纖維、阻隔塗層、活性包裝
• 永續紡織品和服裝：生物基纖維和人造皮革
• 生物基塗料和樹脂：技術、應用和市場收入
• 生質燃料和電子燃料：原料、製造流程、成本和產能
• 永續電子產品：材料、製造、印刷基板(PCB) 和資料中心的永續性
• 生物基黏合劑和密封劑：化學性質和市場
• 公司簡介：我們收錄了超過 1200 家涵蓋整個價值鏈的公司，包括生產商、技術開發商和品牌所有者。公司簡介包括：1414 Degrees、3DBioFibR、3M、9Fiber, Inc、Aamati Green PVT Ltd、ABIS Aerogel Co., Ltd、Acorn Pulp Group、Actega、Active Aerogels、Adaptavate、ADBioplastics、Adriano di Marti/Desserto,Adsor, Inc., Adob​​​​bate、ADBioplastics、Adriano di Marti/Desserto、Adsorbi、Adchemds、Campd. Forming, LLC、Aegis Packaging、Aekyung Chemical Co., Ltd、Aemetis, Inc、AEP Polymers、Aerobel BV、Aerofybers Technologies SL、Aerogel Core Ltd、aerogel-it GmbH、Aerogel Technologies LLC、Aeropowder Limited、Aether Fuels、Agilx、AGAgraer、At、Agraer GmbH、AgroRenew、Agrosustain SA、Ahlstrom、AIM Sweden AB、Aircela Inc、Air Company、Airco Process Technology。 Aizawa Concrete Corporation、Akorn Technology、Akzo Nobel NV、Alberdingk Boley GmbH、Alberta Innovates/Innotech Materials, LLC、Alchemy GmbH、Alfa Kimya SA、Algaeing、Algal Bio Co., Ltd、Algenesis Corporation、Algenie、Algenol、Algeni fgenol、Algeniating, Steelg GmbH、AlmaScience、Alpha Assembly Solutions、Alpha Biofuels (Singapore) Pte Ltd、Alpha Recyclage Composites、Altana AG (Heliosonic GmbH)、Alter Eco Pulp、Alterpacks、Alt.Leather、Altropoliosststd GmbH)、Alter Eco Pulp、Alterpacks、Alt.Leather、Altropolst、stoff GAMHk、AGAM、BAM、Ajel、BAM S、HAM S​​Ol​​anz, GAMn, GAM、AGAM Inc、Ankor Bioplastics Co., Ltd、Anomera, Inc、An Phat Bioplastics、ANPOLY、安慶及興化工有限公司APChemi Pvt. Ltd、Apeel Sciences、Apeiron Bioenergy、Aperam BioEnergia、Applied Bioplastics、Applied Research Associates, Inc. (Aquap, Inc. eFuels、ArcelorMittal SA、Archer Daniel Midland Company (ADM)、Archipelago Technology Group、Archroma、Arctic Biomaterials Oy、Arda Biomaterials、Ardent、Ardra Bio、Arekapak GmbH、Arjowiggins Group、Arkema、Arlanx、Ardra Bio、Arekapak GmbH、Arjowiggins Group、Arkema、Arlanxeo、Arakeo、Ardaxeo、Axj、Arda、Ah、Ameral Corporation、Awekxeo、Ak、Arda、Ahad Aerogels, Inc、Atmonia、Attis Innovations, llc、AVA Biochem AG、Avalon BioEnergy、Avani Eco、Avantium BV、Avient Corporation、Avioxx、Axalta、Axcelon Biopolymers Corporation、Ayas Renewables Inc、Azolla Bacamas Bioalkd BV、BarkTex、BASF、Basilisk、Bast Fiber Technologies、BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid Co., Ltd、Bcircular、Bcomp ltd、BDI-BioEnergy International GmbH、BEE Biofuel、BeFC、Be Green Packaging LLC、Betolar、Berials Fiber Technologies、BEE Biofuelium Oerial Leonds ApS、Billerud、Bio2Coat、Bio2Materials Sp. z oo、Bioelements Group、Bioextrax AB、Bio Fab NZ、BIO-FED、Biofiber、Biofiber Tech Sweden AB、BIOFIBIX、Biofine Technology, LLC、Bioform Technologies、Biofuture、Biofy、Bioblean A/S、Biofine Technology、Bioalk Technologies、Biob​​al、Biofy、BioTaxal、Bioal、Biok、Bioal、BioQy、BioBIT Inc、BIO-LUTIONS International AG、Biomason, Inc、Biomass Resin Holdings Co., Ltd、Biome Bioplastics、Bio-Oils、Biophilica、Bioplastech Ltd、Bioplastix、Biopolax、BioSmart Nano、BioSolutions、Biosyntia、Biotecam、BIOTEC GmbH & Cir Technologies. Ltd、Biotrem、Biovox、Bioweg、BioZeroc、Birla Cellulose、bitBiome、Blastr Green Steel、BlockTexx Pty Ltd、Bloom Biorenewables SA、BluCon Biotech GmbH、BlueAlp Technology、Blue BioFuels, Inc、Blue Ocean Closures、Bluephasat, Matshing Ltd. Inc、BOBST、Bolt Threads、Borealis AG、Borregaard、Bosk Bioproducts Inc、Boston Metal、Bowil Biotech Sp. z oo、B-PREG、Braskem、Braven Environmental, LLC、Brightmark Energy、BTGB​​an Oy、Brimstone、bse Methan 特徵SpA、Business Innovation Partners Co., Ltd、Buyo Bioplastic Ltd、ByFusion Global Inc、BYK-Chemie GmbH、Byogy Renewables, Inc、B'ZEOS、C16 Biosciences、C1 Green Chemicals AG、C2CNT LLC/Capital Power、Cabot Corporation Corporation、Calhia Ltdbridge、Camio​​ekc​​yek​​xing Corporation、Cal 它） Inc、Caphenia GmbH、Capsol Technologies、CARAPAC Company、Carapace Biopolymers、CarbiCrete、Carbiolice、Carbios、Carbon8 Systems、Carbonide Oy、CarbonBridge、CarbonBuilt、Carbon Collect Limited、Carbon Crusher、CarbonCure Technologies, Inc、Carbon Engineering (Obonc. LLC、Carbon Upcycling Technologies、Carbonwave、Carbyon BV、Cardia Bioplastics Ltd、Cardolite、Cargill、Cassandra Oil AB、Cass Materials Pty Ltd、Casterra AG Ltd、CATACK-H、Catalyxx、Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd、C-Capture、Ceell Corporation、Catalyxx. Ltd、Celluforce、Cellugy、Cellutech AB (Stora Enso)、Celtic Renewables Ltd、Celus GmbH、Celwise AB、CemVision AB、Cereal Process Technologies (CPT)、CERT Systems, Inc、CF Industries Holdings, Inc、CGREEN、ChainCraft、ChakraTech、CH Biohem、Checkers Inc. 。 Inc、CKF Inc、CleanJoule、Climeworks、CNF Biofuel AS、CO2BioClean、Coastgrass ApS、Cobratex、中糧Group Limited、Coffeeco Upcycle、Concord Blue Engineering、Concrene Limited、Concrete4Change、Concretenne、CondAlign、Conkd、Contran、Coolm、Cortechium、Cortecha Systems、Cortecha Systems、Cortecha Systems、Cortecha Systems、Cortecha Systems、Cortecha Systems、Cortechium Cortech Systems、Cortechium Cor Group International、Cortec Corporation、Corumat, Inc、Cosmo Specialty Chemicals、Cosun Beet Company、Coval Energy BV、Covestro AG、Craft Composite、CreaFill Fibers Corporation、Crimson可再生能源有限責任公司、Cristal Union Group、Croda International plc、Croft、Crecs Foagam.公司、Daicel Polymer Ltd、DaikyoNishikawa 公司、Daily Polymer、Daio Paper Corporation、Daishowa Paper Products Co. Ltd、DAK Americas LLC、Danimer Scientific、D-CRBN、DENSO Corporation、Diamond Green Diesel LLC、DIC Corporation、DIC Products、Dimensional Energy、Dioxide Material LtdD、Diamond Green Diesel LLC、DaniDIC Products、Dimensional Energy、Dioxide Material、Diamond Green Diesel LLC.D.S、DIC Products、Dimensional Energy、Dioxide Material LtdD、DvesD. Biotechnologies、Domsjo Fabriker AB、Domtar Paper Company LLC、Dongjin Semichem、Dongnam Realize、Dongying Hebang Chemical Corp、Dow Chemical Company、DP Patterning AB、dsm-firmenich、DuFor Resins BV、DuPont、DuPont Tate & Lyle Bioirst, E500,005,005, 關係Company、Ecoat SAS、EcoCeres, Inc、Eco Environmental、Eco Fuel Technology, Inc、ecoGenie biotech、Eco幫助論文、Eco-SQ、EcoSynthetix, Inc、EcoTechnilin、Ecovance Co., Ltd、Ecovative Inc、Elementis plc、Elephantech, Inc、Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc、Elisto GmbH、Emerging Fuels Technology (EFT)、Emery） Oleochemicals LLC 等。

目錄

第1章：摘要整理

第2章：生質塑膠市場

• 生物基構件市場概覽
• 下一代生物基聚合物
• 與化學回收的整合
• 新的原料來源
• 將廢棄物轉化為生質塑膠
• 生物基聚合物的生產佔有率和生物基含量：
• 全球生質塑膠生產能力
  • 生產能力
  • 2025-2036年產能預測
  • 區域產能（2024-2036 年）
• 全球市場預測
• 環境影響和永續性
  • 塑膠碳足跡
  • 生質塑膠的碳足跡
  • 生質塑膠的生命週期評價
  • 生產中可再生能源的使用
  • 土地利用和原料永續性
  • 與化石燃料替代品的碳足跡比較
• 生物複合材料
  • 永續包裝
  • 提高生物基聚合物的生物分解性
  • 生物複合材料製造
  • 生物基聚合物的永續性和環境性能
• 生物分解性和生物基獨立性原則
• 生質塑膠類型
  • 介紹
  • 聚合物類型
  • 生物基單體
  • 綠色溢價
  • 市場分類：即插即用型、智慧即插即用型及專用生物基聚合物
• 原料
  • 類型
  • 價格
  • 生質塑膠的替代原料
  • 糧食安全、土地利用與水資源
• 生產歷史
• 化學示踪劑和標記物
• 生質塑膠相關法規
  • 概述
  • 生產者延伸責任制（EPR）
  • 美國
  • 歐洲
  • 亞太地區

第3章：生物基化學品及中間體

• 生物煉製
• 生物基原料和土地利用
• 植物來源
  • 澱粉
  • 糖料作物
  • 木質纖維素生質能
  • 植物油
  • 不可食用牛奶
  • 生物基石腦油
• 廢棄物
  • 食物廢棄物
  • 農業廢棄物
  • 林業廢棄物
  • 水產養殖及漁業廢棄物
  • 一般廢棄物
  • 工業廢棄物
• 微生物和礦物衍生原料
  • 微藻類
  • 大型藻類
  • 礦產資源
• 氣體
  • 沼氣
  • 合成氣
  • 排放氣體－發酵產生的二氧化碳和二氧化碳
• 從原料到聚合物的物料映射和物料平衡
  • 概述
  • 從原料到聚合物的映射
  • 轉化率和物料平衡

第4章：生物基聚合物和塑膠

• 生物基或可再生塑膠
  • 插入式生物基塑膠
  • 新型生物基塑膠
• 可生物分解和可堆肥塑膠
  • 可生物分解
  • 可堆肥性
• 類型
• 主要市場參與者
• 合成生物基聚合物
  • 脂肪族聚碳酸酯（APC）－環狀和鎖狀
  • 聚乳酸（生物基PLA）
  • 聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯（生物基PET）
  • 聚對苯二甲酸丙二醇酯（bio-PTT）
  • Polyethylene Furanoate（Bio-PEF）
  • 聚醯胺（生物基聚醯胺）
  • 聚（己二酸對苯二甲酸丁二酯）（Bio-PBAT）
  • 聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）及其共聚物
  • 聚乙烯（生物基聚乙烯）
  • 聚丙烯（生物基聚丙烯）
  • 超吸收性聚合物
  • 聚三亞甲基芳烴酸酯（PTF）
  • 生物基聚對聚丁烯對苯二甲酸酯（Bio-PBT）
  • 聚糠醇（PFA）
  • 生物基聚氯乙烯（Bio-PVC）
  • 生物基聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（Bio-PMMA）
  • 生物基苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠（Bio-SBR）
  • 環氧樹脂（生物基成分）
  • 聚氨酯（PUR，生物衍生成分）
• 天然來源的生物基聚合物
  • 聚羥基烷酯（PHA）
  • 纖維素
  • 含澱粉聚合物化合物（SCPCs）
• 終端用戶市場
  • 包裝（軟包裝和硬包裝）
  • 消費品
  • 車
  • 建築/施工
  • 紡織品
  • 電子設備
  • 農業和園藝
  • 區域生物聚合物產量
  • 每種聚合物的應用分佈
• 木質素
  • 什麼是木質素？
  • 木質素類型
  • 特徵
  • 木質纖維素生物精煉廠
  • 市場與應用
  • 木質素利用面臨的挑戰
  • 木質素生產過程
  • 磺酸鹽
  • 硫酸鹽木質素
  • 蘇打木質素
  • 生物煉製產生的木質素
  • 高純度、高品質木質素
  • 有機溶劑木質素
  • 水解木質素
  • 木質素市場
  • 木質素市場促進因素與趨勢
  • 生產能力
  • 世界木質素消費量
  • 價格
• 437 家公司的公司簡介（共 577 家公司簡介）

第5章 天然纖維塑膠和複合材料

• 天然纖維、基材及其應用的製造方法
• 天然纖維的優點
• 市面上出現了新一代天然纖維產品。
• 下一代天然纖維的市場促進因素
• 任務
• 植物（纖維素、木質纖維素）
  • 種子纖維
  • 韌皮纖維
  • 葉纖維
  • 水果纖維
  • 源自農業殘餘物的莖纖維
  • 甘蔗、牧草和蘆葦
• 動物源性（纖維蛋白）
  • 羊毛
  • 蠶絲纖維
  • 皮革
  • 皮草
  • 向下
• 天然纖維市場
  • 複合材料
  • 目的
  • 天然纖維射出成型材料
  • 不織布天然纖維墊複合材料
  • 取向天然纖維增強複合材料
  • 天然纖維生物基聚合物化合物
  • 天然纖維生物基聚合物不織布
  • 天然纖維熱固性生物樹脂複合材料
  • 航太
  • 車
  • 建築/施工
  • 運動休閒
  • 紡織品
  • 包裝
• 世界天然纖維產量
• 公司簡介（155家公司簡介）

第6章永續建築材料

• 市場概覽
  • 永續建築的益處
  • 全球趨勢和促進因素
• 全球銷售
  • 依建築材料類型
  • 按市場
• 永續建築材料材料類型
  • 已建立的生物基建築材料
  • 大麻衍生建築材料
  • 源自菌絲體的建築材料
  • 永續混凝土和水泥替代品
  • 天然纖維複合材料
  • 纖維素奈米纖維
  • 永續隔熱材料
• 二氧化碳捕獲與利用
  • 概述
  • 市場結構
  • 水泥產業的碳捕集、利用與封存（CCUS）技術
  • 產品
  • 混凝土養護
  • 成本
  • 任務
• 綠色鋼鐵
  • 目前的煉鋼工藝
  • 脫碳目標和政策
  • 清潔生產技術的進步
  • 生產技術
  • 特徵
• 市場與應用
  • 住宅
  • 商業和辦公大樓
  • 基礎設施
• 公司簡介（191家公司簡介）

第7章：生物基包裝材料

• 市場概覽
  • 當前全球包裝市場及材料
  • 全球永續包裝市場
  • 市場趨勢
  • 生物基和永續包裝的成長要素
  • 生物基和永續包裝面臨的挑戰
  • 價格
• 材料
  • 材料創新
  • 活性包裝
  • 單一材料包裝
  • 包裝中常用的傳統聚合物材料
• 合成生物性包裝材料
  • 聚乳酸（生物基PLA）
  • 聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯（生物基PET）
  • 聚對苯二甲酸丙二醇酯（Bio-PTT）
  • Polyethylene Furanoate（Bio-PEF）
  • 生物PA
  • 聚己二酸丁二醇酯-對苯二甲酸丁二醇酯（Bio-PBAT）－脂肪族-芳香族共聚物酯
  • 聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）及其共聚物
  • 聚丙烯（生物基聚丙烯）
• 天然來源的生物性包裝材料
  • 聚羥基烷酯（PHA）
  • 澱粉基混合物
  • 纖維素
  • 用於包裝的生質塑膠衍生生物塑膠
  • 包裝用脂質和蠟
  • 海藻衍生包裝材料
  • 菌絲體
  • 幾丁聚醣
  • 生物石腦油
• 目的
  • 紙和紙板包裝
  • 食品包裝
• 用於包裝的生物基薄膜和塗層
  • 生物基塗料和塗層應用面臨的挑戰
  • 用於包裝的生物基塗層和薄膜類型
  • 永續阻隔塗層
• 利用二氧化碳捕集製成的包裝材料
  • 碳作為塑膠原料的優勢
  • 二氧化碳衍生的聚合物和塑膠
  • 二氧化碳利用產品
• 全球生物性包裝市場
  • 軟包裝
  • 硬包裝
  • 塗層和薄膜
• 公司簡介（330家公司簡介）

第8章：永續紡織品和服裝

• 生物基纖維的類型
  • 天然纖維
  • 生物基人造纖維
• 生物基合成纖維
• 生物基纖維的可回收性
• Lyocell纖維
• 細菌纖維素
• 藻類纖維
• 生物基皮革
  • 生物基替代皮革的特性
  • 與傳統皮革的比較
  • 生物基替代皮革的比較分析
  • 植物性替代皮革
  • 菌絲體基替代皮革
  • 微生物基替代皮革
  • 人造皮革
  • 蛋白質基替代皮革
  • 永續皮革塗層和染料
• 市場
  • 鞋類
  • 時尚配件
  • 汽車和交通運輸
  • 家具
  • 市場趨勢
  • 市場挑戰
  • 投資基金
  • 近期市場新聞和趨勢
• 全球市場銷售
  • 按地區
  • 按最終用途市場分類
• 公司簡介（65家公司簡介）

第9章 生物基塗料和樹脂

• 臨時替代方案
• 生物基樹脂
• 減少工業和防護塗料的碳足跡
• 市場促進因素
  • 監管要求和 PFAS 的逐步淘汰
• 生物基塗料應用面臨的挑戰
• 類型
  • 環保塗層技術
  • 阻隔塗層
  • 醇酸樹脂塗料
  • 聚氨酯基塗料
  • 環氧樹脂漆
  • 丙烯酸樹脂
  • 聚乳酸（生物基PLA）
  • 聚羥基烷酯（PHA）
  • 纖維素
  • 松香
  • 生物基炭黑
  • 木質素塗層
  • 可食用薄膜和塗層
  • 抗菌薄膜和藥物
  • 奈米塗層
  • 用於塗層的蛋白質基生物材料
  • 藻類衍生塗層
  • 多肽
  • 全球市場銷售
• 1731 家公司的公司簡介（202 份公司簡介）

第10章：生質燃料與電子燃料

• 與石化燃料的比較
• 在循環經濟中的作用
• 市場促進因素
  • 政府政策
• 市場挑戰
• 液體生質燃料市場
  • 2000-2024年液體生質燃料生產與消耗量（千立方公尺）
  • 液體生質燃料市場（2020-2036年）：按類型和產量分類
  • 2022年至2025年產業趨勢
  • 生質燃料的永續性
• 全球生質燃料市場
  • 柴油燃料替代品和替代能源
  • 汽油替代品和替代能源
• SWOT分析：生質燃料市場
• 2024年生質燃料成本比較（按類型）
• 類型
  • 固體生質燃料
  • 液體生質燃料
  • 氣態生質燃料
  • 傳統生質燃料
  • 先進生質燃料
  • 煉油廠
• 原料
  • 第一代（1-G）
  • 第二代（2G）
  • 第三代（3G）
  • 第四代（4G）
  • 每一代的優勢和劣勢
  • 能源作物
  • 農業殘餘物
  • 牲畜糞便、污水污泥、有機廢棄物
  • 林業和木材廢棄物
  • 原料成本
• 碳氫化合物生物生質燃料
  • 生質柴油
  • 可再生柴油
  • 永續航空燃料（SAF）
  • 生物石腦油
• 酒精燃料
  • 生物甲醇
  • 生質乙醇
  • 生物丁醇
• 生質能衍生氣體
  • 原料
  • 生物合成氣
  • 生物氫
  • 生物炭在沼氣生產的應用
  • 生質柴油
• 生質燃料的化學回收
  • 塑膠的熱解
  • 廢輪胎的熱解
  • 生質能和塑膠廢棄物的共熱熱解
  • 氣化
  • 熱解
  • SWOT分析
• 電燃料（電能轉化為氣/液/燃料）
  • 介紹
  • 綠氫能
  • 二氧化碳捕獲
  • 合成氣生產
  • 乙烷
  • 乙醇
  • SWOT分析
  • 生產
  • 電解槽
  • 價格
  • 市場挑戰
  • 公司
• 藻類衍生生質燃料
  • 技術概述
  • 二氧化碳的回收與利用
  • 轉換路線
  • SWOT分析
  • 生產
  • 市場挑戰
  • 價格
  • 製片人
• 綠色氨氣
  • 生產
  • 合成綠色氨的方法
  • SWOT分析
  • 藍色氨
  • 市場與應用
  • 價格
  • 預計市場需求
  • 公司和項目
• 碳捕獲衍生的生質燃料
  • 概述
  • 從點源捕獲二氧化碳
  • 生產路線
  • SWOT分析
  • 直接從大氣回收（DAC）
  • 碳利用生質燃料
• 生質油（熱解油）
  • 概述
  • 生產
  • 熱解反應器
  • SWOT分析
  • 目的
  • 生質油生產商
  • 價格
• 廢棄物衍生燃料（RDF）
  • 概述
  • 生產
  • 市場
• 公司簡介（237家公司簡介）

第11章永續電子

• 概述
  • 綠色電子製造
  • 永續電子產品發展的促進因素
  • 電子製造對環境的影響
  • 永續電子科技帶來的新機遇
  • 規章
  • 永續電子產品的電源（生物基電池）
  • 射出成型成型電子元件中的生質塑膠
• 具有環保意識的電子產品製造
  • 傳統電子製造
  • 永續電子製造的優勢
  • 永續電子製造實施面臨的挑戰
  • 試圖
  • 綠色供應鏈
  • 永續印刷電路基板（PCB）製造
  • 永續積體電路
  • 二手商品
• 全球市場
  • 全球印刷電路基板（PCB）製造業
  • 永續印刷電路基板（PCB）
  • 永續積體電路
• 永續資料中心
  • 範圍和定義
  • 為什麼資料中心的永續性現在是一個政策問題（人工智慧的擴展、對電網、水資源和土地的負擔）
  • 資料中心的能源需求和二氧化碳排放量：關鍵數據
  • 資料中心碳足跡的最大因素（範圍 1/2/3 細分）
  • 全球政策趨勢概述：從自願目標到具有法律約束力的義務。
  • 區域政策熱點圖：歐盟、美國（聯邦+各州）、中國、新加坡、日本、英國、愛爾蘭
  • 併網政策成為新的瓶頸
  • 標準、認證和報告（PUE、WUE、CUE、EPEAT、歐盟能源標籤）
  • 哪些是最具影響力的永續技術？
  • 市場預測：2025-2037年
  • 主要結論與展望
• 公司簡介 2337（48 家公司簡介）

第12章 生物基黏合劑和密封劑

• 概述
  • 生物基環氧樹脂黏合劑
  • 生物基聚氨酯黏合劑
  • 其他生物基黏合劑和密封劑
  • 市場促進因素與近期趨勢
• 類型
  • 纖維素基
  • 澱粉類
  • 木質素系統
  • 植物油
  • 基於蛋白質
  • 單寧基
  • 藻類來源的
  • 源自幾丁聚醣
  • 源自天然橡膠
  • 源自蠶絲
  • 源自貽貝蛋白
  • 大豆衍生泡沫
• 全球銷售
  • 按類型
  • 按市場
• 公司簡介 2387（15 家公司的公司簡介）

第13章附錄

• 調查方法

第14章參考文獻

The global market for advanced bio-based and sustainable materials is moving from niche substitution into mainstream industrial supply. Bio-based materials replace fossil carbon with renewable biomass: crops, forestry and agricultural residues, algae, and products of microbial fermentation. Sustainable materials are judged on their whole life cycle, including lower emissions, renewable or recycled inputs, reduced toxicity, and the ability to be recycled, reused or composted.

The category covers:

• bio-based polymers such as PLA, PHA, bio-PE, bio-PP and PEF
• lignin, cellulose and nanocellulose
• natural fiber composites
• mycelium and other biofabricated materials
• bio-based chemicals and intermediates
• low-carbon construction materials
• coatings, resins and adhesives
• alternative leathers and textiles

Bio-based polymers are the core of the market. Capacity is forecast to grow at around 11% a year, to roughly 15–16 million tonnes by 2036, taking bio-based polymers to 3–4% of the polymer market. When functional polymers, natural rubber and man-made fibers are included, bio-based volumes already total around 42 million tonnes, about 8% of all polymers. The market reached a turning point in 2025. For the first time, Asia did not lead new capacity additions. North America and Europe together are expected to rise from 31% of global capacity to more than 40% by 2036, driven by large PHA, bio-PP and bio-PE projects. Asia remains the largest region, with a share of around 50%.

Regulation is the strongest driver. Key measures include:

• the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation
• restrictions on single-use plastics
• extended producer responsibility schemes
• carbon pricing
• national bioeconomy strategies

Brand owners in packaging, consumer goods, automotive, fashion and electronics are adopting these materials to meet net-zero and Scope 3 commitments. Many bio-based materials also perform better: natural fibers make parts lighter, coatings provide barrier protection, and some materials are biocompatible or controllably biodegradable. PHA, bio-PP and PEF are the fastest-growing polymers. Adoption is spreading beyond packaging and fibers into automotive parts, construction, electronics and medical products.

Challenges remain:

• Cost premiums: about 10–25% over fossil plastics for drop-in polymers and 30–150% for biodegradable grades.
• Other constraints: the cost of financing scale-up, feedstock logistics, and gaps in end-of-life infrastructure.
• Insolvencies: several high-profile failures in 2024–2025 showed how much capital discipline and secure offtake agreements matter.

Premiums are expected to narrow as capacity scales. PLA and PHA are forecast to reach price parity in key applications by 2030–2032. The materials industry is rebuilding its feedstock base around renewable carbon, and The Global Market for Advanced Bio-based and Sustainable Materials 2026–2036 is a complete guide to that transition. It analyses the technologies, markets and companies behind bio-based polymers, chemicals, fibers and composites, and their use in construction, packaging, textiles, coatings, fuels, electronics and adhesives. Forecasts run to 2036. The report combines market data with technology assessment. It includes production capacity and volume forecasts by material, application and region, and analyses feedstocks, conversion routes, costs, regulation and competitive dynamics. It runs to more than 2,500 pages, with 796 tables and 89 figures.

Report contents include:

• Executive summary: definitions, benefits, global polymer supply, bio-based content and regional outlook to 2036
• Bioplastics market: building blocks, next-generation polymers, links to chemical recycling, capacities, market forecasts and regulation
• Bio-based chemicals and intermediates: biorefineries and starch, sugar, lignocellulosic, oil-based, waste and gaseous feedstocks, with production forecasts
• Bio-based polymers and plastics: PLA, PHA, bio-PE, bio-PP, PEF, PBS, PBAT, bio-PA, cellulose, lignin, nanocellulose and more
• Natural fiber plastics and composites: fiber types, processing and markets
• Sustainable construction materials: low-carbon cement and concrete, bio-based insulation, timber and composites
• Bio-based packaging: films, paper and moulded fiber, barrier coatings and active packaging
• Sustainable textiles and apparel: bio-based fibers and alternative leathers
• Bio-based coatings and resins: technologies, applications and market revenues
• Biofuels and e-fuels: feedstocks, production routes, costs and capacity
• Sustainable electronics: materials, manufacturing, PCBs and data-centre sustainability
• Bio-based adhesives and sealants: chemistries and markets
• Company profiles: more than 1,200 companies across the value chain, including producers, technology developers and brand owners. Companies profiled include 1414 Degrees, 3DBioFibR, 3M, 9Fiber, Inc, Aamati Green PVT Ltd, ABIS Aerogel Co., Ltd, Acorn Pulp Group, Actega, Active Aerogels, Adaptavate, ADBioplastics, Adriano di Marti/Desserto, Adsorbi, Aduro Clean Technologies, Inc, Advanced Biochemical (Thailand) Co., Ltd, Advanced Paper Forming, LLC, Aegis Packaging, Aekyung Chemical Co., Ltd, Aemetis, Inc, AEP Polymers, Aerobel BV, Aerofybers Technologies SL, Aerogel Core Ltd, aerogel-it GmbH, Aerogel Technologies LLC, Aeropowder Limited, Aether Fuels, Agilyx, AGITEC International AG, Agra Energy, AGRANA Staerke GmbH, AgroRenew, Agrosustain SA, Ahlstrom, AIM Sweden AB, Aircela Inc, Air Company, Airco Process Technology, Aizawa Concrete Corporation, Akorn Technology, Akzo Nobel N.V, Alberdingk Boley GmbH, Alberta Innovates/Innotech Materials, LLC, Alchemy GmbH, Alfa Kimya S.A, Algaeing, Algal Bio Co., Ltd, Algenesis Corporation, Algenie, Algenol, Alginor ASA, Algix LLC, Algoma Steel, AlixLabs AB, allnex GmbH, AlmaScience, Alpha Assembly Solutions, Alpha Biofuels (Singapore) Pte Ltd, Alpha Recyclage Composites, Altana AG (Heliosonic GmbH), Alter Eco Pulp, Alterpacks, Alt.Leather, Altropol Kunststoff GmbH, Amcor, AM Green, AmicaTerra, AmphiStar, AMSilk GmbH, Andritz AG, Anellotech, Inc, Ankor Bioplastics Co., Ltd, Anomera, Inc, An Phat Bioplastics, ANPOLY, Anqing He Xing Chemical Co., Ltd, APChemi Pvt. Ltd, Apeel Sciences, Apeiron Bioenergy, Aperam BioEnergia, Applied Bioplastics, Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA), Aquafil S.p.A, Aquapak Polymers Ltd, Aquaspersions, Arcadia eFuels, ArcelorMittal SA, Archer Daniel Midland Company (ADM), Archipelago Technology Group, Archroma, Arctic Biomaterials Oy, Arda Biomaterials, Ardent, Ardra Bio, Arekapak GmbH, Arjowiggins Group, Arkema, Arlanxeo, Armacell International S.A, Arrow Greentech, Arzeda Corp, Asahi Kasei Corporation, ASB Biodiesel Limited, Aspen Aerogels, Inc, Atmonia, Attis Innovations, llc, AVA Biochem AG, Avalon BioEnergy, Avani Eco, Avantium B.V, Avient Corporation, Avioxx, Axalta, Axcelon Biopolymers Corporation, Ayas Renewables Inc, Azolla, BacAlt Biosciences, Balrampur Chini Mills, Bambooder Biobased Fibers B.V, Baril Coatings B.V, BarkTex, BASF, Basilisk, Bast Fiber Technologies, BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid Co., Ltd, Bcircular, Bcomp ltd, BDI-BioEnergy International GmbH, BEE Biofuel, BeFC, Be Green Packaging LLC, Betolar, Better Fiber Technologies, Betulium Oy, Beyond Leather Materials ApS, Billerud, Bio2Coat, Bio2Materials Sp. z o.o, Bioelements Group, Bioextrax AB, Bio Fab NZ, BIO-FED, Biofiber, Biofiber Tech Sweden AB, BIOFIBIX, Biofine Technology, LLC, Bioform Technologies, Biofuture, Biofy, BiogasClean A/S, Biohm, Biojet AS, Biokemik, Bioleather, BIOLO, BioLogiQ, Inc, BIO-LUTIONS International AG, Biomason, Inc, Biomass Resin Holdings Co., Ltd, Biome Bioplastics, Bio-Oils, Biophilica, Bioplastech Ltd, Bioplastix, Biopolax, BioSmart Nano, BioSolutions, Biosyntia, Biotecam, BIOTEC GmbH & Co. KG, Biotic Circular Technologies Ltd, Biotrem, Biovox, Bioweg, BioZeroc, Birla Cellulose, bitBiome, Blastr Green Steel, BlockTexx Pty Ltd, Bloom Biorenewables SA, BluCon Biotech GmbH, BlueAlp Technology, Blue BioFuels, Inc, Blue Ocean Closures, Bluepha Beijing Lanjing Microbiology Technology Co., Ltd, Blue Planet Systems Corporation, Blueshift Materials, Inc, BOBST, Bolt Threads, Borealis AG, Borregaard, Bosk Bioproducts Inc, Boston Metal, Bowil Biotech Sp. z o.o, B-PREG, Braskem, Braven Environmental, LLC, Brightmark Energy, Brightplus Oy, Brimstone, bse Methanol GmbH, BTG Bioliquids B.V, Bucha Bio, Inc, Buhl Paperform GmbH, Burgo Group S.p.A, Business Innovation Partners Co., Ltd, Buyo Bioplastic Ltd, ByFusion Global Inc, BYK-Chemie GmbH, Byogy Renewables, Inc, B’ZEOS, C16 Biosciences, C1 Green Chemicals AG, C2CNT LLC/Capital Power, Cabot Corporation, Calyxia, Cambridge Carbon Capture Ltd, Cambridge Electric Cement, Canadian Industrial Hemp Corporation, CapaTec Inc, Caphenia GmbH, Capsol Technologies, CARAPAC Company, Carapace Biopolymers, CarbiCrete, Carbiolice, Carbios, Carbon8 Systems, Carbonaide Oy, CarbonBridge, CarbonBuilt, Carbon Collect Limited, Carbon Crusher, CarbonCure Technologies, Inc, Carbon Engineering (Occidental / 1PointFive), Carbon Infinity Limited, Carbon Re, Carbon Recycling International, Carbon Sink LLC, Carbon Upcycling Technologies, Carbonwave, Carbyon BV, Cardia Bioplastics Ltd, Cardolite, Cargill, Cassandra Oil AB, Cass Materials Pty Ltd, Casterra Ag Ltd, CATACK-H, Catalyxx, Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd, C-Capture, Celanese Corporation, Cellicon B.V, CellON, Cellucomp Ltd, Celluforce, Cellugy, Cellutech AB (Stora Enso), Celtic Renewables Ltd, Celus GmbH, Celwise AB, CemVision AB, Cereal Process Technologies (CPT), CERT Systems, Inc, CF Industries Holdings, Inc, CGREEN, ChainCraft, ChakraTech, CH Bioforce, Checkerspot, Chemical Process Services Ltd. (Bitrez), Chemkey Advanced Materials Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Chemol Company (Seydel), Chempolis Oy, Chestnut Bio Polymers, China Baowu Steel Group, Chinova Bioworks, Chitelix, Chitose Bio Evolution Pte Ltd, Chongqing Bofei Biochemical Products Co., Ltd, Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd, CIMV, Circa Group, Circla Nordic, Circular11, Circular Systems, Circulose, Cirkla, CJ Biomaterials, Inc, CKF Inc, CleanJoule, Climeworks, CNF Biofuel AS, CO2BioClean, Coastgrass ApS, Cobratex, COFCO Cooperation Ltd, Coffeeco Upcycle, Concord Blue Engineering, Concrene Limited, Concrete4Change, Concretenne, CondAlign AS, Constantia Flexibles, Coolbrook, Cool Planet Energy Systems, Corbion N.V, Corium Biotech, Corn Next, Corsair Group International, Cortec Corporation, Corumat, Inc, Cosmo Specialty Chemicals, Cosun Beet Company, Coval Energy B.V, Covestro AG, Craft Composite, CreaFill Fibers Corporation, Crimson Renewable Energy LLC, Cristal Union Group, Croda International plc, Croft, Cruz Foam, CuanTec Ltd, Cullen Eco-Friendly Packaging, C-Zero Inc, Daesang, Daicel Corporation, Daicel Polymer Ltd, DaikyoNishikawa Corporation, Daily Polymer, Daio Paper Corporation, Daishowa Paper Products Co. Ltd, DAK Americas LLC, Danimer Scientific, D-CRBN, DENSO Corporation, Diamond Green Diesel LLC, DIC Corporation, DIC Products, Dimensional Energy, Dioxide Materials, Dioxycle, Dispersa, DisSolves, DKS Co. Ltd, DMAT, DMC Biotechnologies, Domsjo Fabriker AB, Domtar Paper Company LLC, Dongjin Semichem, Dongnam Realize, Dongying Hebang Chemical Corp, Dow Chemical Company, DP Patterning AB, dsm-firmenich, DuFor Resins B.V, DuPont, DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products Co., LLC, E6PR, EarthForm, Earthodic, Earth Recycle Co., Ltd, Eastman Chemical Company, Ecoat S.A.S, EcoCeres, Inc, Eco Environmental, Eco Fuel Technology, Inc, ecoGenie biotech, Ecohelix, ecoLocked GmbH, Ecologic Brands, Inc, Ecomann Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Ecopel, EcoPHA Biotech Pty Ltd, Eco-Products, Inc, Eco Safety Products, Ecoshell, Eco Shot LLC, Eco-SQ, EcoSynthetix, Inc, EcoTechnilin, Ecovance Co., Ltd, Ecovative Design LLC, Ecovia Renewables, Eden Innovations LLC, Eden Materials, EggPlant Srl, Ehime Paper Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Elea & Lili Ltd, ElectraMet, Electra Steel, Electrified Thermal Solutions, Electro-Active Technologies Inc, Elementis plc, Elephantech, Inc, Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc, Elisto GmbH, Emerging Fuels Technology (EFT), Emery Oleochemicals LLC and more....

Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1 Definition of Bio-based and Sustainable Materials
• 1.2 Importance and Benefits of Bio-based and Sustainable Materials
• 1.3 What are bioplastics?
• 1.4 Global Plastics Market and Supply
• 1.5 Recycling Polymers
• 1.6 Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers
• 1.7 Bio-based Content Across the Full Polymer Market
• 1.8 Regional Distribution

2 BIOPLASTICS MARKET

• 2.1 Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview
• 2.2 Next Generation Bio-based Polymers
• 2.3 Integration with Chemical Recycling
• 2.4 Novel Feedstock Sources
• 2.5 Turning Waste into Bioplastics
• 2.6 Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content:
• 2.7 Global Bioplastics Capacity
  • 2.7.1 Production capacities
  • 2.7.2 Production capacities forecast 2025-2036
  • 2.7.3 Production capacities by region 2024-2036
• 2.8 Global Market Forecasts
• 2.9 Environmental Impact and Sustainability
  • 2.9.1 Plastics carbon footprint
  • 2.9.2 Bioplastics carbon footprint
  • 2.9.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Bioplastics
  • 2.9.4 Use of renewables in production
  • 2.9.5 Land Use and Feedstock Sustainability
  • 2.9.6 Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternatives
• 2.10 Bio-composites
  • 2.10.1 Sustainable packaging
  • 2.10.2 Enhanced biodegradation of bio-based polymers
  • 2.10.3 Bio-composite manufacturing
  • 2.10.4 Sustainability and Environmental Performance of Bio-based Polymers
• 2.11 The Biodegradability and Bio-based Independence Principle
• 2.12 Types of bioplastics
  • 2.12.1 Introduction
  • 2.12.2 Polymer Types
    • 2.12.2.1 Transition from fossil-based to bio-based polymers
    • 2.12.2.2 Monosaccharides
    • 2.12.2.3 Vegetable Oils
  • 2.12.3 Bio-based monomers
    • 2.12.3.1 Portfolio of available monomers
    • 2.12.3.2 Emerging Monomer Technologies
  • 2.12.4 The Green Premium
  • 2.12.5 Market Pathway Classification: Drop-in, Smart Drop-in and Dedicated Bio-based Polymers
• 2.13 Feedstocks
  • 2.13.1 Types
  • 2.13.2 Prices
  • 2.13.3 Alternative feedstocks for bioplastics
  • 2.13.4 Food security, land use, and water resources
• 2.14 Chain of custody
• 2.15 Chemical tracers and markers
• 2.16 Bioplastics regulations
  • 2.16.1 Overview
  • 2.16.2 Extended producer responsibility (EPR)
  • 2.16.3 United States
  • 2.16.4 Europe
    • 2.16.4.1 EU Bioeconomy Strategy November
  • 2.16.5 Asia-Pacific

3 BIO-BASED CHEMICALS AND INTERMEDIATES

• 3.1 BIOREFINERIES
• 3.2 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE
• 3.3 PLANT-BASED
  • 3.3.1 STARCH
    • 3.3.1.1 Overview
    • 3.3.1.2 Sources
    • 3.3.1.3 Global production
    • 3.3.1.4 Lysine
      • 3.3.1.4.1 Source
      • 3.3.1.4.2 Applications
      • 3.3.1.4.3 Global production
    • 3.3.1.5 Glucose
      • 3.3.1.5.1 HMDA
        • 3.3.1.5.1.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.1.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.1.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.1.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.2 1,5-pentamethylenediamine (DA5)
        • 3.3.1.5.2.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.2.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.2.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.2.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.3 Sorbitol
        • 3.3.1.5.3.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.3.2 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.3.3 Global Production
        • 3.3.1.5.3.4 Isosorbide
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.2 Sources
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.3 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.4 Lactic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.4.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.4.2 D-lactic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.4.3 L-lactic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.4.4 Lactide
      • 3.3.1.5.5 Itaconic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.5.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.5.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.5.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.5.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.6 3-HP
        • 3.3.1.5.6.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.6.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.6.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.6.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.6.5 Acrylic acid
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.3 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.6.6 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.3 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.7 Succinic Acid
        • 3.3.1.5.7.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.7.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.7.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.7.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.7.5 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.3 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.7.6 Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.3 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.8 Adipic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.8.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.8.2 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.8.3 Caprolactame
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.3 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.9 Isobutanol
        • 3.3.1.5.9.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.9.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.9.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.9.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.9.5 p-Xylene
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.2 Sources
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.3 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.9.6 Terephthalic acid
          • 3.3.1.5.9.6.1 Overview
      • 3.3.1.5.10 1,3 Proppanediol
        • 3.3.1.5.10.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.10.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.10.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.10.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.11 Monoethylene glycol (MEG)
        • 3.3.1.5.11.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.11.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.11.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.11.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.12 Ethanol
        • 3.3.1.5.12.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.12.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.12.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.12.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.12.5 Ethylene
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.3 Global production
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.4 Propylene
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.5 Vinyl chloride
        • 3.3.1.5.12.6 Methly methacrylate
  • 3.3.2 SUGAR CROPS
    • 3.3.2.1 Saccharose
      • 3.3.2.1.1 Aniline
        • 3.3.2.1.1.1 Overview
        • 3.3.2.1.1.2 Applications
        • 3.3.2.1.1.3 Global production
      • 3.3.2.1.2 Fructose
        • 3.3.2.1.2.1 Overview
        • 3.3.2.1.2.2 Applications
        • 3.3.2.1.2.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.4 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.5 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.6 Levulinic Acid
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.7 FDME
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.8 2,5-FDCA
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.3 Global production
  • 3.3.3 LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
    • 3.3.3.1 Levoglucosenone
      • 3.3.3.1.1 Overview
      • 3.3.3.1.2 Applications
      • 3.3.3.1.3 Global production
    • 3.3.3.2 Hemicellulose
      • 3.3.3.2.1 Overview
      • 3.3.3.2.2 Biochemicals from hemicellulose
      • 3.3.3.2.3 Global production
      • 3.3.3.2.4 Furfural
        • 3.3.3.2.4.1 Overview
        • 3.3.3.2.4.2 Applications
        • 3.3.3.2.4.3 Global production
        • 3.3.3.2.4.4 Furfuyl alcohol
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.1 Overview
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.2 Applications
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.3 Global production
    • 3.3.3.3 Lignin
  • 3.3.4 PLANT OILS
    • 3.3.4.1 Overview
    • 3.3.4.2 Glycerol
      • 3.3.4.2.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.2.2 Applications
      • 3.3.4.2.3 Global production
      • 3.3.4.2.4 MPG
        • 3.3.4.2.4.1 Overview
        • 3.3.4.2.4.2 Applications
        • 3.3.4.2.4.3 Global production
      • 3.3.4.2.5 ECH
        • 3.3.4.2.5.1 Overview
        • 3.3.4.2.5.2 Applications
        • 3.3.4.2.5.3 Global production
    • 3.3.4.3 Fatty acids
      • 3.3.4.3.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.3.2 Applications
      • 3.3.4.3.3 Global production
    • 3.3.4.4 Castor oil
      • 3.3.4.4.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.4.2 Sebacic acid
        • 3.3.4.4.2.1 Overview
        • 3.3.4.4.2.2 Applications
        • 3.3.4.4.2.3 Global production
      • 3.3.4.4.3 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
        • 3.3.4.4.3.1 Overview
        • 3.3.4.4.3.2 Applications
        • 3.3.4.4.3.3 Global production
    • 3.3.4.5 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
      • 3.3.4.5.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.5.2 Applications
      • 3.3.4.5.3 Global production
    • 3.3.4.6 Pentamethylene diisocyanate
      • 3.3.4.6.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.6.2 Applications
      • 3.3.4.6.3 Global production
  • 3.3.5 NON-EDIBIBLE MILK
    • 3.3.5.1 Casein
      • 3.3.5.1.1 Overview
      • 3.3.5.1.2 Applications
      • 3.3.5.1.3 Global production
  • 3.3.6 BIO-BASED NAPHTHA
    • 3.3.6.1 Overview
    • 3.3.6.2 Applications
    • 3.3.6.3 Global Production
• 3.4 WASTE
  • 3.4.1 Food waste
    • 3.4.1.1 Overview
    • 3.4.1.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.1.3 Global production
  • 3.4.2 Agricultural waste
    • 3.4.2.1 Overview
    • 3.4.2.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.2.3 Global production
  • 3.4.3 Forestry waste
    • 3.4.3.1 Overview
    • 3.4.3.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.3.3 Global production
  • 3.4.4 Aquaculture/fishing waste
    • 3.4.4.1 Overview
    • 3.4.4.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.4.3 Global production
  • 3.4.5 Municipal solid waste
    • 3.4.5.1 Overview
    • 3.4.5.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.5.3 Global production
  • 3.4.6 Industrial waste
    • 3.4.6.1 Overview
    • 3.4.6.2 Waste oils
    • 3.4.6.3 Overview
    • 3.4.6.4 Products and applications
    • 3.4.6.5 Global production
• 3.5 MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES
  • 3.5.1 Microalgae
    • 3.5.1.1 Overview
    • 3.5.1.2 Products and applications
    • 3.5.1.3 Global production
  • 3.5.2 Macroalgae
    • 3.5.2.1 Overview
    • 3.5.2.2 Products and applications
    • 3.5.2.3 Global production
  • 3.5.3 Mineral sources
    • 3.5.3.1 Overview
    • 3.5.3.2 Products and applications
• 3.6 GASEOUS
  • 3.6.1 Biogas
    • 3.6.1.1 Overview
    • 3.6.1.2 Products and applications
    • 3.6.1.3 Global production
  • 3.6.2 Syngas
    • 3.6.2.1 Overview
    • 3.6.2.2 Products and applications
    • 3.6.2.3 Global production
  • 3.6.3 Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO
    • 3.6.3.1 Overview
    • 3.6.3.2 Products and applications
• 3.7 Feedstock-to-Polymer Mapping and Mass Balance
  • 3.7.1 Overview
  • 3.7.2 Feedstock-to-polymer map
  • 3.7.3 Conversion ratios and mass balance

4 BIO-BASED POLYMERS AND PLASTICS

• 4.1 BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS
  • 4.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
  • 4.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics
• 4.2 BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS
  • 4.2.1 Biodegradability
  • 4.2.2 Compostability
• 4.3 TYPES
• 4.4 KEY MARKET PLAYERS
• 4.5 SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS
  • 4.5.1 Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear
    • 4.5.1.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.1.2 Production
    • 4.5.1.3 Applications
    • 4.5.1.4 Producers
  • 4.5.2 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 4.5.2.1 What is polylactic acid?
    • 4.5.2.2 Market analysis
    • 4.5.2.3 Applications
    • 4.5.2.4 Production
    • 4.5.2.5 Biomanufacturing of lactic acid (C3H6O3)
    • 4.5.2.6 Bacterial fermentation
      • 4.5.2.6.1 Lactic acid
      • 4.5.2.6.2 Selection of optimal bacterial strains
      • 4.5.2.6.3 Downstream processing of fermentation broth into PLA-grade lactic acid
    • 4.5.2.7 PLA hydrolysis
    • 4.5.2.8 Ocean degradation
    • 4.5.2.9 PLA end-of-life
    • 4.5.2.10 Producers and production capacities, current and planned
      • 4.5.2.10.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.2.10.2 PLA producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.2.10.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
      • 4.5.2.10.4 PLA Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
    • 4.5.3.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.3.2 Bio-based MEG and PET
      • 4.5.3.2.1 Monomer production
      • 4.5.3.2.2 Applications
    • 4.5.3.3 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.3.4 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.4 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
    • 4.5.4.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.4.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.4.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.4.4 PTT Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.5 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
    • 4.5.5.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.5.2 Comparative properties to PET
    • 4.5.5.3 Commercial status
    • 4.5.5.4 Producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.5.4.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.5.4.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
  • 4.5.6 Polyamides (Bio-PA)
    • 4.5.6.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.6.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.6.4 Bio-PA Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.7 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
    • 4.5.7.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.7.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.7.4 PBAT Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.8 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
    • 4.5.8.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.8.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.8.4 PBS Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.9 Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
    • 4.5.9.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.9.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
    • 4.5.9.4 Bio-PE Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.10 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
    • 4.5.10.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.10.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.10.3 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.10.4 Bio-PP Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.11 Superabsorbent polymers
    • 4.5.11.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.11.2 Production
    • 4.5.11.3 Applications
    • 4.5.11.4 Producers
  • 4.5.12 Polytrimethylene Furandicarboxylate (PTF)
    • 4.5.12.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.12.2 Production
    • 4.5.12.3 Applications
    • 4.5.12.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.12.5 PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.13 Bio-based Polybutylene Terephthalate (Bio-PBT)
    • 4.5.13.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.13.2 Production
    • 4.5.13.3 Applications
    • 4.5.13.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.13.5 Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.14 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol (PFA)
    • 4.5.14.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.14.2 Production
    • 4.5.14.3 Applications
    • 4.5.14.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.14.5 PFA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.15 Bio-based Polyvinyl Chloride (Bio-PVC)
    • 4.5.15.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.15.2 Production
    • 4.5.15.3 Applications
    • 4.5.15.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.15.5 Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.16 Bio-based Polymethyl Methacrylate (Bio-PMMA)
    • 4.5.16.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.16.2 Production
    • 4.5.16.3 Applications
    • 4.5.16.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.16.5 Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.17 Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)
    • 4.5.17.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.17.2 Production
    • 4.5.17.3 Applications
    • 4.5.17.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.17.5 Bio-SBR Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.18 Epoxy resins (bio-based content)
    • 4.5.18.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.18.2 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.18.3 Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production 2019–2036
    • 4.5.18.4 Epoxy resins Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.19 Polyurethanes (PUR, bio-based content)
    • 4.5.19.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.19.2 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.19.3 Polyurethanes (PUR, bio fraction) production 2019–2036
    • 4.5.19.4 PUR Production by region 2019–2036
• 4.6 NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS
  • 4.6.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 4.6.1.1 Technology description
    • 4.6.1.2 Types
      • 4.6.1.2.1 PHB
      • 4.6.1.2.2 PHBV
    • 4.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes
    • 4.6.1.4 Market analysis
    • 4.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs
    • 4.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs
      • 4.6.1.6.1 Packaging
      • 4.6.1.6.2 Cosmetics
        • 4.6.1.6.2.1 PHA microspheres
      • 4.6.1.6.3 Medical
        • 4.6.1.6.3.1 Tissue engineering
        • 4.6.1.6.3.2 Drug delivery
      • 4.6.1.6.4 Agriculture
        • 4.6.1.6.4.1 Mulch film
        • 4.6.1.6.4.2 Grow bags
    • 4.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.6.1.9 PHA Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.6.2 Cellulose
    • 4.6.2.1 Cellulose acetate (CA)
      • 4.6.2.1.1 Market analysis
      • 4.6.2.1.2 Production
      • 4.6.2.1.3 Applications
      • 4.6.2.1.4 Cellulose acetate Production by region 2019–2036
      • 4.6.2.1.5 Producers
    • 4.6.2.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 4.6.2.2.1 Market analysis
      • 4.6.2.2.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.6.2.3 Nanocellulose
    • 4.6.2.4 Casein polymers
      • 4.6.2.4.1 Market analysis
    • 4.6.2.5 Commercial status
      • 4.6.2.5.1 Production
      • 4.6.2.5.2 Applications
    • 4.6.2.6 Algal, Fungal and Mycelium-based Materials: Emerging Outlook
  • 4.6.3 Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC)
    • 4.6.3.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.6.3.2 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.6.3.3 SCPC production 2019–2036
    • 4.6.3.4 SCPC Production by region 2019–2036
• 4.7 END USE MARKETS
  • 4.7.1 Packaging (Flexible and Rigid)
    • 4.7.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
    • 4.7.1.2 Applications
    • 4.7.1.3 Flexible packaging
      • 4.7.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2036
    • 4.7.1.4 Rigid packaging
      • 4.7.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.2 Consumer Goods
    • 4.7.2.1 Applications
    • 4.7.2.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.3 Automotive
    • 4.7.3.1 Applications
    • 4.7.3.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.4 Building and Construction
    • 4.7.4.1 Applications
    • 4.7.4.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.5 Textiles and Fibers
    • 4.7.5.1 Apparel
    • 4.7.5.2 Footwear
    • 4.7.5.3 Medical textiles
    • 4.7.5.4 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.6 Electronics
    • 4.7.6.1 Applications
    • 4.7.6.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.7 Agriculture and Horticulture
    • 4.7.7.1 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.8 Production of Biopolymers, by region
    • 4.7.8.1 North America
    • 4.7.8.2 Europe
    • 4.7.8.3 Asia-Pacific
    • 4.7.8.4 Latin America
  • 4.7.9 Polymer-Specific Application Distribution
    • 4.7.9.1 All bio-based polymers — Application summary
    • 4.7.9.2 PLA — Application distribution
    • 4.7.9.3 PHA — Application distribution
    • 4.7.9.4 PBAT — Application distribution
    • 4.7.9.5 PBS — Application distribution
    • 4.7.9.6 SCPC — Application distribution
    • 4.7.9.7 Cellulose acetate — Application distribution
• 4.8 LIGNIN
  • 4.8.1 What is lignin?
    • 4.8.1.1 Lignin structure
  • 4.8.2 Types of lignin
    • 4.8.2.1 Sulfur containing lignin
    • 4.8.2.2 Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process
  • 4.8.3 Properties
  • 4.8.4 The lignocellulose biorefinery
  • 4.8.5 Markets and applications
  • 4.8.6 Challenges for using lignin
  • 4.8.7 Lignin production processes
  • 4.8.8 Lignosulphonates
    • 4.8.8.1 SWOT analysis
  • 4.8.9 Kraft lignin
    • 4.8.9.1 SWOT analysis
    • 4.8.9.2 LignoBoost process
    • 4.8.9.3 LignoForce method
    • 4.8.9.4 Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification
    • 4.8.9.5 A-Recovery+
  • 4.8.10 Soda lignin
    • 4.8.10.1 SWOT analysis
  • 4.8.11 Biorefinery lignin
    • 4.8.11.1 SWOT analysis
    • 4.8.11.2 Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
  • 4.8.12 High-purity and high-quality lignins
    • 4.8.12.1 What defines a high-quality lignin
    • 4.8.12.2 Purification and fractionation
  • 4.8.13 Organosolv lignins
    • 4.8.13.1 Properties
    • 4.8.13.2 Applications
    • 4.8.13.3 Price positioning
    • 4.8.13.4 SWOT analysis
  • 4.8.14 Hydrolytic lignin
    • 4.8.14.1 Properties
    • 4.8.14.2 SWOT analysis
  • 4.8.15 Markets for lignin
  • 4.8.16 Market drivers and trends for lignin
  • 4.8.17 Production capacities
    • 4.8.17.1 Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)
    • 4.8.17.2 Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)
  • 4.8.18 Global consumption of lignin
    • 4.8.18.1 By type
      • 4.8.18.1.1 Tonnes
      • 4.8.18.1.2 Revenues
    • 4.8.18.2 By market
      • 4.8.18.2.1 Tonnes
      • 4.8.18.2.2 Revenues
  • 4.8.19 Prices
    • 4.8.19.1 Price outlook to
    • 4.8.19.2 Price by quality tier and upgrade economics
    • 4.8.19.3 Price drivers and trends
• 4.9 COMPANY PROFILES 437 (577 company profiles)

5 NATURAL FIBER PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES

• 5.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers
• 5.2 Advantages of natural fibers
• 5.3 Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products
• 5.4 Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers
• 5.5 Challenges
• 5.6 Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)
  • 5.6.1 Seed fibers
    • 5.6.1.1 Cotton
      • 5.6.1.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.1.2 Kapok
      • 5.6.1.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.1.3 Luffa
  • 5.6.2 Bast fibers
    • 5.6.2.1 Jute
      • 5.6.2.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.2.2 Hemp
      • 5.6.2.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.2.3 Flax
      • 5.6.2.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.2.4 Ramie
      • 5.6.2.4.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.2.5 Kenaf
      • 5.6.2.5.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
  • 5.6.3 Leaf fibers
    • 5.6.3.1 Sisal
      • 5.6.3.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.3.2 Abaca
      • 5.6.3.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
  • 5.6.4 Fruit fibers
    • 5.6.4.1 Coir
      • 5.6.4.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.4.2 Banana
      • 5.6.4.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.4.3 Pineapple
  • 5.6.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues
    • 5.6.5.1 Rice fiber
    • 5.6.5.2 Corn
  • 5.6.6 Cane, grasses and reed
    • 5.6.6.1 Switch grass
    • 5.6.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues)
    • 5.6.6.3 Bamboo
      • 5.6.6.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery)
• 5.7 Animal (fibrous protein)
  • 5.7.1 Wool
    • 5.7.1.1 Alternative wool materials
    • 5.7.1.2 Producers
  • 5.7.2 Silk fiber
    • 5.7.2.1 Alternative silk materials
      • 5.7.2.1.1 Producers
  • 5.7.3 Leather
    • 5.7.3.1 Alternative leather materials
      • 5.7.3.1.1 Producers
  • 5.7.4 Fur
    • 5.7.4.1 Producers
  • 5.7.5 Down
    • 5.7.5.1 Alternative down materials
      • 5.7.5.1.1 Producers
• 5.8 Markets for natural fibers
  • 5.8.1 Composites
  • 5.8.2 Applications
  • 5.8.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds
    • 5.8.3.1 Properties
    • 5.8.3.2 Applications
  • 5.8.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites
    • 5.8.4.1 Automotive
    • 5.8.4.2 Applications
  • 5.8.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites
  • 5.8.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds
  • 5.8.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats
    • 5.8.7.1 Flax
    • 5.8.7.2 Kenaf
  • 5.8.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites
  • 5.8.9 Aerospace
    • 5.8.9.1 Market overview
  • 5.8.10 Automotive
    • 5.8.10.1 Market overview
    • 5.8.10.2 Applications of natural fibers
  • 5.8.11 Building/construction
    • 5.8.11.1 Market overview
    • 5.8.11.2 Applications of natural fibers
  • 5.8.12 Sports and leisure
    • 5.8.12.1 Market overview
  • 5.8.13 Textiles
    • 5.8.13.1 Market overview
    • 5.8.13.2 Consumer apparel
    • 5.8.13.3 Geotextiles
  • 5.8.14 Packaging
    • 5.8.14.1 Market overview
• 5.9 Global production of natural fibers
• 5.10 COMPANY PROFILES (155 company profiles)

6 SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

• 6.1 Market overview
  • 6.1.1 Benefits of Sustainable Construction
  • 6.1.2 Global Trends and Drivers
• 6.2 Global revenues
  • 6.2.1 By materials type
  • 6.2.2 By market
• 6.3 Types of sustainable construction materials
  • 6.3.1 Established bio-based construction materials
  • 6.3.2 Hemp-based Materials
    • 6.3.2.1 Hemp Concrete (Hempcrete)
    • 6.3.2.2 Hemp Fiberboard
    • 6.3.2.3 Hemp Insulation
  • 6.3.3 Mycelium-based Materials
    • 6.3.3.1 Insulation
    • 6.3.3.2 Structural Elements
    • 6.3.3.3 Acoustic Panels
    • 6.3.3.4 Decorative Elements
  • 6.3.4 Sustainable Concrete and Cement Alternatives
    • 6.3.4.1 Geopolymer Concrete
    • 6.3.4.2 Recycled Aggregate Concrete
    • 6.3.4.3 Lime-Based Materials
    • 6.3.4.4 Self-healing concrete
      • 6.3.4.4.1 Bioconcrete
      • 6.3.4.4.2 Fiber concrete
    • 6.3.4.5 Microalgae biocement
    • 6.3.4.6 Carbon-negative concrete
    • 6.3.4.7 Biomineral binders
  • 6.3.5 Natural Fiber Composites
    • 6.3.5.1 Types of Natural Fibers
    • 6.3.5.2 Properties
    • 6.3.5.3 Applications in Construction
  • 6.3.6 Cellulose nanofibers
    • 6.3.6.1 Sandwich composites
    • 6.3.6.2 Cement additives
    • 6.3.6.3 Pump primers
    • 6.3.6.4 Insulation materials
    • 6.3.6.5 Coatings and paints
    • 6.3.6.6 3D printing materials
  • 6.3.7 Sustainable Insulation Materials
    • 6.3.7.1 Types of sustainable insulation materials
    • 6.3.7.2 Aerogel Insulation
      • 6.3.7.2.1 Silica aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.1.1 Properties
        • 6.3.7.2.1.2 Thermal conductivity
        • 6.3.7.2.1.3 Mechanical
        • 6.3.7.2.1.4 Silica aerogel precursors
        • 6.3.7.2.1.5 Products
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.1 Monoliths
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.2 Powder
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.3 Granules
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.4 Blankets
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.5 Aerogel boards
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.6 Aerogel renders
        • 6.3.7.2.1.6 3D printing of aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.1.7 Silica aerogel from sustainable feedstocks
        • 6.3.7.2.1.8 Silica composite aerogels
          • 6.3.7.2.1.8.1 Organic crosslinkers
        • 6.3.7.2.1.9 Cost of silica aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.1.10 Main players
      • 6.3.7.2.2 Aerogel-like foam materials
        • 6.3.7.2.2.1 Properties
        • 6.3.7.2.2.2 Applications
      • 6.3.7.2.3 Metal oxide aerogels
      • 6.3.7.2.4 Organic aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.4.1 Polymer aerogels
      • 6.3.7.2.5 Biobased and sustainable aerogels (bio-aerogels)
        • 6.3.7.2.5.1 Cellulose aerogels
          • 6.3.7.2.5.1.1 Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) aerogels
          • 6.3.7.2.5.1.2 Cellulose nanocrystal aerogels
          • 6.3.7.2.5.1.3 Bacterial nanocellulose aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.5.2 Lignin aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.5.3 Alginate aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.5.4 Starch aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.5.5 Chitosan aerogels
      • 6.3.7.2.6 Carbon aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.6.1 Carbon nanotube aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.6.2 Graphene and graphite aerogels
      • 6.3.7.2.7 Additive manufacturing (3D printing)
        • 6.3.7.2.7.1 Carbon nitride
        • 6.3.7.2.7.2 Gold
        • 6.3.7.2.7.3 Cellulose
        • 6.3.7.2.7.4 Graphene oxide
      • 6.3.7.2.8 Hybrid aerogels
• 6.4 Carbon capture and utilization
  • 6.4.1 Overview
  • 6.4.2 Market structure
  • 6.4.3 CCUS technologies in the cement industry
  • 6.4.4 Products
    • 6.4.4.1 Carbonated aggregates
    • 6.4.4.2 Additives during mixing
    • 6.4.4.3 Carbonates from natural minerals
    • 6.4.4.4 Carbonates from waste
  • 6.4.5 Concrete curing
  • 6.4.6 Costs
  • 6.4.7 Challenges
• 6.5 Green steel
  • 6.5.1 Current Steelmaking processes
  • 6.5.2 Decarbonization target and policies
    • 6.5.2.1 EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
  • 6.5.3 Advances in clean production technologies
  • 6.5.4 Production technologies
    • 6.5.4.1 The role of hydrogen
    • 6.5.4.2 Comparative analysis
    • 6.5.4.3 Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
    • 6.5.4.4 Electrolysis
    • 6.5.4.5 Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)
    • 6.5.4.6 Biochar replacing coke
    • 6.5.4.7 Hydrogen Blast Furnace
    • 6.5.4.8 Renewable energy powered processes
    • 6.5.4.9 Flash ironmaking
    • 6.5.4.10 Hydrogen Plasma Iron Ore Reduction
    • 6.5.4.11 Ferrous Bioprocessing
    • 6.5.4.12 Microwave Processing
    • 6.5.4.13 Additive Manufacturing
    • 6.5.4.14 Technology readiness level (TRL)
  • 6.5.5 Properties
• 6.6 Markets and applications
  • 6.6.1 Residential Buildings
  • 6.6.2 Commercial and Office Buildings
  • 6.6.3 Infrastructure
• 6.7 Company profiles (191 company profiles)

7 BIOBASED PACKAGING MATERIALS

• 7.1 Market overview
  • 7.1.1 Current global packaging market and materials
  • 7.1.2 The global market for sustainable packaging
    • 7.1.2.1 By packaging materials
      • 7.1.2.1.1 Tonnes
      • 7.1.2.1.2 Revenues
    • 7.1.2.2 By packaging product type
      • 7.1.2.2.1 Tonnes
      • 7.1.2.2.2 Revenues
    • 7.1.2.3 By end-use market
      • 7.1.2.3.1 Tonnes
      • 7.1.2.3.2 Revenues
    • 7.1.2.4 By region
      • 7.1.2.4.1 Tonnes
      • 7.1.2.4.2 Revenues
  • 7.1.3 Market trends
  • 7.1.4 Drivers for growth in bio-based and sustainable packaging
    • 7.1.4.1 Regulatory Mandates and PFAS Phase-Out Impact
    • 7.1.4.2 Circular Economy Initiatives and Recyclability Requirements
    • 7.1.4.3 Consumer Demand for Sustainable Packaging
    • 7.1.4.4 E-Commerce Growth and Packaging Performance Needs
    • 7.1.4.5 Brand Owner Sustainability Commitments
  • 7.1.5 Challenges for bio-based and sustainable packaging
  • 7.1.6 Prices
• 7.2 Materials
  • 7.2.1 Materials innovation
  • 7.2.2 Active packaging
  • 7.2.3 Monomaterial packaging
  • 7.2.4 Conventional polymer materials used in packaging
    • 7.2.4.1 Polyolefins: Polypropylene and polyethylene
      • 7.2.4.1.1 Overview
      • 7.2.4.1.2 Grades
      • 7.2.4.1.3 Producers
    • 7.2.4.2 PET and other polyester polymers
      • 7.2.4.2.1 Overview
    • 7.2.4.3 Renewable and bio-based polymers for packaging
    • 7.2.4.4 Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers
    • 7.2.4.5 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
    • 7.2.4.6 End-of-life treatment of bio-based and sustainable packaging
• 7.3 Synthetic bio-based packaging materials
  • 7.3.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 7.3.1.1 Overview
    • 7.3.1.2 Properties
    • 7.3.1.3 Applications
    • 7.3.1.4 Advantages
    • 7.3.1.5 Challenges
    • 7.3.1.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
    • 7.3.2.1 Overview
    • 7.3.2.2 Properties
    • 7.3.2.3 Applications
    • 7.3.2.4 Advantages of Bio-PET in Packaging
    • 7.3.2.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.2.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
    • 7.3.3.1 Overview
    • 7.3.3.2 Production Process
    • 7.3.3.3 Properties
    • 7.3.3.4 Applications
    • 7.3.3.5 Advantages of Bio-PTT in Packaging
    • 7.3.3.6 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.3.7 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
    • 7.3.4.1 Overview
    • 7.3.4.2 Properties
    • 7.3.4.3 Applications
    • 7.3.4.4 Advantages of Bio-PEF in Packaging
    • 7.3.4.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.4.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.5 Bio-PA
    • 7.3.5.1 Overview
    • 7.3.5.2 Properties
    • 7.3.5.3 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.3.5.4 Advantages of Bio-PA in Packaging
    • 7.3.5.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.5.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters
    • 7.3.6.1 Overview
    • 7.3.6.2 Properties
    • 7.3.6.3 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.3.6.4 Advantages of Bio-PBAT in Packaging
    • 7.3.6.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.6.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
    • 7.3.7.1 Overview
    • 7.3.7.2 Properties
    • 7.3.7.3 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.3.7.4 Advantages of Bio-PBS and Co-polymers in Packaging
    • 7.3.7.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.7.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.8 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
    • 7.3.8.1 Overview
    • 7.3.8.2 Properties
    • 7.3.8.3 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.3.8.4 Advantages of Bio-PP in Packaging
    • 7.3.8.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.8.6 Commercial examples
• 7.4 Natural bio-based packaging materials
  • 7.4.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 7.4.1.1 Properties
    • 7.4.1.2 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.4.1.3 Advantages of PHA in Packaging
    • 7.4.1.4 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.4.1.5 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.2 Starch-based blends
    • 7.4.2.1 Overview
    • 7.4.2.2 Properties
    • 7.4.2.3 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.4.2.4 Advantages of Starch-Based Blends in Packaging
    • 7.4.2.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.4.2.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.3 Cellulose
    • 7.4.3.1 Feedstocks
      • 7.4.3.1.1 Wood
      • 7.4.3.1.2 Plant
      • 7.4.3.1.3 Tunicate
      • 7.4.3.1.4 Algae
      • 7.4.3.1.5 Bacteria
    • 7.4.3.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 7.4.3.2.1 Properties
    • 7.4.3.3 Nanocellulose
      • 7.4.3.3.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
        • 7.4.3.3.1.1 Applications in packaging
      • 7.4.3.3.2 Cellulose nanofibers
        • 7.4.3.3.2.1 Applications in packaging
          • 7.4.3.3.2.1.1 Reinforcement and barrier
          • 7.4.3.3.2.1.2 Biodegradable food packaging foil and films
          • 7.4.3.3.2.1.3 Paperboard coatings
      • 7.4.3.3.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
        • 7.4.3.3.3.1 Applications in packaging
    • 7.4.3.4 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.4 Protein-based bioplastics in packaging
    • 7.4.4.1 Feedstocks
    • 7.4.4.2 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.5 Lipids and waxes for packaging
    • 7.4.5.1 Overview
    • 7.4.5.2 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.6 Seaweed-based packaging
    • 7.4.6.1 Overview
    • 7.4.6.2 Production
    • 7.4.6.3 Applications in packaging
    • 7.4.6.4 Producers
  • 7.4.7 Mycelium
    • 7.4.7.1 Overview
    • 7.4.7.2 Applications in packaging
    • 7.4.7.3 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.8 Chitosan
    • 7.4.8.1 Overview
    • 7.4.8.2 Applications in packaging
    • 7.4.8.3 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.9 Bio-naphtha
    • 7.4.9.1 Overview
    • 7.4.9.2 Markets and applications
    • 7.4.9.3 Commercial examples
• 7.5 Applications
  • 7.5.1 Paper and board packaging
    • 7.5.1.1 Market overview
    • 7.5.1.2 Recycled Paper and Cardboard
      • 7.5.1.2.1 Post-consumer recycled (PCR) content paperboard
      • 7.5.1.2.2 Kraft paper made from recycled fibers
      • 7.5.1.2.3 Corrugated cardboard with high recycled content
    • 7.5.1.3 FSC/PEFC Certified Virgin Fibers
      • 7.5.1.3.1 Sustainably managed forest sources
      • 7.5.1.3.2 Chain-of-custody certified materials
    • 7.5.1.4 Alternative Fiber Sources
      • 7.5.1.4.1 Bamboo-based paper and board
      • 7.5.1.4.2 Agricultural waste fibers (wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse)
      • 7.5.1.4.3 Hemp and flax fiber papers
    • 7.5.1.5 Plastic-Free Barrier Papers
      • 7.5.1.5.1 Clay-coated papers
      • 7.5.1.5.2 Silicone-coated papers
      • 7.5.1.5.3 Mineral oil barrier papers
    • 7.5.1.6 Water-Based Coatings and Adhesives
      • 7.5.1.6.1 Replacing plastic laminations with aqueous coatings
      • 7.5.1.6.2 Plant-based adhesives for box construction
  • 7.5.2 Food packaging
    • 7.5.2.1 Films and trays
    • 7.5.2.2 Pouches and bags
    • 7.5.2.3 Textiles and nets
    • 7.5.2.4 Compostable Food Containers
      • 7.5.2.4.1 PLA (polylactic acid) trays and containers
      • 7.5.2.4.2 Bagasse food service items
      • 7.5.2.4.3 Molded fiber clamshells and trays
    • 7.5.2.5 Biodegradable Films and Wraps
      • 7.5.2.5.1 Cellulose-based films
      • 7.5.2.5.2 PLA films for food wrapping
      • 7.5.2.5.3 Starch-based wraps
    • 7.5.2.6 Bio-Based Barrier Materials
      • 7.5.2.6.1 Paper with biopolymer coatings
      • 7.5.2.6.2 Plant-based waxes for moisture resistance
      • 7.5.2.6.3 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) coatings
    • 7.5.2.7 Reusable Food Packaging Systems
      • 7.5.2.7.1 Returnable Glass Containers
      • 7.5.2.7.2 Durable Bioplastic Containers
      • 7.5.2.7.3 Loop-Style Reuse Systems
    • 7.5.2.8 Bioadhesives
      • 7.5.2.8.1 Starch
      • 7.5.2.8.2 Cellulose
      • 7.5.2.8.3 Protein-Based
    • 7.5.2.9 Barrier coatings and films
      • 7.5.2.9.1 Polysaccharides
        • 7.5.2.9.1.1 Chitin
        • 7.5.2.9.1.2 Chitosan
        • 7.5.2.9.1.3 Starch
      • 7.5.2.9.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
      • 7.5.2.9.3 Poly(butylene Succinate)
      • 7.5.2.9.4 Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
    • 7.5.2.10 Active and Smart Food Packaging
      • 7.5.2.10.1 Active Materials and Packaging Systems
      • 7.5.2.10.2 Intelligent and Smart Food Packaging
      • 7.5.2.10.3 Oxygen scavengers from natural materials
      • 7.5.2.10.4 Antimicrobial packaging from plant extracts
      • 7.5.2.10.5 Bio-based sensors for food freshness
    • 7.5.2.11 Antimicrobial films and agents
      • 7.5.2.11.1 Natural
      • 7.5.2.11.2 Inorganic nanoparticles
      • 7.5.2.11.3 Biopolymers
    • 7.5.2.12 Bio-based Inks and Dyes
    • 7.5.2.13 Edible films and coatings
      • 7.5.2.13.1 Overview
      • 7.5.2.13.2 Commercial examples
• 7.6 Biobased films and coatings in packaging
  • 7.6.1 Challenges using bio-based paints and coatings
  • 7.6.2 Types of bio-based coatings and films in packaging
    • 7.6.2.1 Polyurethane coatings
      • 7.6.2.1.1 Properties
      • 7.6.2.1.2 Bio-based polyurethane coatings
      • 7.6.2.1.3 Products
    • 7.6.2.2 Acrylate resins
      • 7.6.2.2.1 Properties
      • 7.6.2.2.2 Bio-based acrylates
      • 7.6.2.2.3 Products
    • 7.6.2.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
      • 7.6.2.3.1 Properties
      • 7.6.2.3.2 Bio-PLA coatings and films
    • 7.6.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) coatings
    • 7.6.2.5 Cellulose coatings and films
      • 7.6.2.5.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 7.6.2.5.2 Cellulose nanofibers
        • 7.6.2.5.2.1 Properties
        • 7.6.2.5.2.2 Product developers
    • 7.6.2.6 Lignin coatings
    • 7.6.2.7 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
      • 7.6.2.7.1 Plant derived proteins
      • 7.6.2.7.2 Animal origin proteins
  • 7.6.3 Sustainable barrier coatings
    • 7.6.3.1 Substrates: Paper and Plastic
      • 7.6.3.1.1 Paper substrate characteristics and coating requirements
      • 7.6.3.1.2 Plastic substrate applications and sustainability challenges
      • 7.6.3.1.3 Substrate selection criteria and performance trade-offs
    • 7.6.3.2 Extrusion Barrier Coatings
    • 7.6.3.3 Thermoplastic Polymers
    • 7.6.3.4 Aluminium
    • 7.6.3.5 Waxes
    • 7.6.3.6 Silicone and Other Natural Materials
    • 7.6.3.7 High Barrier Polymers
    • 7.6.3.8 Wet-Barrier Coatings
      • 7.6.3.8.1 Application methods and process optimization
      • 7.6.3.8.2 Performance benchmarking against alternatives
      • 7.6.3.8.3 Environmental impact assessment
      • 7.6.3.8.4 Market adoption patterns
    • 7.6.3.9 Wax Coating
    • 7.6.3.10 Barrier Metallisation
      • 7.6.3.10.1 Technology overview and application scope
      • 7.6.3.10.2 Performance advantages in barrier applications
      • 7.6.3.10.3 Sustainability challenges and recycling impact
    • 7.6.3.11 Biodegradable, biobased and recyclable coatings
    • 7.6.3.12 Monolayer Coatings
    • 7.6.3.13 Current Technology State-of-the-Art
      • 7.6.3.13.1 Water-based coating technologies
      • 7.6.3.13.2 Bio-based polymer solutions
        • 7.6.3.13.2.1 Polysaccharides
          • 7.6.3.13.2.1.1 Chitin
          • 7.6.3.13.2.1.2 Chitosan
          • 7.6.3.13.2.1.3 Starch
        • 7.6.3.13.2.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.3 Poly(butylene Succinate)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.5 Alginate
        • 7.6.3.13.2.6 Cellulose Acetate
        • 7.6.3.13.2.7 Protein-Based (Soy, Wheat)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.8 Bio-PE (Polyethylene)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.9 Bio-PET
        • 7.6.3.13.2.10 Lignin-Based Polymers
        • 7.6.3.13.2.11 Bacterial Cellulose
        • 7.6.3.13.2.12 Furan-Based Polymers (PEF)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.13 Tannin-Based Polymers
    • 7.6.3.14 Rosins
      • 7.6.3.14.1 Dispersion Coating Systems
      • 7.6.3.14.2 Nano-enhanced Barrier Materials
    • 7.6.3.15 Global Bioplastics Production Capacity
• 7.7 Carbon capture derived materials for packaging
  • 7.7.1 Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks
  • 7.7.2 CO₂-derived polymers and plastics
  • 7.7.3 CO2 utilization products
• 7.8 Global biobased packaging markets
  • 7.8.1 Flexible packaging
    • 7.8.1.1 Market overview
    • 7.8.1.2 Compostable Flexible Films
      • 7.8.1.2.1 PLA film laminates
      • 7.8.1.2.2 PHAs (polyhydroxyalkanoates) films
      • 7.8.1.2.3 PBAT (polybutylene adipate terephthalate) films
      • 7.8.1.2.4 TPS (thermoplastic starch) films
    • 7.8.1.3 Recyclable Mono-Materials
      • 7.8.1.3.1 All-PE (polyethylene) structures
      • 7.8.1.3.2 All-PP (polypropylene) structures
      • 7.8.1.3.3 Designed for mechanical recycling
    • 7.8.1.4 Paper-Based Flexible Packaging
      • 7.8.1.4.1 High-strength paper with functional coatings
      • 7.8.1.4.2 Paper-plastic hybrid structures with separable layers
      • 7.8.1.4.3 Glassine and greaseproof papers
    • 7.8.1.5 Bio-Based Films
      • 7.8.1.5.1 Bio-PE films (from sugarcane)
      • 7.8.1.5.2 Bio-PET films
      • 7.8.1.5.3 Cellulose-based transparent films
    • 7.8.1.6 Reduced Material Structures
      • 7.8.1.6.1 Ultra-thin films with enhanced performance
      • 7.8.1.6.2 Downgauged materials with reinforcing technologies
      • 7.8.1.6.3 Resource-efficient multi-layer structures
    • 7.8.1.7 Global market size and forecast to
      • 7.8.1.7.1 Tonnes
      • 7.8.1.7.2 Revenues
  • 7.8.2 Rigid packaging
    • 7.8.2.1 Market overview
    • 7.8.2.2 Recycled Plastic Containers
      • 7.8.2.2.1 rPET (recycled polyethylene terephthalate) bottles and containers
      • 7.8.2.2.2 rHDPE (recycled high-density polyethylene) bottles
      • 7.8.2.2.3 PCR polypropylene tubs and containers
    • 7.8.2.3 Bio-Based Rigid Plastics
      • 7.8.2.3.1 Bio-PET bottles (partially plant-based)
      • 7.8.2.3.2 Bio-PE containers
      • 7.8.2.3.3 PLA bottles and jars
    • 7.8.2.4 Refillable/Reusable Systems
      • 7.8.2.4.1 Durable containers designed for multiple uses
      • 7.8.2.4.2 Standardized shapes for refill systems
      • 7.8.2.4.3 Concentrated product formats reducing packaging
    • 7.8.2.5 Alternative Materials
      • 7.8.2.5.1 Mushroom packaging for protective applications
      • 7.8.2.5.2 Molded pulp containers and inserts
      • 7.8.2.5.3 Wood and cork containers for premium products
    • 7.8.2.6 Glass and Metal Alternatives
      • 7.8.2.6.1 Lightweight glass technologies
      • 7.8.2.6.2 Thin-walled aluminum containers
      • 7.8.2.6.3 Tin-free steel packaging
    • 7.8.2.7 Global market and forecasts to
      • 7.8.2.7.1 Tonnes
      • 7.8.2.7.2 Revenues
  • 7.8.3 Coatings and films
• 7.9 Company profiles (330 company profiles)

8 SUSTAINABLE TEXTILES AND APPAREL

• 8.1 Types of bio-based fibers
  • 8.1.1 Natural fibers
  • 8.1.2 Man-made bio-based fibers
• 8.2 Bio-based synthetics
• 8.3 Recyclability of bio-based fibers
• 8.4 Lyocell
• 8.5 Bacterial cellulose
• 8.6 Algae textiles
• 8.7 Bio-based leather
  • 8.7.1 Properties of bio-based leathers
    • 8.7.1.1 Tear strength.
    • 8.7.1.2 Tensile strength
    • 8.7.1.3 Bally flexing
  • 8.7.2 Comparison with conventional leathers
  • 8.7.3 Comparative analysis of bio-based leathers
  • 8.7.4 Plant-based leather
    • 8.7.4.1 Overview
    • 8.7.4.2 Production processes
      • 8.7.4.2.1 Feedstocks
        • 8.7.4.2.1.1 Agriculture Residues
        • 8.7.4.2.1.2 Food Processing Waste
        • 8.7.4.2.1.3 Invasive Plants
        • 8.7.4.2.1.4 Culture-Grown Inputs
      • 8.7.4.2.2 Textile-Based
      • 8.7.4.2.3 Bio-Composite
    • 8.7.4.3 Products
    • 8.7.4.4 SWOT analysis
    • 8.7.4.5 Market players
  • 8.7.5 Mycelium leather
    • 8.7.5.1 Overview
    • 8.7.5.2 Production process
      • 8.7.5.2.1 Growth conditions
      • 8.7.5.2.2 Tanning Mycelium Leather
      • 8.7.5.2.3 Dyeing Mycelium Leather
    • 8.7.5.3 SWOT analysis
    • 8.7.5.4 Products
    • 8.7.5.5 Market players
  • 8.7.6 Microbial leather
    • 8.7.6.1 Overview
    • 8.7.6.2 Production process
      • 8.7.6.2.1 Fermentation conditions
      • 8.7.6.2.2 Harvesting
    • 8.7.6.3 SWOT analysis
    • 8.7.6.4 Products
    • 8.7.6.5 Market players
  • 8.7.7 Lab grown leather
    • 8.7.7.1 Overview
    • 8.7.7.2 Production process
    • 8.7.7.3 SWOT analysis
    • 8.7.7.4 Products
    • 8.7.7.5 Market players
  • 8.7.8 Protein-based leather
    • 8.7.8.1 Overview
    • 8.7.8.2 Production process
    • 8.7.8.3 Commercial activity
  • 8.7.9 Sustainable leather coatings and dyes
    • 8.7.9.1 Overview
      • 8.7.9.1.1 Coatings
      • 8.7.9.1.2 Dyes
    • 8.7.9.2 Commercial activity
• 8.8 Markets
  • 8.8.1 Footwear
  • 8.8.2 Fashion & Accessories
  • 8.8.3 Automotive & Transport
  • 8.8.4 Furniture
  • 8.8.5 Market trends
  • 8.8.6 Market challenges
  • 8.8.7 Investment funding
  • 8.8.8 Recent market news and developments
• 8.9 Global market revenues
  • 8.9.1 By region
  • 8.9.2 By end use market
• 8.10 Company profiles (65 company profiles)

9 BIOBASED COATINGS AND RESINS

• 9.1 Drop-in replacements
• 9.2 Bio-based resins
• 9.3 Reducing carbon footprint in industrial and protective coatings
• 9.4 Market drivers
  • 9.4.1 Regulatory mandates and PFAS phase-out
• 9.5 Challenges using bio-based coatings
• 9.6 Types
  • 9.6.1 Eco-friendly coatings technologies
    • 9.6.1.1 UV-cure
    • 9.6.1.2 Waterborne coatings
    • 9.6.1.3 Treatments with less or no solvents
    • 9.6.1.4 Hyperbranched polymers for coatings
    • 9.6.1.5 Powder coatings
    • 9.6.1.6 High solid (HS) coatings
    • 9.6.1.7 Use of bio-based materials in coatings
      • 9.6.1.7.1 Biopolymers
      • 9.6.1.7.2 Coatings based on agricultural waste
      • 9.6.1.7.3 Vegetable oils and fatty acids
      • 9.6.1.7.4 Proteins
      • 9.6.1.7.5 Cellulose
      • 9.6.1.7.6 Plant-Based wax coatings
  • 9.6.2 Barrier coatings
    • 9.6.2.1 Polysaccharides
      • 9.6.2.1.1 Chitin
      • 9.6.2.1.2 Chitosan
      • 9.6.2.1.3 Starch
    • 9.6.2.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
    • 9.6.2.3 Poly(butylene Succinate)
    • 9.6.2.4 Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
    • 9.6.2.5 Emerging bio-based barrier coating technologies
      • 9.6.2.5.1 Advanced aqueous polymeric solutions (PVOH, EVOH)
      • 9.6.2.5.2 Next-generation bio-polymers
      • 9.6.2.5.3 Nano-cellulose and natural fiber composites
      • 9.6.2.5.4 Seaweed-based biopolymer coatings
      • 9.6.2.5.5 Smart and functional coating systems
  • 9.6.3 Alkyd coatings
    • 9.6.3.1 Alkyd resin properties
    • 9.6.3.2 Bio-based alkyd coatings
    • 9.6.3.3 Products
  • 9.6.4 Polyurethane coatings
    • 9.6.4.1 Properties
    • 9.6.4.2 Bio-based polyurethane coatings
      • 9.6.4.2.1 Bio-based polyols
      • 9.6.4.2.2 Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU)
    • 9.6.4.3 Products
  • 9.6.5 Epoxy coatings
    • 9.6.5.1 Properties
    • 9.6.5.2 Bio-based epoxy coatings
    • 9.6.5.3 Products
  • 9.6.6 Acrylate resins
    • 9.6.6.1 Properties
    • 9.6.6.2 Bio-based acrylates
    • 9.6.6.3 Products
  • 9.6.7 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 9.6.7.1 Properties
    • 9.6.7.2 Bio-PLA coatings and films
  • 9.6.8 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 9.6.8.1 Properties
    • 9.6.8.2 PHA coatings
    • 9.6.8.3 Commercially available PHAs
  • 9.6.9 Cellulose
    • 9.6.9.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 9.6.9.1.1 Properties
      • 9.6.9.1.2 Applications in coatings
    • 9.6.9.2 Cellulose nanofibers
      • 9.6.9.2.1 Properties
      • 9.6.9.2.2 Applications in coatings
    • 9.6.9.3 Cellulose nanocrystals
    • 9.6.9.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
  • 9.6.10 Rosins
  • 9.6.11 Bio-based carbon black
    • 9.6.11.1 Lignin-based
    • 9.6.11.2 Algae-based
  • 9.6.12 Lignin coatings
  • 9.6.13 Edible films and coatings
  • 9.6.14 Antimicrobial films and agents
    • 9.6.14.1 Natural
    • 9.6.14.2 Inorganic nanoparticles
    • 9.6.14.3 Biopolymers
  • 9.6.15 Nanocoatings
  • 9.6.16 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
    • 9.6.16.1 Plant derived proteins
    • 9.6.16.2 Animal origin proteins
  • 9.6.17 Algal coatings
  • 9.6.18 Polypeptides
  • 9.6.19 Global market revenues
    • 9.6.19.1 Global market revenues to 2036, total
    • 9.6.19.2 Global market revenues to 2036, by market
• 9.7 Company profiles 1731 (202 company profiles)

10 BIOFUELS AND E-FUELS

• 10.1 Comparison to fossil fuels
• 10.2 Role in the circular economy
• 10.3 Market drivers
  • 10.3.1 Government policies
• 10.4 Market challenges
• 10.5 Liquid biofuels market
  • 10.5.1 Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2024
  • 10.5.2 Liquid biofuels market 2020-2036, by type and production.
  • 10.5.3 Industry developments 2022-2025
  • 10.5.4 Sustainability of biofuels
• 10.6 The global biofuels market
  • 10.6.1 Diesel substitutes and alternatives
  • 10.6.2 Gasoline substitutes and alternatives
• 10.7 SWOT analysis: Biofuels market
• 10.8 Comparison of biofuel costs 2024, by type
• 10.9 Types
  • 10.9.1 Solid Biofuels
  • 10.9.2 Liquid Biofuels
  • 10.9.3 Gaseous Biofuels
  • 10.9.4 Conventional Biofuels
  • 10.9.5 Advanced Biofuels
  • 10.9.6 Refineries
• 10.10 Feedstocks
  • 10.10.1 First-generation (1-G)
  • 10.10.2 Second-generation (2-G)
    • 10.10.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
    • 10.10.2.2 Biorefinery lignin
  • 10.10.3 Third-generation (3-G)
    • 10.10.3.1 Algal biofuels
      • 10.10.3.1.1 Properties
      • 10.10.3.1.2 Advantages
  • 10.10.4 Fourth-generation (4-G)
  • 10.10.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation
  • 10.10.6 Energy crops
    • 10.10.6.1 Feedstocks
    • 10.10.6.2 SWOT analysis
  • 10.10.7 Agricultural residues
    • 10.10.7.1 Feedstocks
    • 10.10.7.2 SWOT analysis
  • 10.10.8 Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste
    • 10.10.8.1 Processing pathways
    • 10.10.8.2 SWOT analysis
  • 10.10.9 Forestry and wood waste
    • 10.10.9.1 Feedstocks
    • 10.10.9.2 SWOT analysis
  • 10.10.10 Feedstock costs
• 10.11 Hydrocarbon biofuels
  • 10.11.1 Biodiesel
    • 10.11.1.1 Biodiesel by generation
    • 10.11.1.2 SWOT analysis
    • 10.11.1.3 Biodiesel production
      • 10.11.1.3.1 Pyrolysis of biomass
      • 10.11.1.3.2 Vegetable oil transesterification
      • 10.11.1.3.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)
        • 10.11.1.3.3.1 Production process
      • 10.11.1.3.4 Biodiesel from tall oil
      • 10.11.1.3.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel
      • 10.11.1.3.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass
      • 10.11.1.3.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
      • 10.11.1.3.8 Dymethyl ether (DME)
    • 10.11.1.4 Biodiesel Projects
    • 10.11.1.5 Recent market developments 2023-2025
    • 10.11.1.6 Prices
    • 10.11.1.7 Companies
    • 10.11.1.8 Global consumption
  • 10.11.2 Renewable diesel
    • 10.11.2.1 Production
    • 10.11.2.2 Biodiesel vs renewable diesel
    • 10.11.2.3 SWOT analysis
    • 10.11.2.4 Global consumption
    • 10.11.2.5 Prices
  • 10.11.3 Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)
    • 10.11.3.1 Description
    • 10.11.3.2 Jet fuel composition & types
    • 10.11.3.3 Recent market developments
    • 10.11.3.4 SWOT analysis
    • 10.11.3.5 Global production and consumption
    • 10.11.3.6 Production pathways
    • 10.11.3.7 Prices
    • 10.11.3.8 Sustainable aviation fuel production capacities
    • 10.11.3.9 Challenges
    • 10.11.3.10 Companies
    • 10.11.3.11 Global consumption
  • 10.11.4 Bio-naphtha
    • 10.11.4.1 Overview
    • 10.11.4.2 SWOT analysis
    • 10.11.4.3 Markets and applications
    • 10.11.4.4 Prices
    • 10.11.4.5 Production capacities, by producer, current and planned
    • 10.11.4.6 Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned
• 10.12 Alcohol fuels
  • 10.12.1 Biomethanol
    • 10.12.1.1 SWOT analysis
    • 10.12.1.2 Methanol-to gasoline technology
      • 10.12.1.2.1 Production processes
        • 10.12.1.2.1.1 Biomethanol from Biogas Reforming
        • 10.12.1.2.1.2 Biomethanol from Hydrothermal Gasification
        • 10.12.1.2.1.3 Anaerobic digestion
        • 10.12.1.2.1.4 Biomass gasification
        • 10.12.1.2.1.5 Power to Methane
    • 10.12.1.3 Methanol Synthesis Companies
  • 10.12.2 Bioethanol
    • 10.12.2.1 Technology description
    • 10.12.2.2 1G Bio-Ethanol
    • 10.12.2.3 SWOT analysis
    • 10.12.2.4 Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) & alcohol-to-gasoline (ATG): methanol & ethanol
      • 10.12.2.4.1 ATJ and ATG processes
      • 10.12.2.4.2 Ethanol Feedstocks
      • 10.12.2.4.3 Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) and Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ) processes
      • 10.12.2.4.4 Companies
    • 10.12.2.5 Cellulosic Ethanol Production
      • 10.12.2.5.1 Feedstocks
      • 10.12.2.5.2 Companies
    • 10.12.2.6 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation
    • 10.12.2.7 Gasification
      • 10.12.2.7.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
      • 10.12.2.7.2 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
    • 10.12.2.8 CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis
    • 10.12.2.9 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation
      • 10.12.2.9.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation
      • 10.12.2.9.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
      • 10.12.2.9.3 Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)
      • 10.12.2.9.4 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)
      • 10.12.2.9.5 Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)
    • 10.12.2.10 Global ethanol consumption
  • 10.12.3 Biobutanol
    • 10.12.3.1 Production
    • 10.12.3.2 Prices
• 10.13 Biomass-based gas
  • 10.13.1 Feedstocks
    • 10.13.1.1 Biomethane
    • 10.13.1.2 Production pathways
      • 10.13.1.2.1 Landfill gas recovery
      • 10.13.1.2.2 Anaerobic digestion
      • 10.13.1.2.3 Thermal gasification
    • 10.13.1.3 SWOT analysis
    • 10.13.1.4 Global production
    • 10.13.1.5 Prices
      • 10.13.1.5.1 Raw Biogas
      • 10.13.1.5.2 Upgraded Biomethane
    • 10.13.1.6 Bio-LNG
      • 10.13.1.6.1 Markets
        • 10.13.1.6.1.1 Trucks
        • 10.13.1.6.1.2 Marine
      • 10.13.1.6.2 Production
      • 10.13.1.6.3 Plants
    • 10.13.1.7 bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)
    • 10.13.1.8 Carbon capture from biogas
  • 10.13.2 Biosyngas
    • 10.13.2.1 Production
    • 10.13.2.2 Prices
  • 10.13.3 Biohydrogen
    • 10.13.3.1 Description
    • 10.13.3.2 SWOT analysis
    • 10.13.3.3 Production of biohydrogen from biomass
      • 10.13.3.3.1 Biological Conversion Routes
        • 10.13.3.3.1.1 Bio-photochemical Reaction
        • 10.13.3.3.1.2 Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion
      • 10.13.3.3.2 Thermochemical conversion routes
        • 10.13.3.3.2.1 Biomass Gasification
        • 10.13.3.3.2.2 Biomass Pyrolysis
        • 10.13.3.3.2.3 Biomethane Reforming
    • 10.13.3.4 Applications
    • 10.13.3.5 Prices
  • 10.13.4 Biochar in biogas production
  • 10.13.5 Bio-DME
• 10.14 Chemical recycling for biofuels
  • 10.14.1 Plastic pyrolysis
  • 10.14.2 Used tires pyrolysis
    • 10.14.2.1 Conversion to biofuel
  • 10.14.3 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
  • 10.14.4 Gasification
    • 10.14.4.1 Syngas conversion to methanol
    • 10.14.4.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
    • 10.14.4.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
  • 10.14.5 Hydrothermal cracking
  • 10.14.6 SWOT analysis
• 10.15 Electrofuels (e-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)
  • 10.15.1 Introduction
    • 10.15.1.1 E-Fuel Production Technologies
    • 10.15.1.2 E-fuel uses
    • 10.15.1.3 Costs
    • 10.15.1.4 Benefits of e-fuels
    • 10.15.1.5 Production pathways
  • 10.15.2 Green hydrogen
    • 10.15.2.1 Electrolyzer Technologies
    • 10.15.2.2 Companies
  • 10.15.3 CO2 capture
    • 10.15.3.1 Overview
    • 10.15.3.2 CO₂ Capture Systems
    • 10.15.3.3 Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology for e-fuel production
  • 10.15.4 Syngas production
    • 10.15.4.1 Overview
    • 10.15.4.2 Syngas Production Technologies
      • 10.15.4.2.1 Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS)
      • 10.15.4.2.2 Direct Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: CO₂ to Hydrocarbons
      • 10.15.4.2.3 Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction
      • 10.15.4.2.4 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs)
    • 10.15.4.3 Solar power in E-Fuels
      • 10.15.4.3.1 Overview
      • 10.15.4.3.2 Key advantages
      • 10.15.4.3.3 Projects
    • 10.15.4.4 Companies
  • 10.15.5 E-methane
    • 10.15.5.1 Overview
    • 10.15.5.2 Methanation
      • 10.15.5.2.1 Thermocatalytic methanation
      • 10.15.5.2.2 Biological methanation
      • 10.15.5.2.3 Companies
  • 10.15.6 E-methanol
    • 10.15.6.1 Overview
    • 10.15.6.2 E-Methanol Production
    • 10.15.6.3 Direct methanol synthesis
    • 10.15.6.4 Companies
  • 10.15.7 SWOT analysis
  • 10.15.8 Production
    • 10.15.8.1 eFuel production facilities, current and planned
  • 10.15.9 Electrolysers
  • 10.15.10 Prices
  • 10.15.11 Market challenges
  • 10.15.12 Companies
• 10.16 Algae-derived biofuels
  • 10.16.1 Technology description
  • 10.16.2 CO₂ capture and utilization
  • 10.16.3 Conversion pathways
    • 10.16.3.1 Macroalgae
    • 10.16.3.2 Microalgae / Cyanobacteria
      • 10.16.3.2.1 Microalgae cultivation for biofuel production
      • 10.16.3.2.2 Open cultivation systems
      • 10.16.3.2.3 Closed photobioreactors (PBRs)
    • 10.16.3.3 Companies
    • 10.16.3.4 Projects
  • 10.16.4 SWOT analysis
  • 10.16.5 Production
    • 10.16.5.1 Algal Biofuel Production
  • 10.16.6 Market challenges
  • 10.16.7 Prices
  • 10.16.8 Producers
• 10.17 Green ammonia
  • 10.17.1 Production
    • 10.17.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
    • 10.17.1.2 Green ammonia projects
  • 10.17.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods
    • 10.17.2.1 Haber-Bosch process
    • 10.17.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
    • 10.17.2.3 Electrochemical production
    • 10.17.2.4 Chemical looping processes
  • 10.17.3 SWOT analysis
  • 10.17.4 Blue ammonia
    • 10.17.4.1 Blue ammonia projects
  • 10.17.5 Markets and applications
    • 10.17.5.1 Chemical energy storage
      • 10.17.5.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells
    • 10.17.5.2 Marine fuel
  • 10.17.6 Prices
  • 10.17.7 Estimated market demand
  • 10.17.8 Companies and projects
• 10.18 Biofuels from carbon capture
  • 10.18.1 Overview
  • 10.18.2 CO2 capture from point sources
  • 10.18.3 Production routes
  • 10.18.4 SWOT analysis
  • 10.18.5 Direct air capture (DAC)
    • 10.18.5.1 Description
    • 10.18.5.2 Deployment
    • 10.18.5.3 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
    • 10.18.5.4 Technologies
      • 10.18.5.4.1 Solid sorbents
      • 10.18.5.4.2 Liquid sorbents
      • 10.18.5.4.3 Liquid solvents
      • 10.18.5.4.4 Airflow equipment integration
      • 10.18.5.4.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
      • 10.18.5.4.6 Direct conversion
      • 10.18.5.4.7 Co-product generation
      • 10.18.5.4.8 Low Temperature DAC
      • 10.18.5.4.9 Regeneration methods
    • 10.18.5.5 Commercialization and plants
    • 10.18.5.6 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
    • 10.18.5.7 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
    • 10.18.5.8 Markets for DAC
    • 10.18.5.9 Costs
    • 10.18.5.10 Challenges
    • 10.18.5.11 Players and production
  • 10.18.6 Carbon utilization for biofuels
    • 10.18.6.1 Production routes
      • 10.18.6.1.1 Electrolyzers
      • 10.18.6.1.2 Low-carbon hydrogen
    • 10.18.6.2 Products & applications
      • 10.18.6.2.1 Vehicles
      • 10.18.6.2.2 Shipping
      • 10.18.6.2.3 Aviation
      • 10.18.6.2.4 Costs
      • 10.18.6.2.5 Ethanol
      • 10.18.6.2.6 Methanol
      • 10.18.6.2.7 Sustainable Aviation Fuel
      • 10.18.6.2.8 Methane
      • 10.18.6.2.9 Algae based biofuels
      • 10.18.6.2.10 CO₂-fuels from solar
    • 10.18.6.3 Challenges
    • 10.18.6.4 SWOT analysis
    • 10.18.6.5 Companies
• 10.19 Bio-oils (pyrolysis oils)
  • 10.19.1 Description
    • 10.19.1.1 Advantages of bio-oils
  • 10.19.2 Production
    • 10.19.2.1 Biomass Pyrolysis
    • 10.19.2.2 Plastic Waste Pyrolysis
    • 10.19.2.3 Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic
    • 10.19.2.4 Costs of production
    • 10.19.2.5 Upgrading
  • 10.19.3 Pyrolysis reactors
  • 10.19.4 SWOT analysis
  • 10.19.5 Applications
  • 10.19.6 Bio-oil producers
  • 10.19.7 Prices
• 10.20 Refuse-derived fuels (RDF)
  • 10.20.1 Overview
  • 10.20.2 Production
    • 10.20.2.1 Production process
    • 10.20.2.2 Mechanical biological treatment
  • 10.20.3 Markets
• 10.21 Company profiles (237 company profiles)

11 SUSTAINABLE ELECTRONICS

• 11.1 Overview
  • 11.1.1 Green electronics manufacturing
  • 11.1.2 Drivers for sustainable electronics
  • 11.1.3 Environmental Impacts of Electronics Manufacturing
    • 11.1.3.1 E-Waste Generation
    • 11.1.3.2 Carbon Emissions
    • 11.1.3.3 Resource Utilization
    • 11.1.3.4 Waste Minimization
    • 11.1.3.5 Supply Chain Impacts
  • 11.1.4 New opportunities from sustainable electronics
  • 11.1.5 Regulations
    • 11.1.5.1 Certifications
  • 11.1.6 Powering sustainable electronics (Bio-based batteries)
  • 11.1.7 Bioplastics in injection moulded electronics parts
• 11.2 Green electronics manufacturing
  • 11.2.1 Conventional electronics manufacturing
  • 11.2.2 Benefits of Sustainable Electronics manufacturing
  • 11.2.3 Challenges in adopting Sustainable Electronics manufacturing
  • 11.2.4 Approaches
    • 11.2.4.1 Closed-Loop Manufacturing
    • 11.2.4.2 Digital Manufacturing
      • 11.2.4.2.1 Advanced robotics & automation
      • 11.2.4.2.2 AI & machine learning analytics
      • 11.2.4.2.3 Internet of Things (IoT)
      • 11.2.4.2.4 Additive manufacturing
      • 11.2.4.2.5 Virtual prototyping
      • 11.2.4.2.6 Blockchain-enabled supply chain traceability
    • 11.2.4.3 Renewable Energy Usage
    • 11.2.4.4 Energy Efficiency
    • 11.2.4.5 Materials Efficiency
    • 11.2.4.6 Sustainable Chemistry
    • 11.2.4.7 Recycled Materials
      • 11.2.4.7.1 Advanced chemical recycling
    • 11.2.4.8 Bio-Based Materials
  • 11.2.5 Greening the Supply Chain
    • 11.2.5.1 Key focus areas
    • 11.2.5.2 Sustainability activities from major electronics brands
    • 11.2.5.3 Key challenges
    • 11.2.5.4 Use of digital technologies
  • 11.2.6 Sustainable Printed Circuit Board (PCB) manufacturing
    • 11.2.6.1 Conventional PCB manufacturing
    • 11.2.6.2 Trends in PCBs
      • 11.2.6.2.1 High-Speed PCBs
      • 11.2.6.2.2 Flexible PCBs
      • 11.2.6.2.3 3D Printed PCBs
      • 11.2.6.2.4 Sustainable PCBs
    • 11.2.6.3 Reconciling sustainability with performance
    • 11.2.6.4 Sustainable supply chains
    • 11.2.6.5 Sustainability in PCB manufacturing
      • 11.2.6.5.1 Sustainable cleaning of PCBs
    • 11.2.6.6 Design of PCBs for sustainability
      • 11.2.6.6.1 Rigid
      • 11.2.6.6.2 Flexible
      • 11.2.6.6.3 Additive manufacturing
      • 11.2.6.6.4 In-mold elctronics (IME)
    • 11.2.6.7 Materials
      • 11.2.6.7.1 Low-energy epoxy resins
      • 11.2.6.7.2 Metal cores
      • 11.2.6.7.3 Recycled laminates
      • 11.2.6.7.4 Conductive inks
      • 11.2.6.7.5 Green and lead-free solder
      • 11.2.6.7.6 Biodegradable substrates
        • 11.2.6.7.6.1 Bacterial Cellulose
        • 11.2.6.7.6.2 Mycelium
        • 11.2.6.7.6.3 Lignin
        • 11.2.6.7.6.4 Cellulose Nanofibers
        • 11.2.6.7.6.5 Soy Protein
        • 11.2.6.7.6.6 Algae
        • 11.2.6.7.6.7 PHAs
      • 11.2.6.7.7 Biobased inks
    • 11.2.6.8 Substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.1 Halogen-free FR4
        • 11.2.6.8.1.1 FR4 limitations
        • 11.2.6.8.1.2 FR4 alternatives
        • 11.2.6.8.1.3 Bio-Polyimide
      • 11.2.6.8.2 Glass substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.3 Ceramic substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.4 Metal-core PCBs
      • 11.2.6.8.5 Biobased PCBs
        • 11.2.6.8.5.1 Polylactic acid
        • 11.2.6.8.5.2 Lignin-based Polymers
        • 11.2.6.8.5.3 Cellulose Composites
        • 11.2.6.8.5.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
        • 11.2.6.8.5.5 Starch Blends
        • 11.2.6.8.5.6 Challenges
        • 11.2.6.8.5.7 Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs
        • 11.2.6.8.5.8 Recent commercial activity
      • 11.2.6.8.6 Paper-based PCBs
      • 11.2.6.8.7 PCBs without solder mask
      • 11.2.6.8.8 Thinner dielectrics
      • 11.2.6.8.9 Recycled plastic substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.10 Flexible substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.11 Polyimide alternatives
    • 11.2.6.9 Sustainable patterning and metallization in electronics manufacturing
      • 11.2.6.9.1 Introduction
      • 11.2.6.9.2 Issues with sustainability
      • 11.2.6.9.3 Regeneration and reuse of etching chemicals
      • 11.2.6.9.4 Transition from Wet to Dry phase patterning
      • 11.2.6.9.5 Print-and-plate
      • 11.2.6.9.6 Approaches
        • 11.2.6.9.6.1 Direct Printed Electronics
        • 11.2.6.9.6.2 Photonic Sintering
        • 11.2.6.9.6.3 Biometallization
        • 11.2.6.9.6.4 Plating Resist Alternatives
        • 11.2.6.9.6.5 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer
        • 11.2.6.9.6.6 Electrohydrodynamic Printing
        • 11.2.6.9.6.7 Electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs)
        • 11.2.6.9.6.8 Green electroless plating
        • 11.2.6.9.6.9 Smart Masking
        • 11.2.6.9.6.10 Component Integration
        • 11.2.6.9.6.11 Bio-inspired material deposition
        • 11.2.6.9.6.12 Multi-material jetting
        • 11.2.6.9.6.13 Vacuumless deposition
        • 11.2.6.9.6.14 Upcycling waste streams
    • 11.2.6.10 Sustainable attachment and integration of components
      • 11.2.6.10.1 Conventional component attachment materials
      • 11.2.6.10.2 Materials
        • 11.2.6.10.2.1 Conductive adhesives
        • 11.2.6.10.2.2 Biodegradable adhesives
        • 11.2.6.10.2.3 Magnets
        • 11.2.6.10.2.4 Bio-based solders
        • 11.2.6.10.2.5 Bio-derived solders
        • 11.2.6.10.2.6 Recycled plastics
        • 11.2.6.10.2.7 Nano adhesives
        • 11.2.6.10.2.8 Shape memory polymers
        • 11.2.6.10.2.9 Photo-reversible polymers
        • 11.2.6.10.2.10 Conductive biopolymers
      • 11.2.6.10.3 Processes
        • 11.2.6.10.3.1 Traditional thermal processing methods
        • 11.2.6.10.3.2 Low temperature solder
        • 11.2.6.10.3.3 Reflow soldering
        • 11.2.6.10.3.4 Induction soldering
        • 11.2.6.10.3.5 UV curing
        • 11.2.6.10.3.6 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing
        • 11.2.6.10.3.7 Photonic sintering/curing
        • 11.2.6.10.3.8 Hybrid integration
  • 11.2.7 Sustainable integrated circuits
    • 11.2.7.1 IC manufacturing
    • 11.2.7.2 Sustainable IC manufacturing
    • 11.2.7.3 Wafer production
      • 11.2.7.3.1 Silicon
      • 11.2.7.3.2 Gallium nitride ICs
      • 11.2.7.3.3 Flexible ICs
      • 11.2.7.3.4 Fully printed organic ICs
    • 11.2.7.4 Oxidation methods
      • 11.2.7.4.1 Sustainable oxidation
      • 11.2.7.4.2 Metal oxides
      • 11.2.7.4.3 Recycling
      • 11.2.7.4.4 Thin gate oxide layers
      • 11.2.7.4.5 Substrate Oxidation
      • 11.2.7.4.6 Solution-Based Manufacturing
      • 11.2.7.4.7 MOSFET Transistors
      • 11.2.7.4.8 Silicon on Insulator (SOI) and Manufacturing
    • 11.2.7.5 Patterning and doping
      • 11.2.7.5.1 Processes
        • 11.2.7.5.1.1 Wet etching
        • 11.2.7.5.1.2 Dry plasma etching
        • 11.2.7.5.1.3 Lift-off patterning
        • 11.2.7.5.1.4 Surface doping
      • 11.2.7.5.2 Photolithography
      • 11.2.7.5.3 Green solvents and chemicals
    • 11.2.7.6 Metallization
      • 11.2.7.6.1 Evaporation
      • 11.2.7.6.2 Plating
      • 11.2.7.6.3 Printing
        • 11.2.7.6.3.1 Printed metal gates for organic thin film transistors
      • 11.2.7.6.4 Physical vapour deposition (PVD)
    • 11.2.7.7 Packaging
      • 11.2.7.7.1 Sustainable Semiconductor Packaging Technologies
      • 11.2.7.7.2 Glass interposer technology
    • 11.2.7.8 Water management
      • 11.2.7.8.1 Overview
      • 11.2.7.8.2 Ultra pure water (UPW)
      • 11.2.7.8.3 Semiconductor manufacturing water consumption
      • 11.2.7.8.4 Water Reuse
  • 11.2.8 End of life
    • 11.2.8.1 Legislation
    • 11.2.8.2 Hazardous waste
    • 11.2.8.3 Emissions
    • 11.2.8.4 Water Usage
    • 11.2.8.5 Recycling
      • 11.2.8.5.1 Mechanical recycling
      • 11.2.8.5.2 Electro-Mechanical Separation
      • 11.2.8.5.3 Chemical Recycling
      • 11.2.8.5.4 Electrochemical Processes
      • 11.2.8.5.5 Thermal Recycling
      • 11.2.8.5.6 Green Certification
      • 11.2.8.5.7 PCB recycling
        • 11.2.8.5.7.1 Overview
        • 11.2.8.5.7.2 Metal recovery from PCB manufacturing
        • 11.2.8.5.7.3 Recyclable PCBs
        • 11.2.8.5.7.4 Excess electronic component inventory management
        • 11.2.8.5.7.5 Electronic waste management and reuse
• 11.3 Global market
  • 11.3.1 Global PCB manufacturing industry
    • 11.3.1.1 PCB revenues
  • 11.3.2 Sustainable PCBs
  • 11.3.3 Sustainable ICs
• 11.4 Sustainable data centers
  • 11.4.1 Scope and definitions
  • 11.4.2 Why data center sustainability is now a policy issue (AI build-out, grid stress, water, land)
  • 11.4.3 Data center energy demand and CO₂ emissions: the headline numbers
  • 11.4.4 The biggest contributors to the data center carbon footprint (Scope 1/2/3 split)
  • 11.4.5 The global policy landscape at a glance: from voluntary targets to binding mandates
  • 11.4.6 Regional policy heat-map: EU, US (federal + state), China, Singapore, Japan, UK, Ireland
  • 11.4.7 Grid-connection policy as the new bottleneck
  • 11.4.8 Standards, certification and reporting (PUE, WUE, CUE, EPEAT, EU energy labels)
  • 11.4.9 Which sustainable technologies have the biggest impact
  • 11.4.10 Market forecast, 2025–2037
  • 11.4.11 Key conclusions and outlook
• 11.5 Company profiles 2337 (48 company profiles)

12 BIOBASED ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS

• 12.1 Overview
  • 12.1.1 Biobased Epoxy Adhesives
  • 12.1.2 Bio-based Polyurethane Adhesives
  • 12.1.3 Other Biobased Adhesives and Sealants
  • 12.1.4 Market drivers and recent developments
• 12.2 Types
  • 12.2.1 Cellulose-Based
  • 12.2.2 Starch-Based
  • 12.2.3 Lignin-Based
  • 12.2.4 Vegetable Oils
  • 12.2.5 Protein-Based
  • 12.2.6 Tannin-Based
  • 12.2.7 Algae-based
  • 12.2.8 Chitosan-based
  • 12.2.9 Natural Rubber-based
  • 12.2.10 Silkworm Silk-based
  • 12.2.11 Mussel Protein-based
  • 12.2.12 Soy-based Foam
• 12.3 Global revenues
  • 12.3.1 By types
  • 12.3.2 By market
• 12.4 Company profiles 2387 (15 company profiles)

13 APPENDIX

• 13.1 Research Methodology

14 REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Key Benefits of Bio-based and Sustainable Materials
• Table 2. Global Plastics Production (1950-2025).
• Table 3. Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers (2025).
• Table 4. Regional Biopolymer Distribution and Projections (2025–2036)
• Table 5. Regional Production Capacity Projections (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 6. Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview
• Table 7. Global Bio-based Building Block Production Capacities 2011–2036 (million tonnes total, all building blocks)
• Table 8. Next Generation Bio-based Polymers.
• Table 9. Bio-based Polymers and Chemical Recycling (2024-2036).
• Table 10. Novel Feedstock Sources
• Table 11. Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content: 2025
• Table 12. Global Bio-based Polymer Production Capacities and Production 2025
• Table 13. Bio-based Polymer Global Installed Capacity Forecast 2025–2036 by Type (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 14. Bioplastics Production Capacities by Region 2024-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 15. Global Bio-based Polymers Market by Type 2020–2036 (Revenues $M)
• Table 16. Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-based Polymers.
• Table 17. Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternative
• Table 18. Available Bio-based Monomers.
• Table 19. Bioplastic feedstocks,
• Table 20. Bioplastics regulations around the world.
• Table 21. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
• Table 22. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
• Table 23. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
• Table 24. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
• Table 25. Global Production of Starch for Bio-based Chemicals and Intermediates, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 26. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
• Table 27. Applications of lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals.
• Table 28. Global Production of Bio-based Lysine, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 29. Global Glucose Production for Bio-based Chemicals and Intermediates, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 30. HDMA sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
• Table 31. Applications of bio-based HDMA.
• Table 32. Global Production Volumes of Bio-HMDA, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 33. Biobased feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5).
• Table 34. Applications of DA5.
• Table 35. Global Production of Bio-based DA5, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 36. Sorbitol Applications
• Table 37. Global Production (sorbitol directed to polymer/chemical applications, thousand tonnes)
• Table 38. Biobased feedstocks for isosorbide.
• Table 39. Applications of bio-based isosorbide.
• Table 40. Global production of bio-based isosorbide, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 41. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 42. Lactide applications.
• Table 43. Global Lactide Production, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 44. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid.
• Table 45. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid.
• Table 46. Global Production of Bio-itaconic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 47. Biobased feedstock sources for 3-HP.
• Table 48. Applications of 3-HP.
• Table 49. Global production of 3-HP, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 50. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid.
• Table 51. Global production of bio-based acrylic acid, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 52. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO).
• Table 53. Global Production of Bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 54. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid.
• Table 55. Applications of succinic acid.
• Table 56. Global Production of Bio-based Succinic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 57. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).
• Table 58. Global production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 59. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF).
• Table 60. Global Production of Bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 61. Applications of bio-based adipic acid.
• Table 62. Applications of bio-based caprolactam.
• Table 63. Global production of bio-based caprolactam, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 64. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol.
• Table 65. Applications of bio-based isobutanol.
• Table 66. Global Production of Bio-based Isobutanol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 67. Biobased feedstock sources for p-Xylene.
• Table 68. Applications of bio-based p-Xylene.
• Table 69. Global Production of Bio-based p-Xylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 70. Applications of bio-based Terephthalic acid (TPA).
• Table 71. Global Production of Biobased Terephthalic Acid (TPA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 72. Biobased feedstock sources for 1,3 Proppanediol.
• Table 73. Applications of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol.
• Table 74. Global production of biobased 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 75. Biobased feedstock sources for MEG.
• Table 76. Applications of bio-based MEG.
• Table 77. Biobased MEG producers capacities.
• Table 78. Global Production of Biobased MEG, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 79. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol.
• Table 80. Applications of bio-based ethanol.
• Table 81. Global Production of Biobased Ethanol, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 82. Applications of bio-based ethylene.
• Table 83. Global Production of Biobased Ethylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 84. Applications of bio-based propylene.
• Table 85. Global Production of Biobased Propylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 86. Applications of bio-based vinyl chloride.
• Table 87. Global Production of Biobased Vinyl Chloride, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 88. Applications of bio-based Methly methacrylate.
• Table 89. Global Production of Bio-based Methyl Methacrylate, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 90. Applications of bio-based aniline.
• Table 91. Global Production of Biobased Aniline, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 92. Applications of biobased fructose.
• Table 93. Applications of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF).
• Table 94. Global Production of Biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 95. Applications of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF).
• Table 96. Global Production of Biobased 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 97. Applications of Levulinic acid.
• Table 98. Global production of biobased Levulinic acid, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 99. Markets and applications for bio-based FDME.
• Table 100.Global production of biobased FDME, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 101. Applications of FDCA.
• Table 102. Global Production of Biobased Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 103. Markets and applications for bio-based levoglucosenone.
• Table 104. Global Production of Bio-based Levoglucosenone, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 105. Biochemicals derived from hemicellulose
• Table 106. Markets and applications for bio-based hemicellulose
• Table 107. Global Production of Hemicellulose, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 108. Global Production of Biobased Furfural, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 109. Markets and applications for bio-based furfuryl alcohol.
• Table 110. Global Production of Biobased Furfuryl Alcohol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 111. Global Production of Biobased Lignin, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 112. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol.
• Table 113. Global Production of Biobased Glycerol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 114. Markets and applications for Bio-based MPG.
• Table 115. Global Production of Bio-MPG, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 116. Markets and applications: Bio-based ECH.
• Table 117. Global production of biobased ECH, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 118. Global Production of Biobased Fatty Acids, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 119. Global Production of Biobased Sebacic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 120. Global Production of Biobased 11-Aminoundecanoic Acid (11-AA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 121. Global Production of Biobased Dodecanedioic Acid (DDDA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 122.Global production of biobased Pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 123. Global Production of Biobased Casein, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 124. Bio-based naphtha applications.
• Table 125. Bio-based naphthaProduction Volume (thousand tonnes)
• Table 126. Global Production of Food Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)
• Table 127. Global Production of Agricultural Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)
• Table 128. Global Production of Forestry Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)
• Table 129. Global Production of Aquaculture/Fishing Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 130. Global Production of Municipal Solid Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)
• Table 131. Global Production of Waste Oils for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 132. Global Microalgae Production, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 133. Global Macroalgae Production, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 134. Mineral source products and applications.
• Table 135. Global Production of Biogas, 2018–2036 (billion m³)
• Table 136. Global Production of Syngas, 2018–2036 (billion m³)
• Table 137. Consolidated feedstock-to-polymer map
• Table 138. Representative feedstock-to-polymer mass balances (tonnes feedstock per tonne polymer at typical commercial yield)
• Table 139. Type of biodegradation.
• Table 140. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics.
• Table 141. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.
• Table 142. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.
• Table 143. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 144. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear Applications.
• Table 145. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) producers.
• Table 146. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 147. Optimal Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains for Fermentation
• Table 148. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.
• Table 149. PLA producers and production capacities.
• Table 150. Planned PLA Capacity Expansions (2025 confirmed)
• Table 151. PLA Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 152. Polylactic acid (PLA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 153. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 154. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities.
• Table 155. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 156. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 157. PTT Production Capacities (2025)
• Table 158. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 159. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 160. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 161. PEF vs. PET.
• Table 162. FDCA and PEF Producers (2025)
• Table 163. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 164. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 165. Bio-PA Producers Production Capacities (2025)
• Table 166. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 167. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 168. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 169. PBAT Producers, Production Capacities and Brands (2025)
• Table 170. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 171. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 172. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 173. PBS Producers and Production Capacities (2025)
• Table 174. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 175. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 176. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 177. Leading Bio-PE producers.
• Table 178. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 179. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 180. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 181. Bio-PP Producers and Capacities (2025)
• Table 182. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 183. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 184. Superabsorbent Polymers Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 185. Superabsorbent polymers Applications.
• Table 186. Superabsorbent polymers producers.
• Table 187. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Applications
• Table 188. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 189. PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 190. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Applications
• Table 191. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 192. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 193. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Applications
• Table 194. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 195. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 196. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC)
• Table 197. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC) Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 198. Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 199. Bio-PMMA Applications
• Table 200. Bio-PMMA Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 201. Bio-PMMA Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 202. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR) Applications
• Table 203. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)
• Table 204. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)
• Table 205. Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 206. Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 207. Polyurethanes (PUR, bio fraction) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 208.Types of PHAs and properties.
• Table 209. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers.
• Table 210. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.
• Table 211. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.
• Table 212. Commercially available PHAs.
• Table 213. Markets and applications for PHAs.
• Table 214. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.
• Table 215. PHA Producers (2025)
• Table 216. PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 217. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 218. Cellulose acetate (CA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 219. Cellulose acetate (CA) applications.
• Table 220. Cellulose acetate (CA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 221. Cellulose acetate (CA) producers.
• Table 222. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 223. Leading MFC producers and capacities.
• Table 224. Casein polymers production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 225. Casein polymers applications.
• Table 226. Starch-containing polymer compounds Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 227. Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 228. SCPC production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 229. Global Production Capacities by End-Use Market 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes total)
• Table 230. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.
• Table 231. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.
• Table 232. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.
• Table 233. Bio-based Polymers for Flexible Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 234. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.
• Table 235. Bio-based Polymers for Rigid Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 236. Global production for bio-based polymers in consumer goods 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.
• Table 237. Bio-based Polymers in Automotive and Transport 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 238. Bio-based Polymers in Building and Construction 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 239. Bio-based Polymers in Textiles and Fibers 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 240. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in electronics 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.
• Table 241. Bio-based Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 242. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America.
• Table 243. Bio-based Polymers in North America by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 244. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.
• Table 245. Bio-based Polymers in Europe by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 246. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in Asia-Pacific by type 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes
• Table 247. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.
• Table 248. All bio-based polymers by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 249. Polylactic acid (PLA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 250. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 251. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 252. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 253. Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 254. Cellulose acetate (CA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 255. Properties of lignins and their applications.
• Table 256. Technical lignin types and applications.
• Table 257. Classification of technical lignins.
• Table 258. Properties of lignin, by type.
• Table 259. Lignin content of selected biomass.
• Table 260. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion and products.
• Table 261. Markets and applications for lignin, with lignin grade requirement and TRL
• Table 262. Market challenges for lignin.
• Table 263. Processes for lignin production.
• Table 264. Biorefinery feedstocks.
• Table 265. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.
• Table 266. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
• Table 267. Comparative positioning of principal lignin grades by quality attributes.
• Table 268. Effect on grade and value
• Table 269. Properties of organosolv lignin.
• Table 270. Principal applications of organosolv lignin and technology readiness
• Table 271. Properties of hydrolysis (hydrolytic) lignin.
• Table 272. Markets for lignin.
• Table 273. Market drivers and trends for lignin.
• Table 274. Production capacities of technical lignin producers.
• Table 275. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers.
• Table 276. Selected announced and planned lignin capacity additions to 2030.
• Table 277. Consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).
• Table 278. Revenues from lignin, by type, 2019-2037 (US$ million).
• Table 279. Consumption of lignin, by grade, 2019 and 2037 (000 Tonnes), with CAGR.
• Table 280. Consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).
• Table 281. Revenues from lignin, by market, 2019-2037 (US$ million).
• Table 282. Lignin price ranges by grade, 2026 and 2037 outlook (USD/MT).
• Table 283. Price by lignin grade, 2026 and 2037 (USD/tonne, mid-band).
• Table 284. Price uplift by quality tier, relative to commodity grade.
• Table 285. Oji Holdings CNF products.
• Table 286. Types of next-gen natural fibers.
• Table 287. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.
• Table 288. Typical properties of natural fibers.
• Table 289. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products.
• Table 290. Market drivers for natural fibers.
• Table 291. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 292. Cotton production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT).
• Table 293. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 294. Kapok production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 295. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 296. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 297. Jute production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT).
• Table 298. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 299. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 300. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 301. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 302. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 303. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 304. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 305. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 306. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 307. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 308. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 309. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 310. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 311. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT).
• Table 312. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 313. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 314. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 315. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 316. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 317. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.
• Table 318. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.
• Table 319. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 320. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT).
• Table 321. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 322. Alternative wool materials producers.
• Table 323. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size.
• Table 324. Alternative silk materials producers.
• Table 325. Alternative leather materials producers.
• Table 326. Next-gen fur producers.
• Table 327. Alternative down materials producers.
• Table 328. Applications of natural fiber composites.
• Table 329. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.
• Table 330. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.
• Table 331. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites.
• Table 332. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.
• Table 333. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.
• Table 334. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 335. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.
• Table 336. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 337. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.
• Table 338. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 339. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector.
• Table 340. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 341. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 342. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 343. Global fiber production (million MT) 2020-2036.
• Table 344. Oji Holdings CNF products.
• Table 345. Global trends and drivers in sustainable construction materials.
• Table 346. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by materials type, 2020-2036 (millions USD).
• Table 347. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by market, 2020-2036 (millions USD).
• Table 348. Established bio-based construction materials.
• Table 349. Types of self-healing concrete.
• Table 350. General properties and value of aerogels.
• Table 351. Key properties of silica aerogels.
• Table 352. Chemical precursors used to synthesize silica aerogels.
• Table 353. Commercially available aerogel-enhanced blankets.
• Table 354. Main manufacturers of silica aerogels and product offerings.
• Table 355. Typical structural properties of metal oxide aerogels.
• Table 356. Polymer aerogels companies.
• Table 357. Types of biobased aerogels.
• Table 358. Carbon aerogel companies.
• Table 359. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials.
• Table 360. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
• Table 361. Carbonation of recycled concrete companies.
• Table 362. Current and projected costs for some key CO2 utilization applications in the construction industry.
• Table 363. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials.
• Table 364. Global Decarbonization Targets and Policies related to Green Steel.
• Table 365. Estimated cost for iron and steel industry under the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).
• Table 366. Hydrogen-based steelmaking technologies.
• Table 367. Comparison of green steel production technologies.
• Table 368. Advantages and disadvantages of each potential hydrogen carrier.
• Table 369. CCUS in green steel production.
• Table 370. Biochar in steel and metal.
• Table 371. Applications of microwave processing in green steelmaking.
• Table 372. Applications of additive manufacturing (AM) in steelmaking.
• Table 373. Technology readiness level (TRL) for key green steel production technologies.
• Table 374. Properties of Green steels.
• Table 375. Applications of green steel in the construction industry.
• Table 376. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Materials, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 377. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Materials, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
• Table 378. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Product Type, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 379. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Product Type, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
• Table 380. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by End-Use Market, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 381. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by End-Use Market, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
• Table 382. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Region, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 383. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Region, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
• Table 384. Market trends in Sustainable Packaging
• Table 385. Sustainable Packaging Trends to 2036.
• Table 386. Market drivers for recent growth in the Sustainable Packaging market.
• Table 387. Key Market Drivers and Impact Assessment.
• Table 388. Market Drivers Impact Assessment Matrix.
• Table 389. Regulatory Compliance Standards for Sustainable Packaging and Barrier Coatings.
• Table 390. PFAS Phase-Out Timeline and Replacement Market Opportunity by Region.
• Table 391. Circular Economy Initiatives and Recyclability Requirements.
• Table 392. E-Commerce Packaging Performance Requirements.
• Table 393. Major Brand Owner Sustainability Commitments — Packaging Implications.
• Table 394. Sustainable Packaging Market Challenges and Restraints.
• Table 395. Average prices by packaging type, 2024 (US$ per kg).
• Table 396. Average annual prices by bioplastic type, 2020-2023 (US$ per kg).
• Table 397. Types of bio-based plastics and fossil-fuel-based plastics
• Table 398. Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers.
• Table 399. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.
• Table 400. LDPE film versus PLA, 2019–24 (USD/tonne).
• Table 401. PLA properties for packaging applications.
• Table 402. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.
• Table 403. Major polymers found in the extracellular covering of different algae.
• Table 404. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paperboard and packaging-market age, key benefits, applications and producers.
• Table 405. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC).
• Table 406. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in packaging.
• Table 407. Applications of Bacterial Nanocellulose in Packaging.
• Table 408. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.
• Table 409. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.
• Table 410. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics.
• Table 411. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 412. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 413. Commercial Examples of Chitosan-based Films and Coatings and Companies.
• Table 414. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications.
• Table 415. Bio-naphtha market value chain.
• Table 416. Commercial Examples of Bio-Naphtha Packaging and Companies.
• Table 417. Major Forest Certification Schemes — Comparative Overview
• Table 418. Chain-of-Custody Certification — Key Standards and Requirements
• Table 419. Pros and Cons of Different Food Packaging Material Types.
• Table 420.Bioplastics Properties vs Conventional Polymers for Flexible Food Packaging.
• Table 421. Active Biodegradable Films films and their food applications.
• Table 422. Intelligent Biodegradable Films.
• Table 423. Bio-Based Oxygen Scavenger Technologies — Performance, Activation, and Commercial Status
• Table 424. Natural Antimicrobial Agents in Active Packaging — Efficacy, Spectrum, and Regulatory Status
• Table 425. Bio-Based Freshness Sensor Technologies — Active Agent, Target Analyte, and Application
• Table 426. Edible films and coatings market summary.
• Table 427. Summary of barrier films and coatings for packaging.
• Table 428. Types of polyols.
• Table 429. Polyol producers.
• Table 430. Bio-based polyurethane coating products.
• Table 431. Bio-based acrylate resin products.
• Table 432. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis.
• Table 433. Commercially available PHAs.
• Table 434. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings.
• Table 435. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings.
• Table 436. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies.
• Table 437. Paper substrate characteristics and coating requirements.
• Table 438. Plastic substrate applications and sustainability challenges.
• Table 439. Substrate selection criteria and performance trade-offs.
• Table 440. Wet-Barrier Coatings Application methods and process optimization.
• Table 441. Wet-Barrier Coatings Performance benchmarking against alternatives.
• Table 442.Wet-Barrier Coatings Environmental Impact Assessment
• Table 443. Wax Coating Sustainability Credentials and Limitations.
• Table 444. Wax Coating Sustainability credentials and limitations.
• Table 445. Types of biobased coatings materials.
• Table 446. Water-based coating technologies.
• Table 447. Global bioplastics capacities by Material Type ('000 tonnes).
• Table 448. Bio-based polymer solutions.
• Table 449. Dispersion coating systems.
• Table 450. Nano-enhanced barrier materials.
• Table 451. Global Bioplastics Capacities by Material Type, 2024 ('000 tonnes).
• Table 452. Bio-Based Polymer Solutions: Barrier Performance and Commercial Readiness.
• Table 453. Applications of Barrier Nanocoatings in Packaging Sectors.
• Table 454. CO2 utilization and removal pathways.
• Table 455. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers.
• Table 456. Typical Applications for Bioplastics in Flexible Packaging.
• Table 457. PHA Film Grades — Properties and Commercial Comparison
• Table 458. PBAT Film Key Properties vs. Comparable Flexible Film Materials
• Table 459. TPS Film Properties by Formulation Type
• Table 460. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.
• Table 461. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.
• Table 462. All-PP Monomaterial Structure Types — Barrier Performance and Recycling Compatibility
• Table 463. Design-for-Recycling Criteria for Flexible Packaging — Key Parameters
• Table 464. High-Strength Paper Barrier Coating Systems — Performance and Recyclability
• Table 465. Paper-Plastic Hybrid Separable Structures — Separation Mechanism and Recyclability
• Table 466. Glassine and Greaseproof Paper Grades — Properties and Applications
• Table 467. Bio-PE Film Grades — Properties vs. Fossil PE
• Table 468. Bio-PET and PEF Film Properties vs. Fossil PET
• Table 469. Cellulose Film Grades — Barrier Performance and Applications
• Table 470. Ultra-Thin Barrier Coating Technologies — Thickness, Performance, and Recyclability
• Table 471. Downgauging Technologies — Gauge Reduction Potential and Performance Impact
• Table 472. Conventional vs. Resource-Efficient Multi-Layer Flexible Structures
• Table 473. The Global Market for Sustainable Flexible Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (’000 tonnes)
• Table 474. The Global Market for Sustainable Flexible Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (Millions USD)
• Table 475. rPET Mechanical Recycling Grades — Quality, Applications, and Price Benchmarks
• Table 476. rHDPE Grades — Quality Characteristics, Food Contact Status, and Applications
• Table 477. PCR Polypropylene Supply Constraints and Commercial Applications
• Table 478. Bio-PET Bottle — Commercial Grades, Bio-Content, and Performance vs. Fossil PET
• Table 479. Bio-PE Rigid Container Grades — Properties, Applications, and Commercial Status
• Table 480. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.
• Table 481. Standardized Refill Container Systems — Commercial Examples and Performance
• Table 482. Mycelium Composite Packaging — Properties vs. Conventional Protective Packaging
• Table 483. Moulded Pulp Grades — Properties, Applications, and Leading Producers
• Table 484. The Global Market for Sustainable Rigid Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (’000 tonnes)
• Table 485. The Global Market for Sustainable Rigid Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (Millions USD)
• Table 486. Global Sustainable Barrier Coatings Market Size and Forecast, 2019–2036.
• Table 487. Sustainable Barrier Coatings Market Size by Region, 2025–2036 ('000 tonnes and $ million).
• Table 488. Sustainable Barrier Coatings Market Size by Application, 2025–2036 ('000 tonnes and $ million).
• Table 489. Cost Structure Analysis by Barrier Coating Type.
• Table 490. Lactips plastic pellets.
• Table 491. Oji Holdings CNF products.
• Table 492. Properties and applications of the main natural fibers.
• Table 493. Types of sustainable alternative leathers.
• Table 494. Properties of bio-based leathers.
• Table 495. Comparison with conventional leathers.
• Table 496. Price of commercially available sustainable alternative leather products.
• Table 497. Comparative analysis of sustainable alternative leathers.
• Table 498. Key processing steps involved in transforming plant fibers into leather materials.
• Table 499. Current and emerging plant-based leather products.
• Table 500. Companies developing plant-based leather products.
• Table 501. Overview of mycelium-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 502. Companies developing mycelium-based leather products.
• Table 503. Types of microbial-derived leather alternative.
• Table 504. Companies developing microbial leather products.
• Table 505. Companies developing plant-based leather products.
• Table 506. Types of protein-based leather alternatives.
• Table 507. Companies developing protein based leather.
• Table 508. Companies developing sustainable coatings and dyes for leather -
• Table 509. Markets and applications for bio-based leather.
• Table 510. Applications of biobased leather in furniture and upholstery.
• Table 511. Market trends in bio-based leather.
• Table 512. Market challenges in bio-based leather.
• Table 513. Bio-based leather investment funding, by company.
• Table 514. Recent market news and developments.
• Table 515. Global revenues for bio-based leather by region, 2018-2036 (millions USD).
• Table 516. Global revenues for bio-based leather by end use market, 2018-2036 (millions USD).
• Table 517. Market drivers and trends in bio-based and sustainable coatings.
• Table 518. Example envinronmentally friendly coatings, advantages and disadvantages.
• Table 519. Plant Waxes.
• Table 520. Advanced Aqueous Polymeric Solutions.
• Table 521. Next-generation Bio-polymers Development.
• Table 522. Nano-cellulose and Natural Fiber Composites Technology.
• Table 523. Smart and Functional Coating Systems Types.
• Table 524. Types of alkyd resins and properties.
• Table 525. Market summary for bio-based alkyd coatings-raw materials, advantages, disadvantages, applications and producers.
• Table 526. Bio-based alkyd coating products.
• Table 527. Types of polyols.
• Table 528. Polyol producers.
• Table 529. Bio-based polyurethane coating products.
• Table 530. Market summary for bio-based epoxy resins.
• Table 531. Bio-based polyurethane coating products.
• Table 532. Bio-based acrylate resin products.
• Table 533. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis.
• Table 534. PLA producers and production capacities.
• Table 535. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.
• Table 536.Types of PHAs and properties.
• Table 537. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.
• Table 538. Commercially available PHAs.
• Table 539. Properties of micro/nanocellulose, by type.
• Table 540: Types of nanocellulose.
• Table 541. Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) production capacities in metric tons and production process, by producer, metric tons.
• Table 542. Commercially available Microfibrillated Cellulose products.
• Table 543. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings.
• Table 544. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paints and coatings OEMs.
• Table 545. Companies developing CNF products in paints and coatings, applications targeted and stage of commercialization.
• Table 546. CNC properties.
• Table 547: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes.
• Table 548. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC).
• Table 549. Edible films and coatings market summary.
• Table 550. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies.
• Table 551. Overview of algal coatings-description, properties, application and market size.
• Table 552. Companies developing algal-based plastics.
• Table 553. Global market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD).
• Table 554. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD), conservative estimate.
• Table 555. Market revenues for bio-based paints and coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD), high estimate.
• Table 556. Oji Holdings CNF products.
• Table 557. Comparison of biofuels.
• Table 558. Market drivers for biofuels.
• Table 559. Government policies on sustainable fuels.
• Table 560. Market challenges for biofuels.
• Table 561. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2036, by type and production.
• Table 562. Industry developments in sustainable biofuels & E-fuels 2022-2025.
• Table 563. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2024, by type.
• Table 564. Categories and examples of solid biofuel.
• Table 565. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity.
• Table 566. Classification of biomass feedstock.
• Table 567. Biorefinery feedstocks.
• Table 568. Feedstock conversion pathways.
• Table 569. First-Generation Feedstocks.
• Table 570. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities.
• Table 571. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.
• Table 572. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
• Table 573. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol.
• Table 574. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae.
• Table 575. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops.
• Table 576. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation.
• Table 577. Biodiesel by generation.
• Table 578. Comparison of Fossil Diesel, Biodiesel & Renewable Diesel.
• Table 579. Biodiesel production techniques.
• Table 580. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions.
• Table 581. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield.
• Table 582. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process.
• Table 583. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel.
• Table 584. Main producers of HVO and capacities.
• Table 585. Example commercial Development of BtL processes.
• Table 586. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes.
• Table 587. Comparison of Biodiesel vs Renewable Diesel: Properties & Engine Compatibility.
• Table 588. Biodiesel Projects by Scale, Company and Location.
• Table 589. Recent biodiesel market developments 2023-2025.
• Table 590. Recent company activity in Biodiesel.
• Table 591. Global biodiesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).
• Table 592. Biodiesel vs renewable diesel: properties & engine compatibility.
• Table 593. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).
• Table 594. Renewable diesel price ranges.
• Table 595. Advantages and disadvantages of Sustainable aviation fuel.
• Table 596. Jet fuel composition & types.
• Table 597. Recent market developments in Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF).
• Table 598. Production pathways for Sustainable aviation fuel.
• Table 599. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Projects by Scale, Company, Location, Technology Pathway, and Start Date.
• Table 600. Recent company activity in SAF.
• Table 601. Global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Consumption 2019-2036 (Million litres/year).
• Table 602. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications.
• Table 603. Bio-naphtha market value chain.
• Table 604. Bio-naphtha pricing against petroleum-derived naphtha and related fuel products.
• Table 605. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer.
• Table 606.Methanol Production & Colors
• Table 607. Main Pathways to Biomethanol Production
• Table 608. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas.
• Table 609. 1st Generation Bioethanol Production Processes.
• Table 610.Ethanol Feedstocks.
• Table 611. Methanol Feedstocks.
• Table 612. Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Process Overview.
• Table 613. Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Process Steps.
• Table 614. MTG vs MTJ Process Comparison.
• Table 615. Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Companies.
• Table 616. Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Technology Companies.
• Table 617. Cellulosic Ethanol Production.
• Table 618. Lignocellulosic Biomass Feedstocks.
• Table 619. Challenges in Breaking Down Lignocellulosic Biomass.
• Table 620. Cellulosic ethanol companies.
• Table 621.  Processes in bioethanol production.
• Table 622. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic.
• Table 623. Ethanol consumption 2020-2036 (million litres).
• Table 624. Properties of petrol and biobutanol.
• Table 625. Biogas feedstocks.
• Table 626. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants.
• Table 627. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas.
• Table 628. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways.
• Table 629. Markets and applications for biohydrogen.
• Table 630. Summary of gasification technologies.
• Table 631. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling.
• Table 632. Technology & Process Developers in E-Fuels by End-Product.
• Table 633. E-Fuel Production Costs Breakdown.
• Table 634. Applications of e-fuels, by type.
• Table 635. Overview of e-fuels.
• Table 636. Benefits of e-fuels.
• Table 637. E-fuel production efficiencies.
• Table 638. Production Pathways for E-Fuels.
• Table 639. Electrolyzer Performance Metrics.
• Table 640. Overview of Electrolyzer Technologies.
• Table 641. Electrolyzer Technology Companies.
• Table 642. Main CO₂ Capture Systems.
• Table 643.Technologies for Carbon Capture
• Table 644. Syngas Production Technologies for E-Fuels.
• Table 645. Comparison of RWGS & SOEC Co-Electrolysis Routes.
• Table 646.Companies using Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) for E-Fuels
• Table 647. SOEC & SOFC System Suppliers.
• Table 648. Companies in CO₂ reduction technologies.
• Table 649. Comparison of Thermocatalytic vs Biocatalytic Methanation
• Table 650. Methanation Companies
• Table 651. Power-to-Methane Projects,
• Table 652. Methanol Production & Colors.
• Table 653. E-methanol production methods.
• Table 654. Main process steps, key equipment, and operating conditions.
• Table 655.Companies in Methanol Synthesis
• Table 656. eFuel production facilities, current and planned.
• Table 657. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies.
• Table 658. Market challenges for e-fuels.
• Table 659. E-fuels companies.
• Table 660. 3rd Generation Biofuel Production Feedstocks
• Table 661. Biofuel Production Process Using Macroalgae
• Table 662. Biofuel Production Process Using Microalgae / Cyanobacteria.
• Table 663. Open vs Closed Algae Cultivation Systems.
• Table 664. Microalgae Cultivation System Suppliers: Photobioreactors (PBRs) & Ponds.
• Table 665. Algal and Microbial Biofuel Processes & Projects.
• Table 666. Algae-derived biofuel producers.
• Table 667. Green ammonia projects (current and planned).
• Table 668. Blue ammonia projects.
• Table 669. Ammonia fuel cell technologies.
• Table 670. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel.
• Table 671. Summary of marine alternative fuels.
• Table 672. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia.
• Table 673. Main players in green ammonia.
• Table 674. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.
• Table 675. Point source examples.
• Table 676. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.
• Table 677. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC.
• Table 678. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies.
• Table 679. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies.
• Table 680. DAC companies and technologies.
• Table 681. DAC technology developers and production.
• Table 682. DAC projects in development.
• Table 683. Markets for DAC.
• Table 684. Costs summary for DAC.
• Table 685. Cost estimates of DAC.
• Table 686. Challenges for DAC technology.
• Table 687. DAC companies and technologies.
• Table 688. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.
• Table 689. Main production routes and processes for manufacturing fuels from captured carbon dioxide.
• Table 690. CO₂-derived fuels projects.
• Table 691. Thermochemical methods to produce methanol from CO2.
• Table 692. Pilot plants for CO2-to-methanol conversion.
• Table 693. Microalgae products and prices.
• Table 694. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches.
• Table 695. Market challenges for CO2 derived fuels.
• Table 696. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products.
• Table 697. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils.
• Table 698. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil.
• Table 699. Comparison of Pyrolysis Technologies.
• Table 700. Pyrolysis Products & Market Applications.
• Table 701. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels.
• Table 702. Pyrolysis reactor companies.
• Table 703. Markets and applications for bio-oil.
• Table 704. Bio-oil producers.
• Table 705. Key resource recovery technologies
• Table 706. Markets and end uses for refuse-derived fuels (RDF).
• Table 707. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.
• Table 708. Sustainability Index Benchmarking.
• Table 709. Key factors driving adoption of green electronics.
• Table 710. Key circular economy strategies for electronics.
• Table 711. Regulations pertaining to sustainable electronics.
• Table 712. Companies developing bio-based batteries for application in sustainable electronics.
• Table 713. Benefits of Green Electronics Manufacturing
• Table 714. Challenges in adopting Sustainable Electronics manufacturing.
• Table 715. Major chipmakers' renewable energy road maps.
• Table 716. Energy efficiency in sustainable electronics manufacturing.
• Table 717. Recycling and Reuse Initiatives in Sustainable Electronics.
• Table 718. Composition of plastic waste streams.
• Table 719. Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling.
• Table 720. Example chemically recycled plastic products.
• Table 721. Bio-based and non-toxic materials in sustainable electronics.
• Table 722. Key focus areas for enabling greener and ethically responsible electronics supply chains.
• Table 723. Sustainability programs and disclosure from major electronics brands.
• Table 724. PCB manufacturing process.
• Table 725. Challenges in PCB manufacturing.
• Table 726. 3D PCB manufacturing.
• Table 727. Comparison of some sustainable PCB alternatives against conventional options in terms of key performance factors.
• Table 728. Sustainable PCB supply chain.
• Table 729. Key areas where the PCB industry can improve sustainability.
• Table 730. PCB Design Options and Sustainability.
• Table 731. Improving sustainability of PCB design.
• Table 732. PCB design options for sustainability.
• Table 733. Sustainability benefits and challenges associated with 3D printing.
• Table 734. Conductive ink producers.
• Table 735. Green and lead-free solder companies.
• Table 736. Biodegradable substrates for PCBs.
• Table 737. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 738. Application of lignin in composites.
• Table 739. Properties of lignins and their applications.
• Table 740. Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper).
• Table 741. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers for electronics.
• Table 742. Commercially available PHAs.
• Table 743. Main limitations of the FR4 material system used for manufacturing printed circuit boards (PCBs).
• Table 744. Halogen-free FR4 companies.
• Table 745. Bioplastics for PCBs.
• Table 746. Properties of biobased PCBs.
• Table 747. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs.
• Table 748. Sustainability in Patterning and Metallization Processes.
• Table 749. Main patterning and metallization steps in PCB fabrication and sustainable options.
• Table 750. Sustainability issues with conventional metallization processes.
• Table 751. Benefits of print-and-plate.
• Table 752. Sustainable alternative options to standard plating resists used in printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication.
• Table 753. Applications for laser induced forward transfer
• Table 754. Copper versus silver inks in laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) for electronics fabrication.
• Table 755. Approaches for in-situ oxidation prevention.
• Table 756. Market readiness and maturity of different lead-free solders and electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) for electronics manufacturing.
• Table 757. Advantages of green electroless plating.
• Table 758. Sustainability for Patterning and Metallization Materials.
• Table 759. Comparison of component attachment materials.
• Table 760. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards
• Table 761. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs.
• Table 762. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication.
• Table 763. Comparison of curing and reflow processes used for attaching components in electronics assembly.
• Table 764. Low temperature solder alloys.
• Table 765. Thermally sensitive substrate materials.
• Table 766. Limitations of existing IC production.
• Table 767. Strategies for improving sustainability in integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing.
• Table 768. Comparison of oxidation methods and level of sustainability.
• Table 769. Sustainability Index for the Oxidation Processes.
• Table 770. Stage of commercialization for oxides.
• Table 771. Sustainable Oxidation Process Comparison.
• Table 772. Wet and Dry Thermal Oxidation Comparison.
• Table 773. Alternative doping techniques.
• Table 774. Sustainability Index for Patterning.
• Table 775. Sustainability Index for Metallization.
• Table 776. Sustainability Index for Interconnection Techniques.
• Table 777. Organic Substrates.
• Table 778. UPW Specifications and Monitoring Methods.
• Table 779. Water Management Techniques.
• Table 780. UPW Upgrades and Reuse.
• Table 781. Water Management Companies.
• Table 782. Metal content mg / Kg in Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) from waste desktop computers.
• Table 783. Chemical recycling methods for handling electronic waste.
• Table 784. Electrochemical processes for recycling metals from electronic waste
• Table 785. Thermal recycling processes for electronic waste.
• Table 786. Critical Semiconductor Materials and Recycling.
• Table 787. Waste Reduction Techniques.
• Table 788. Global PCB revenues 2018-2036 (billions USD), by substrate types.
• Table 789. Global sustainable PCB revenues 2018-2036, by type (millions USD).
• Table 790. Global sustainable ICs revenues 2018-2036, by type (millions USD).
• Table 791. Summary of major data center sustainability regulations by region, 2023–2026
• Table 792. Sustainability metrics at a glance (PUE, WUE, CUE, ERF, REF, SCI)
• Table 793. Forecast summary: power, electricity, CO₂, cooling, 800 VDC, SMRs, CDR, green steel
• Table 794. Oji Holdings CNF products.
• Table 795. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by types, 2018-2036 (millions USD).
• Table 796. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by market, 2018-2036 (millions USD).

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Global production of biobased fructose, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Figure 2. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.
• Figure 3. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.
• Figure 4. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins.
• Figure 5. The lignocellulose biorefinery.
• Figure 6. Lignosulfonates SWOT analysis.
• Figure 7. Kraft lignin SWOT analysis.
• Figure 8. Soda lignin SWOT analysis.
• Figure 9. Biorefinery lignin SWOT analysis.
• Figure 10. Organosolv lignin SWOT analysis.
• Figure 11. Hydrolytic lignin SWOT analysis.
• Figure 12. Consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).
• Figure 13. Revenues from lignin, by type, 2019-2037 (US$ million).
• Figure 14. Global grade-mix evolution, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).
• Figure 15. Consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).
• Figure 16. Revenues from lignin, by market, 2019-2037 (US$ million).
• Figure 17. Roof frame made of natural fiber.
• Figure 18. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.
• Figure 19. Kami Shoji CNF products.
• Figure 20. Dual Graft System.
• Figure 21. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.
• Figure 22. Types of natural fibers.
• Figure 23. Luffa cylindrica fiber.
• Figure 24. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials.
• Figure 25. Celish.
• Figure 26. Kami Shoji CNF products.
• Figure 27. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by materials type, 2020-2036 (millions USD).
• Figure 28. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by market, 2020-2036 (millions USD).
• Figure 29. Lignin-based aerogels.
• Figure 30. Lignin-based aerogels.
• Figure 31. Fabrication routes for starch-based aerogels.
• Figure 32. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process.
• Figure 33. Global packaging market by material type.
• Figure 34. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Materials, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 35. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Materials, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
• Figure 36. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Product Type, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 37. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Product Type, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
• Figure 38. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by End-Use Market, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 39. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by End-Use Market, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
• Figure 40. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Region, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 41. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Region, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
• Figure 42. The Global Market for Sustainable Flexible Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (’000 tonnes)
• Figure 43. The Global Market for Sustainable Flexible Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (Millions USD)
• Figure 44. The Global Market for Sustainable Rigid Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (’000 tonnes)
• Figure 45. The Global Market for Sustainable Rigid Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (Millions USD)
• Figure 46. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.
• Figure 47. SWOT analysis for Plant-based leather.
• Figure 48. SWOT analysis for Mycelium leather.
• Figure 49. SWOT analysis for Microbial leather.
• Figure 50. SWOT analysis for Lab Grown leather.
• Figure 51. SWOT analysis for bio-based leathers.
• Figure 52. Global revenues for bio-based leather by region, 2018-2036 (millions USD).
• Figure 53. Global revenues for bio-based leather by end use market, 2018-2036 (millions USD).
• Figure 54. Paints and coatings industry by market segmentation 2023.
• Figure 55. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials.
• Figure 56. Global market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD).
• Figure 57. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD), conservative estimate.
• Figure 58. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD), high estimate.
• Figure 59. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2024.
• Figure 60. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2023.
• Figure 61. SWOT analysis for biofuels.
• Figure 62. SWOT analysis for energy crops in biofuels.
• Figure 63. SWOT analysis for agricultural residues in biofuels.
• Figure 64. SWOT analysis for Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste in biofuels.
• Figure 65. SWOT analysis for forestry and wood waste in biofuels.
• Figure 66. Range of biomass cost by feedstock type.
• Figure 67. SWOT analysis for biodiesel.
• Figure 68. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre, 2012-2024.
• Figure 69. Global biodiesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).
• Figure 70. SWOT analysis for renewable diesel.
• Figure 71. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).
• Figure 72. SWOT analysis for Sustainable aviation fuel.
• Figure 73. Global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Production and Consumption 2019-2036 (Million litres/year).
• Figure 74. SWOT analysis for bio-naphtha.
• Figure 75. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2036 (tonnes).
• Figure 76. SWOT analysis biomethanol.
• Figure 77. SWOT analysis for ethanol.
• Figure 78. Ethanol consumption 2020-2036 (million litres).
• Figure 79. SWOT analysis for biogas.
• Figure 80. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2023.
• Figure 81. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen.
• Figure 82. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2023.
• Figure 83. SWOT analysis for chemical recycling of biofuels.
• Figure 84. SWOT analysis for E-fuels.
• Figure 85. SWOT analysis for algae-derived biofuels.
• Figure 86. SWOT analysis for green ammonia.
• Figure 87. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons to 2050.
• Figure 88. SWOT analysis for biofuels from carbon capture.
• Figure 89. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities.
• Figure 90. SWOT analysis: CO2 utilization in fuels.
• Figure 91. SWOT analysis for bio-oils.
• Figure 92. Sustainable supply chain for electronics.
• Figure 93. Global PCB revenues 2018-2036 (billions USD), by substrate types.
• Figure 94. Global sustainable PCB revenues 2018-2036, by type (millions USD).
• Figure 95. Global sustainable ICs revenues 2018-2036, by type (millions USD).
• Figure 96. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by types, 2018-2036 (millions USD).
• Figure 97. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by market, 2018-2036 (millions USD).