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化學品

市場調查報告書

商品編碼

2128784

全球永續化工原料市場（2027-2035 年）

The Global Market for Sustainable Chemical Feedstocks 2027-2035

出版日期: 2026年09月10日 | 出版商:

Future Markets, Inc. | 英文 812 Pages, 470 Tables, 135 Figures | 訂單完成後即時交付

價格

簡介目錄圖表

化學工業的原料基礎正經歷一場類似20世紀中期從煤炭到石油的轉型。這次，驅動力並非更廉價的碳源，而是更乾淨的碳源。該產業約三分之二的碳足跡並非來自能源，而是原料本身所含的碳，而這些原料最終會轉化為塑膠、纖維、溶劑、化肥和藥品。再生能源無法去除這些碳；只有改變碳源才能實現這一目標。目前，有六大類原料競相取代石油腦油和天然氣。生質能可以提供醣類、油脂和木質纖維素。捕獲的二氧化碳可以轉化為燃料、聚合物和建築材料。廢棄塑膠可以分解成單體和裂解原料。都市垃圾、農業殘渣和工業殘渣可以有效轉化為化學產品，而不是被送到掩埋。爐渣和尾礦等工業產品也具有可回收價值。再生氫能提供氨、甲醇以及構成所有二氧化碳加氫途徑基礎的試劑。

這些原料不能互換。它們在污染物組成、轉化反應、資本密集度和商業化成熟度方面各不相同，早期原料策略中最常見的錯誤就是將它們視為單一類別。有些原料可以直接取代，無需改變下游過程，但受限於供應量。另一些原料則具有開拓更大市場的潛力，但這需要全新的反應平台、氫氣採購和電力籌資策略。

限制因素很少是科學性的。永續原料是需求量大的資源。例如，同樣的廢棄脂質用於再生柴油、航空燃料和油脂化學品，而受監管的燃料需求通常會推高競標價格，使其高於化學品需求。減少二氧化碳排放的轉換路線受能源成本驅動，而非分子價格。由於廢棄物衍生的原料成分複雜，成本集中在精煉過程而非反應器。資本成本遠高於傳統石油化學產品，而且由於「首批風險」，資金籌措成本仍然很高。

改變的是成本曲線的走向。化石燃料的經濟效益取決於成熟且已完全折舊免稅額的系統，並隨著原油和碳價格的上漲而上升。另一方面，永續原料的經濟效益取決於仍在發展中的供應鏈，並隨著產量、經驗累積和規模的擴大而下降。儘管碳價格、再生原料含量以及品牌所有者的舉措推動需求，但物料平衡認證使得在無需投資新資產的情況下，將再生碳納入通用產品供應鏈成為可能。這種轉變不再是單一的全球事件，而是一系列在區域和產品層面發生的事件。

《全球永續化學原料市場（2027-2035）》報告全面評估了化學工業從石油腦油和天然氣向生質能、二氧化碳捕集、廢棄物、再生塑膠、工業產品和再生氫的轉型。報告涵蓋了原料本身、將其轉化為可用化學品的轉化技術以及由此產生的下游市場重組。報告還探討了生質能的分類和預處理、二氧化碳捕集和轉化途徑、透過熱解、氣化、溶解和解聚等方式進行的化學品回收、水電解和電解槽的技術檢驗、生物生物煉製和工業生物技術、先進觸媒技術和生物催化、合成生物學和代謝工程、綠色溶劑、廢棄物評估以及關鍵材料的回收利用。

除了技術之外，本報告也探討了影響技術應用的商業性環境。具體而言，這包括綠色化學的原則和永續性指標、生命週期評估、監管環境和碳定價趨勢、能源效率和再生能源整合、與傳統替代方案的成本競爭力、投資趨勢，以及伴隨此轉型而出現的循環經營模式。

詳細分析了 13個下游市場，涵蓋聚合物和材料、農業、建築、包裝、化妝品和個人護理、油漆和塗料、電子產品、紡織品、燃料和潤滑油、製藥、積層製造以及人工智慧和量子化學在化學設計中的應用。

本分析基於廣泛的公司調查，涵蓋了價值鏈上2000多家機構的產品和技術說明，從成熟的化工巨頭到處於早期階段的技術研發公司均有包括。每家公司的網站連結均可直接存取，以了解更多詳情。報告全文包含預測資料、實用化評估和產能資料，並對限制商業發展的障礙進行了評估，例如原料供應、競爭、煉油成本、資本密集度以及監管變化的速度。

本報告目的是為評估原料策略的化學製造商、評估該行業的投資者、尋求了解市場趨勢的技術開發商以及致力於確保再生和回收原料的公司的永續發展和採購團隊提供參考。

報告包含以下資訊：

1.執行摘要 - 促進因素和趨勢、產業排放概況、消費者和監管壓力、碳排放稅、成本結構以及市場轉型
2.原料 - 生質能的種類和組成、預處理和轉化、木質纖維素和非木質纖維素原料、藻類、能源作物、二氧化碳作為碳源、廢棄物評估、再生氫以及各行業的原料轉化途徑。
3.綠色化學的原理與應用 - 12項原則、原子與製程經濟學、綠色溶劑、催化劑與生物催化劑、綠色指標與生命週期評估及原料特定方法
4.化學工業中的循環經濟 - 設計需考慮循環性、熱解、氣化、溶解、解聚、依類別分類的化學品回收、工廠處理能力、增值回收和循環經營模式
5.化學過程電氣化 - 再生能源在生產上的應用、電化學和電有機合成、二氧化碳還原、固氮、等離子體和微波化學、電轉X
6.化工領域的數位化與工業4.0 - 巨量資料與分析、人工智慧與機器學習應用、數位孿生、基於區塊鏈的可追溯性、網路安全
7.先進製造技術 - 連續流化學、微反應器和製程改進、模組化和分散式製造、化學品3D列印、先進製程控制
8.生物煉製與工業生物技術 - 生物煉製：概念與組成、木質纖維素和藻類的處理、上游和下游生物技術、規模化生產及分析方法
9.二氧化碳利用技術 - 捕集技術、轉化途徑、經營模式、二氧化碳衍生燃料、化學品、聚合物和建築材料、提高採收率（EOR）、礦化
10.永續化學領域的高級催化劑 - 生物催化劑的類型、蛋白質工程、工業酵素應用、生產方法和新興設計技術
11.合成生物學與代謝工程 - 代謝工程、DNA合成與組裝、基因組工程、菌株建構、宿主生物、合成生物學原料
12.綠色溶劑和替代反應介質 - 生物基溶劑、可切換溶劑、深共熔溶劑流體、無溶劑方法和機械化學、選擇框架
13.廢棄物的有效利用和資源回收 - 利用市政和農業廢棄物稀土元素、從污水中回收資源、採礦廢棄物
14.能源效率與再生能源整合 - 效率措施、熱回收與夾點分析、再生能源來源、儲能、熱電聯產、工業共生
15.安全性和永續性評估 - 綠色化學指標、生命週期評估（LCA）、設計階段的安全保證、風險評估、環境影響評估、社會和倫理考量
16.監管與政策 - 化學物質監管的演變、環境政策的獎勵和激勵措施、新興技術監管的挑戰以及國際協調
17.市場與產品 - 13個下游市場的詳細分析：永續材料與聚合物、農業化學品、建築材料、包裝、化妝品與個人護理、油漆與塗料、電子產品、紡織品及紡織品、替代燃料與潤滑劑、醫藥與醫療保健、3D列印先進材料、人工智慧在化學設計中的應用以及量子化學的應用
18.經濟面向和經營模式 - 技術成本競爭力、投資趨勢、循環經濟中的經營模式和商業性案例研究
19.未來展望與新趨勢 - 生物技術、奈米技術與資訊科技的融合；量子運算；太空製造；人工光合作用；以及利用人工智慧進行的研究與開發
20.附錄與參考文獻 - 補充參考文獻和完整資料列表

本報告中提及的公司包括：1point8、1QBit、3Bar Biologics、3D Systems、3M、3R-BioPhosphate、44.01、4R Energy Corporation、525 Solutions, Inc、8Rivers、9Fiber, Inc、Aamati Green Pvt Ltd、Aanika Biosciences、ABIS Aerogel Co., Ltd、Absci Corp、Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC)、Accelegrow、Accurec Recycling GmbH、ACE Green Recycling、Active Aerogels、Adaptavate、Adaptive Biotechnologies、Adaptive Symbiotic Technologies、ADBioplastics、Adionics、Adjuvants Plus、ADRIANO DI MARTI、Adriano di Marti/Desserto、Adsorbi、Aduro Clean Technologies、Aduro Clean Technologies, Inc、Advanced Biochemical (Thailand) Co., Ltd、Advanced Biochemical (Thailand) Co., Ltd (ABT)、Aekyung Chemical Co., Ltd、Aemetis, Inc、AEP Polymers、Aerobel BV、Aerofybers Technologies SL、Aerogel Technologies LLC、aerogel-it GmbH、Aeropowder Limited、Aeternal Upcycling、AFINGEN、Again、Again Bio、AgBiome、AGFA-Gevaert、Agilyx、Agilyx/ ExxonMobil、AGITEC International AG、Agra Energy、Agragene、AGRANA Staerke GmbH、AGRI SMILE、Agrinos、AgriSea NZ Seaweed Ltd、Agrivida、Agrobiomics、AgroSpheres、AgroSustain SA、AGvisorPRO、Ahlstrom-Munksjo Oyj、AI Proteins、AIM Solder、Air Company、Air Liquide S.A、Air Products、Air Products and Chemicals Inc、Air Protein、Air Quality Solutions Worldwide DAC、Aircela Inc、Airco Process Technology、Airex Energy、AirHive、Airovation Technologies、Aizawa Concrete Corporation、Akorn Technology、Akzo Nobel N.V、Albemarle、Alberdingk Boley、Alberdingk Boley GmbH、Alberta Innovates、Alberta Innovates/Innotech Materials, LLC、Alchemy GmbH (Alcemy)、Alfa Kimya S.A、Algaeing、Algal Bio Co., Ltd、Algenesis Corporation、Algenol、Algiecel、Algiecel ApS、AlgiKnit、Algix LLC、Algorithmiq、AlixLabs AB、Allnex、allnex GmbH、Allonnia LLC、Allozymes、AlmaScience、Alpha Assembly Solutions、Alpha Biofuels (Singapore) Pte Ltd、Alpha Recyclage Composites、Alt.Leather、Altana AG (Heliosonic GmbH)、Alter Eco Pulp、Alterpacks、Alterra Energy、Altilium、Alto Neuroscience、Altropol Kunststoff GmbH、AM Green、Amano Enzyme Inc、Amatera、Ambercycle、American Battery Technology Company (ABTC)、Amfora、Amgen、AmicaTerra、AmphiStar、Amply Discovery、Amroy Europe、AMSilk GmbH、Amyris、Amyris, Inc、An Phat Bioplastics、Anacarda ltd、Ananas Anam、Ananas Anam Ltd、Andermatt Biocontrol、Andes Ag, Inc、ANDRITZ AG、Andritz Oy、Anellotech、Anellotech, Inc、Anhua Taisen、Anhui Oursun Resource Technology、Ankor Bioplastics Co., Ltd、Anomera Inc、ANP、ANPOLY, Inc、Anqing He Xing Chemical Co., Ltd、Antheia、Anuvia、APChemi、APChemi Pvt. Ltd、Apeel Sciences、Apeiron Bioenergy、Aperam BioEnergia、ApexQubit、Aphea.Bio、APK AG、Applied Bioplastics、Applied Graphene Materials、Applied Ink Solutions、Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA)、Aqemia、Aqua Metals, Inc、Aquafil、Aquafil S.p.A、Aqualung Carbon Capture、Aquapak Polymers Ltd、Aralez Bio、Arborea、Arca、Arcadia Biosciences、Arcadia eFuels、ArcelorMittal SA、Archer Daniel Midland Company (ADM)、Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM)、Archroma、Arctic Biomaterials Oy、ARCUS Greencycling、Arda Biomaterials、Ardra Bio、Arekapak GmbH、Arjowiggins Group、Arkema、Arkema S.A、Arkeon、Arkeon Biotechnologies、Arlanxeo、Armacell International S.A、Arrow Greentech、Arysta LifeScience、Arzeda、Arzeda Corp、Asahi Kasei、Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation、Asahi Kasei Corporation、ASB Biodiesel Limited、Ascend Elements、Ascribe Bioscience、Asfert Global、Asimov、Aspen Aerogels, Inc、AspiraDAC Pty Ltd、Aspiring Materials、AstraZeneca、Atantares、Athos Therapeutics、Atlantica Agricola、Atmonia、Atoco、Atomwise、Atos Quantum、Attero、Attis Innovations, LLC、Audi、Aurigene Pharmaceutical Services、Autolus、AVA Biochem AG、Avalon BioEnergy、Avani Eco、Avantium、Avantium B.V、Avantium N.V、Avicenna Biosciences、Avient Corporation、Avioxx、Avnos Inc、Axalta、Axcelon Biopolymers Corporation、Axens、Axens SA、Axens/Borealis、Ayas Renewables Inc、Aymium、Azolla、Azotic Technologies、Azul Energy、B-PREG、BacTech Environmental Corporation、Balena、Ballance Agri-Nutrients、Ballard Power Systems、Balrampur Chini Mills、Bando Chemical、BANIQL、Baril Coatings B.V、BarkTex、Barton Blakeley Technologies Ltd、Basecamp Research、BASF、BASF 3D Printing Solutions、BASF SE、Basilisk、Battery Pollution Technologies、Batx Energies Private Limited、Bayer CropScience、BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid Co., Ltd、BC Biocarbon、Bcircular、BDI-BioEnergy International GmbH、BEE Biofuel、Bee Vectoring Technologies、BeFC、Benefuel Inc、BenevolentAI、Benson Hill、Berkeley Energia、Betolar、Beyond Leather Materials ApS、BHP、BigHat Biosciences、BigSis、Bio Fab NZ、BIO-FED、BIO-LUTIONS International AG、Bio-Oils、Bio2Coat、Bio2Materials Sp. z o.o、BioAge Labs、Biobest、BioBetter、BioBTX、Biocatalysts Ltd、Bioceres Crop Solutions、BioConsortia、Bioelements Group、Bioenergy 2020+ -、Bioeutectics、Bioextrax、Bioextrax AB、Biofabrik Technologies、Biofabrik Technologies GmbH、Biofibre GmbH、Biofine Technology, LLC、Bioform Technologies、Biofy、BiogasClean A/S、Biohm、Biojet AS、Biokemik、Bioleather、Biolevel、Biolexis Therapeutics、Bioline AgroSciences、BioLNG Eurohub、BIOLO、BioLogiQ, Inc、BioMap、Biomason, Inc、Biomass Resin Holdings Co., Ltd、Biomatter Designs、Biome Bioplastics、Biome Makers、Biomemory、Bionema、BioPak (Australia)、BioPhero、Biophilica、BioPhy、Bioplastech Ltd、Bioptimus SAS、BioSmart Nano、Biosyntia、Biotalys、BIOTEC GmbH & Co. KG、Biotecam、Biotelliga、Biotic Circular Technologies Ltd、Biotrem、Biovox GmbH、Bioweg、BioZeroc、bit.bio、Blastr Green Steel、Blest、BlockTexx Pty Ltd、Bloom Biorenewables SA、BluCon Biotech GmbH、Blue BioFuels, Inc、Blue Cycle、Blue Goose Bioref ineries、Blue Ocean Closures、Blue Planet、Blue Planet Systems Corporation、BlueAlp Technology、Bluepha Beijing Lanjing Microbiology Technology Co., Ltd、Blueshift Materials, Inc、BMW、Bolt Threads、Bolt Threads, Inc、Bon Vivant、Bontera、Boreal Bioproducts、Borealis、Borealis (Austria)、Borealis AG、Borregaard、Borregaard Chemcell、Bosk Bioproducts Inc、Boston Materials、Boston Metal、Botanical Solutions、BotanoCap、Botree Cycling、Bowil Biotech Sp. z o.o、Brasil BioFuels、Braskem SA、Braven Environmental、Braven Environmental, LLC、Brazilian Nickel PLC、Brewer Science、Brightmark、Brightmark Energy、Brightplus Oy、Brightseed、Brilliant Planet、Brimstone、British Airways Shell Velocys、Brotherton Seed Company、bse Methanol GmbH、BTG Bioliquids B.V、BTG-BTL、Bucha Bio、Bucha Bio, Inc、Burgo Group S.p.A、Business Innovation Partners Co., Ltd、ByFusion Global Inc、BYK-Chemie GmbH、Byogy Renewables, Inc、C-Zero Inc、C1 Green Chemicals AG、C16 Biosciences、C2CNT LLC、C2CNT LLC/Capital Power、C3Nano、C4X Technologies Inc、CABIO Biotech (Wuhan) Co, Ltd、Cabot Corporation、Cadel Deinking、California Cultured、California Safe Soil、Callfax、Calysta、Calyxia、Calyxt、Cambridge Carbon Capture Ltd、Cambridge Quantum Computing、Cambrium GmbH、Camena Bioscience、Camurus、CapaTec Inc、Caphenia GmbH、Capra Biosciences、CARAPAC Company、CarbiCrete、CarbiCrete (Canada)、Carbiolice、Carbios、Carboclave、Carboliq、Carbon Collect Limited、Carbon Crusher、Carbon Engineering、Carbon Engineering Ltd、Carbon Fiber Recycling、Carbon Infinity Limited、Carbon Limit、Carbon Re、Carbon Recycling International、Carbon Sink、Carbon Sink LLC、Carbon Upcycling Technologies、Carbon8、Carbon8 Systems、Carbonade、Carbonaide Oy、CarbonBridge、CarbonBuilt、CarbonCure Technologies、CarbonCure Technologies (Canada)、CarbonCure Technologies, Inc、Carbonfree Chemicals、Carbonova、Carbonwave、Carbstone Innovation NV (Belgium)、Carbyon BV、Cardia Bioplastics Ltd、Cardolite、Carester、Cargill、Cargill Corporation、Cargill, Incorporated、Cascade Biocatalysts、Cascade Biocatalysts, Inc、Cass Materials Pty Ltd、Cassandra Oil、Cassandra Oil AB、Casterra Ag Ltd、Catalent、Catalyxx、Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd、Cathy Biotech Inc、CATL、Cauldron、Ceibo、Celanese Corporation、Cellana、Cellicon B.V、Cellucomp、Cellucomp Ltd、CelluForce、Celluforce, Inc、Cellugy、Cellutech AB、Cellutech AB (Stora Enso)、Celtic Renewables Ltd、Celus GmbH、CemVision AB、Cemvita Factory、Cemvita Factory Inc、Century Health Technology, Inc、Ceradis、Cereal Process Technologies (CPT)、CERT Systems, Inc、Certis USA、CF Industries、CF Industries Holdings, Inc、CH-Bioforce Oy、ChainCraft、Charm Industrial、Checkerspot、Checkerspot, Inc、Cheetah Resources、ChemCubed、Chemical Process Services Ltd. (Bitrez)、Chemkey Advanced Materials Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd、Chemol Company (Seydel)、Chempolis Oy、Chevron Phillips Chemical、China Baowu Steel Group、China Tianying、China Tianying Inc、Chinova Bioworks、Chitose Bio Evolution Pte Ltd、Chongqing Bofei Biochemical Products Co., Ltd、Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd、CIMV、CinderBio、CINIS Fertilizer、Cirba Solutions、CIRC、Circa Group、Circa Group AS、Circe、Circla Nordic、Circu Li-ion、Circular Industries、Circular Systems、Circunomics、CJ Biomaterials, Inc、Clariant AG、Clariter、Clariter ZA、Clean Energy Fuels、Clean Food Group、Clean Planet Energy、CleanJoule、CleanTech Lithium、Climeworks、CMS Technology、CNF Biofuel AS、CO2CirculAir、Coastgrass ApS、Codagenix、Codexis、COFCO Cooperation Ltd、Colipi、colorFabb、Colorifix、Colossal Biosciences、Conagen、Concentric Agriculture、Concord Blue Engineering、Concrene Limited、Concretene、CondAlign AS、Constructive Bio、Cool Planet Energy Systems、Copprint、Corbion、Corbion N.V、Corium Biotech、Corsair Group、Corsair Group International、Cortec、Cortec Corporation、Corteva、Corumat, Inc、Cosun Beet Company、Coval Energy、Coval Energy B.V、Covestro、Covestro AG、Cquestr8、Cradle、CreaCycle、CreaFill Fibers Corporation、Creative Materials、Crimson Renewable Energy LLC、Cristal Union Group、Croda、Croda International plc、Croft、Cruz Foam、Cryo Pur、CuanTec Ltd、CuRe Technology、Cyclic Materials、Cyclize、Cylib、Cysbio、D-CRBN、Daesang、Daicel Corporation、Daicel Polymer Ltd、DaikyoNishikawa Corporation、Daily Polymer、Daio Paper Corporation、Daishowa Paper Products Co. Ltd、Daito Kasei Kogyo Co、DAK Americas LLC、Danimer Scientific、Danimer Scientific LLC、Debut Biotechnology、Deep Branch Biotechnology、Deep Genomics、Deepcell、DeepCure、DeepTech Recycling、Demetrix、DENSO Corporation、DePoly、Design Therapeutics、Diagonal Therapeutics、Diamond Green Diesel LLC、DIC Corporation、DIC Products, Inc、Diffuse Bio、Dimensional Energy、Dioxide Materials、Dioxycle、Dispersa、DisSolves、DKS Co. Ltd、DMAT、DNA Script、Domsjo Fabriker AB、Domtar、Domtar Paper Company LLC、Dongjin Semichem、Dongnam Realize、Dongying Hebang Chemical Corp、Dow、Dow Chemical、Dow Chemical Company、Dow Chemicals、Dow Inc、Dowa Eco-System Co、DP Patterning AB、DSM、DSM Additive Manufacturing、DuFor Resins B.V、Dundee Sustainable Technologies、DuPont、DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products Co., LLC、DuPont Tate & Lyle, LLC、Dycotec、DyeRecycle、Dyno Nobel、E2IP、E3 Metals、Earli、Earth Recycle Co., Ltd、EarthForm、Earthodic Pty Ltd、Eastman、Eastman Chemical Company、Eastman Chemical Ltd. Corporation、Eckart、ECO Environmental、Eco Fuel Technology、Eco Fuel Technology, Inc、Eco Safety Products、Ecoat、Ecoat S.A.S、eCobalt Solutions、Ecobat、EcoCeres, Inc、Ecolibrium Biologicals、ecoLocked、ecoLocked GmbH、Ecomann Biotechnology Co., Ltd、Econic、Econic Technologies、Econili Battery、Ecopek、Ecopel、EcoPro、Ecoshell、Ecospray、Ruhe group and Agrarvereinigung eG Darchau、EcoSynthetix, Inc、Ecovative Design LLC、Ecovia Renewables、Eden Brew、Eden Innovations LLC、EdenShield、Eeden、EG Group、EggPlant Srl、Ehime Paper Manufacturing Co. Ltd、Ekosolve、Elantas等。

代謝工程
遺傳和DNA合成
基因合成與組裝
基因組工程
蛋白質/酵素工程
合成基因組學
應變建構與最佳化
智慧生物製程
框架基底生物體
仿生技術
永續材料
機器人與自動化
生物資訊學和計算工具
異質生物學和擴展遺傳字母表
生物感測器和生物電子學
原料

第12章綠色溶劑與替代反應介質

生物基溶劑
可切換溶劑
深共熔溶劑（DES）
超臨界流體在工業應用上的應用
無溶劑反應和機械化學
溶劑選擇工具和框架
公司

第13章廢棄物有效利用與資源回收

從都市固態廢棄物到化學產品
有效廢棄物農業和食品廢棄物
重要物質萃取技術
污水處理和資源回收
有效利用採礦廢棄物
公司

第14章能源效率與再生能源的整合

化工廠的能源效率措施
熱回收與夾點分析
化學製造中的再生能源來源
流程產業的儲能技術
熱電聯產（CHP）系統
工業共生與能源一體化

第15章安全性與永續性評估

綠色化學指標與永續性指標
化學過程的生命週期評估（LCA）
從設計階段開始確保安全的原則
新化學技術中的風險評估與管理
環境影響評估
新時代化學中的社會與倫理考量

第16章規章與政策

全球化學品法規及其演變
促進永續化學的環境政策
綠色化學的獎勵與支持機制
新興技術監管面臨的挑戰
促進國際合作與和諧的努力

第17章市場與產品

永續材料和聚合物
永續農業化學品
永續建材
永續包裝
綠色化妝品和個人護理
生物基環保塗料
綠色電子
永續紡織品
替代燃料和潤滑油
綠色製藥和醫療保健
用於 3D 列印的先進材料
化學設計中的人工智慧
量子化學的應用

第18章經濟方面與經營模式

永續化學技術的成本競爭力
綠色化學領域的投資趨勢
循環經濟中的新經營模式
市場動態與消費者偏好
知識產權考量
案例研究

第19章未來展望與新趨勢

生物技術、奈米技術與資訊科技的融合
量子計算在化學研發的應用
在外太空製造化學品
人工光合作用和太陽能燃料
個性化按需化學品製造
化學在實現淨零排放中的作用
循環經濟解決方案
人工智慧和數位化帶來的影響
量子化學的前景

第20章附錄

參考

簡介目錄圖表

The chemical industry is undergoing a change in its raw material base comparable to the shift from coal to oil in the mid-twentieth century. This time the driver is not a cheaper carbon source but a cleaner one. Roughly two-thirds of the sector's carbon footprint is not energy at all: it is the carbon embedded in the feedstock itself, which ends up in plastics, fibres, solvents, fertilisers and pharmaceuticals. Renewable electricity cannot remove that carbon. Only changing where the carbon comes from can. Six feedstock classes are competing to displace petroleum naphtha and natural gas. Biomass supplies sugars, oils and lignocellulose. Captured carbon dioxide can be converted into fuels, polymers and construction materials. Waste plastics can be broken back down to monomers or cracker feed. Municipal, agricultural and industrial residues can be valorised into chemicals rather than landfilled. Industrial by-products such as slags and tailings carry recoverable value. Renewable hydrogen supplies the reagent on which ammonia, methanol and every carbon dioxide hydrogenation route depends.

These are not interchangeable. They differ in contaminant profile, conversion chemistry, capital intensity and commercial readiness, and the most common error in early-stage feedstock strategy is to treat them as a single category. Some are drop-in substitutes requiring no downstream change but constrained by supply. Others open far larger markets but demand an entirely new reaction platform, a hydrogen obligation and a power purchase strategy.

The binding constraints are rarely scientific. Sustainable feedstocks are contested resources: the same waste lipids serve renewable diesel, aviation fuel and oleochemicals, and mandate-backed fuel demand generally outbids chemical demand. Conversion routes that reduce carbon dioxide are governed by the cost of energy rather than the price of the molecule. Waste-derived streams are heterogeneous, so purification rather than the reactor is where cost concentrates. Capital costs run well above conventional petrochemical equivalents, and first-of-a-kind risk keeps financing expensive.

What is changing is the direction of the cost curves. Fossil feedstock economics are set by a mature, fully depreciated system and rise with crude prices and carbon pricing. Sustainable feedstock economics are set by young supply chains and fall with volume, learning and scale. Carbon pricing, renewable content mandates and brand-owner commitments are pulling demand forward, while mass-balance certification is allowing renewable carbon into commodity chains without new assets. The crossover is no longer a single global event but a series of regional, product-specific ones.

The Global Market for Sustainable Chemical Feedstocks 2027-2035 is a comprehensive assessment of the transition of the chemical industry away from petroleum naphtha and natural gas towards biomass, captured carbon dioxide, waste streams, recycled plastics, industrial by-products and renewable hydrogen. The report covers the feedstocks themselves, the conversion technologies that turn them into usable chemicals, and the downstream markets being reshaped as a result. It examines biomass classification and pretreatment, carbon dioxide capture and conversion pathways, chemical recycling by pyrolysis, gasification, dissolution and depolymerisation, water electrolysis and the electrolyser technology base, biorefining and industrial biotechnology, advanced catalysis and biocatalysis, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, green solvents, waste valorisation and critical material recovery.

Alongside the technology, the report addresses the commercial environment that determines deployment: green chemistry principles and sustainability metrics, life cycle assessment, the regulatory and carbon pricing landscape, energy efficiency and renewable integration, cost competitiveness against conventional alternatives, investment trends, and the circular business models emerging around the transition.

Thirteen downstream markets are analysed in detail, spanning polymers and materials, agriculture, construction, packaging, cosmetics and personal care, paints and coatings, electronics, textiles, fuels and lubricants, pharmaceuticals, additive manufacturing, and the application of artificial intelligence and quantum chemistry to chemical design.

The analysis is supported by extensive company coverage, with product and technology descriptions for more than two thousand organisations across the value chain, from established chemical majors to early-stage technology developers, each with its website for direct follow-up. Forecasts, technology readiness assessments and capacity data are provided throughout, together with an evaluation of the barriers that continue to constrain commercial deployment, including feedstock availability and competition, purification costs, capital intensity and the pace of regulatory change.

The report is intended for chemical producers evaluating feedstock strategy, investors assessing the sector, technology developers seeking market context, and corporate sustainability and procurement teams working to secure renewable and recycled content.

Report contents include:

1. Executive Summary - Drivers and trends, emissions profile of the sector, consumer and regulatory pressure, carbon taxation, cost structure, and the markets being transformed
2. Feedstocks - Biomass types and composition, pretreatment and conversion, lignocellulosic and non-lignocellulosic sources, algae, energy crops, CO2 as a carbon source, waste valorisation, renewable hydrogen, and feedstock transition pathways by sector
3. Green Chemistry Principles and Applications - The twelve principles, atom and step economy, green solvents, catalysis and biocatalysis, green metrics and life cycle assessment, feedstock-specific approaches
4. Circular Economy in the Chemical Industry - Design for circularity, chemical recycling by pyrolysis, gasification, dissolution and depolymerisation, plant capacities, upcycling, circular business models
5. Electrification of Chemical Processes - Renewable electricity in production, electrochemical and electroorganic synthesis, CO2 reduction, nitrogen fixation, plasma and microwave chemistry, Power-to-X
6. Digitalization and Industry 4.0 in Chemistry - Big data and analytics, AI and machine learning applications, digital twins, blockchain traceability, cybersecurity
7. Advanced Manufacturing Technologies - Continuous flow chemistry, microreactors and process intensification, modular and distributed manufacturing, 3D printing of chemicals, advanced process control
8. Biorefining and Industrial Biotechnology - Biorefinery concepts and configurations, lignocellulosic and algal processing, upstream and downstream bioprocessing, scale-up, analytical methods
9. CO2 Utilization Technologies - Capture technologies, conversion pathways, business models, CO2-derived fuels, chemicals, polymers and construction materials, enhanced oil recovery, mineralisation
10. Advanced Catalysts for Sustainable Chemistry - Biocatalyst types, protein engineering, industrial enzyme applications, production methods, emerging design technologies
11. Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering - Metabolic engineering, DNA synthesis and assembly, genome engineering, strain construction, chassis organisms, feedstocks for synthetic biology
12. Green Solvents and Alternative Reaction Media - Bio-based, switchable and deep eutectic solvents, supercritical fluids, solvent-free routes and mechanochemistry, selection frameworks
13. Waste Valorization and Resource Recovery - Municipal and agricultural waste to chemicals, critical material extraction, battery and rare-earth recovery, wastewater resource recovery, mining waste
14. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Integration - Efficiency measures, heat recovery and pinch analysis, renewable sources, energy storage, combined heat and power, industrial symbiosis
15. Safety and Sustainability Assessment - Green chemistry metrics, life cycle assessment, safety by design, risk assessment, environmental impact assessment, social and ethical considerations
16. Regulations and Policy - Evolution of chemical regulation, environmental policy drivers, incentives, challenges in regulating emerging technologies, international harmonisation
17. Markets and Products - Thirteen downstream markets analysed in full: sustainable materials and polymers; agriculture chemicals; construction materials; packaging; cosmetics and personal care; paints and coatings; electronics; textiles and fibres; alternative fuels and lubricants; pharmaceuticals and healthcare; advanced materials for 3D printing; AI in chemical design; quantum chemistry applications
18. Economic Aspects and Business Models - Cost competitiveness by technology, investment trends, circular economy business models, commercial case studies
19. Future Outlook and Emerging Trends - Convergence of bio, nano and information technologies, quantum computing, space-based manufacturing, artificial photosynthesis, AI-driven R&D
20. Appendices and References - Supporting reference material and full source list

Companies mentioned in this report include 1point8, 1QBit, 3Bar Biologics, 3D Systems, 3M, 3R-BioPhosphate, 44.01, 4R Energy Corporation, 525 Solutions, Inc, 8Rivers, 9Fiber, Inc, Aamati Green Pvt Ltd, Aanika Biosciences, ABIS Aerogel Co., Ltd, Absci Corp, Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), Accelegrow, Accurec Recycling GmbH, ACE Green Recycling, Active Aerogels, Adaptavate, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Adaptive Symbiotic Technologies, ADBioplastics, Adionics, Adjuvants Plus, ADRIANO DI MARTI, Adriano di Marti/Desserto, Adsorbi, Aduro Clean Technologies, Aduro Clean Technologies, Inc, Advanced Biochemical (Thailand) Co., Ltd, Advanced Biochemical (Thailand) Co., Ltd (ABT), Aekyung Chemical Co., Ltd, Aemetis, Inc, AEP Polymers, Aerobel BV, Aerofybers Technologies SL, Aerogel Technologies LLC, aerogel-it GmbH, Aeropowder Limited, Aeternal Upcycling, AFINGEN, Again, Again Bio, AgBiome, AGFA-Gevaert, Agilyx, Agilyx/ ExxonMobil, AGITEC International AG, Agra Energy, Agragene, AGRANA Staerke GmbH, AGRI SMILE, Agrinos, AgriSea NZ Seaweed Ltd, Agrivida, Agrobiomics, AgroSpheres, AgroSustain SA, AGvisorPRO, Ahlstrom-Munksjo Oyj, AI Proteins, AIM Solder, Air Company, Air Liquide S.A, Air Products, Air Products and Chemicals Inc, Air Protein, Air Quality Solutions Worldwide DAC, Aircela Inc, Airco Process Technology, Airex Energy, AirHive, Airovation Technologies, Aizawa Concrete Corporation, Akorn Technology, Akzo Nobel N.V, Albemarle, Alberdingk Boley, Alberdingk Boley GmbH, Alberta Innovates, Alberta Innovates/Innotech Materials, LLC, Alchemy GmbH (Alcemy), Alfa Kimya S.A, Algaeing, Algal Bio Co., Ltd, Algenesis Corporation, Algenol, Algiecel, Algiecel ApS, AlgiKnit, Algix LLC, Algorithmiq, AlixLabs AB, Allnex, allnex GmbH, Allonnia LLC, Allozymes, AlmaScience, Alpha Assembly Solutions, Alpha Biofuels (Singapore) Pte Ltd, Alpha Recyclage Composites, Alt.Leather, Altana AG (Heliosonic GmbH), Alter Eco Pulp, Alterpacks, Alterra Energy, Altilium, Alto Neuroscience, Altropol Kunststoff GmbH, AM Green, Amano Enzyme Inc, Amatera, Ambercycle, American Battery Technology Company (ABTC), Amfora, Amgen, AmicaTerra, AmphiStar, Amply Discovery, Amroy Europe, AMSilk GmbH, Amyris, Amyris, Inc, An Phat Bioplastics, Anacarda ltd, Ananas Anam, Ananas Anam Ltd, Andermatt Biocontrol, Andes Ag, Inc, ANDRITZ AG, Andritz Oy, Anellotech, Anellotech, Inc, Anhua Taisen, Anhui Oursun Resource Technology, Ankor Bioplastics Co., Ltd, Anomera Inc, ANP, ANPOLY, Inc, Anqing He Xing Chemical Co., Ltd, Antheia, Anuvia, APChemi, APChemi Pvt. Ltd, Apeel Sciences, Apeiron Bioenergy, Aperam BioEnergia, ApexQubit, Aphea.Bio, APK AG, Applied Bioplastics, Applied Graphene Materials, Applied Ink Solutions, Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA), Aqemia, Aqua Metals, Inc, Aquafil, Aquafil S.p.A, Aqualung Carbon Capture, Aquapak Polymers Ltd, Aralez Bio, Arborea, Arca, Arcadia Biosciences, Arcadia eFuels, ArcelorMittal SA, Archer Daniel Midland Company (ADM), Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM), Archroma, Arctic Biomaterials Oy, ARCUS Greencycling, Arda Biomaterials, Ardra Bio, Arekapak GmbH, Arjowiggins Group, Arkema, Arkema S.A, Arkeon, Arkeon Biotechnologies, Arlanxeo, Armacell International S.A, Arrow Greentech, Arysta LifeScience, Arzeda, Arzeda Corp, Asahi Kasei, Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation, Asahi Kasei Corporation, ASB Biodiesel Limited, Ascend Elements, Ascribe Bioscience, Asfert Global, Asimov, Aspen Aerogels, Inc, AspiraDAC Pty Ltd, Aspiring Materials, AstraZeneca, Atantares, Athos Therapeutics, Atlantica Agricola, Atmonia, Atoco, Atomwise, Atos Quantum, Attero, Attis Innovations, llc, Audi, Aurigene Pharmaceutical Services, Autolus, AVA Biochem AG, Avalon BioEnergy, Avani Eco, Avantium, Avantium B.V, Avantium N.V, Avicenna Biosciences, Avient Corporation, Avioxx, Avnos Inc, Axalta, Axcelon Biopolymers Corporation, Axens, Axens SA, Axens/Borealis, Ayas Renewables Inc, Aymium, Azolla, Azotic Technologies, Azul Energy, B-PREG, BacTech Environmental Corporation, Balena, Ballance Agri-Nutrients, Ballard Power Systems, Balrampur Chini Mills, Bando Chemical, BANIQL, Baril Coatings B.V, BarkTex, Barton Blakeley Technologies Ltd, Basecamp Research, BASF, BASF 3D Printing Solutions, BASF SE, Basilisk, Battery Pollution Technologies, Batx Energies Private Limited, Bayer CropScience, BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid Co., Ltd, BC Biocarbon, Bcircular, BDI-BioEnergy International GmbH, BEE Biofuel, Bee Vectoring Technologies, BeFC, Benefuel Inc, BenevolentAI, Benson Hill, Berkeley Energia, Betolar, Beyond Leather Materials ApS, BHP, BigHat Biosciences, BigSis, Bio Fab NZ, BIO-FED, BIO-LUTIONS International AG, Bio-Oils, Bio2Coat, Bio2Materials Sp. z o.o, BioAge Labs, Biobest, BioBetter, BioBTX, Biocatalysts Ltd, Bioceres Crop Solutions, BioConsortia, Bioelements Group, Bioenergy 2020+ -, Bioeutectics, Bioextrax, Bioextrax AB, Biofabrik Technologies, Biofabrik Technologies GmbH, Biofibre GmbH, Biofine Technology, LLC, Bioform Technologies, Biofy, BiogasClean A/S, Biohm, Biojet AS, Biokemik, Bioleather, Biolevel, Biolexis Therapeutics, Bioline AgroSciences, BioLNG Eurohub, BIOLO, BioLogiQ, Inc, BioMap, Biomason, Inc, Biomass Resin Holdings Co., Ltd, Biomatter Designs, Biome Bioplastics, Biome Makers, Biomemory, Bionema, BioPak (Australia), BioPhero, Biophilica, BioPhy, Bioplastech Ltd, Bioptimus SAS, BioSmart Nano, Biosyntia, Biotalys, BIOTEC GmbH & Co. KG, Biotecam, Biotelliga, Biotic Circular Technologies Ltd, Biotrem, Biovox GmbH, Bioweg, BioZeroc, bit.bio, Blastr Green Steel, Blest, BlockTexx Pty Ltd, Bloom Biorenewables SA, BluCon Biotech GmbH, Blue BioFuels, Inc, Blue Cycle, Blue Goose Bioref ineries, Blue Ocean Closures, Blue Planet, Blue Planet Systems Corporation, BlueAlp Technology, Bluepha Beijing Lanjing Microbiology Technology Co., Ltd, Blueshift Materials, Inc, BMW, Bolt Threads, Bolt Threads, Inc, Bon Vivant, Bontera, Boreal Bioproducts, Borealis, Borealis (Austria), Borealis AG, Borregaard, Borregaard Chemcell, Bosk Bioproducts Inc, Boston Materials, Boston Metal, Botanical Solutions, BotanoCap, Botree Cycling, Bowil Biotech Sp. z o.o, Brasil BioFuels, Braskem SA, Braven Environmental, Braven Environmental, LLC, Brazilian Nickel PLC, Brewer Science, Brightmark, Brightmark Energy, Brightplus Oy, Brightseed, Brilliant Planet, Brimstone, British Airways Shell Velocys, Brotherton Seed Company, bse Methanol GmbH, BTG Bioliquids B.V, BTG-BTL, Bucha Bio, Bucha Bio, Inc, Burgo Group S.p.A, Business Innovation Partners Co., Ltd, ByFusion Global Inc, BYK-Chemie GmbH, Byogy Renewables, Inc, C-Zero Inc, C1 Green Chemicals AG, C16 Biosciences, C2CNT LLC, C2CNT LLC/Capital Power, C3Nano, C4X Technologies Inc, CABIO Biotech (Wuhan) Co, Ltd, Cabot Corporation, Cadel Deinking, California Cultured, California Safe Soil, Callfax, Calysta, Calyxia, Calyxt, Cambridge Carbon Capture Ltd, Cambridge Quantum Computing, Cambrium GmbH, Camena Bioscience, Camurus, CapaTec Inc, Caphenia GmbH, Capra Biosciences, CARAPAC Company, CarbiCrete, CarbiCrete (Canada), Carbiolice, Carbios, Carboclave, Carboliq, Carbon Collect Limited, Carbon Crusher, Carbon Engineering, Carbon Engineering Ltd, Carbon Fiber Recycling, Carbon Infinity Limited, Carbon Limit, Carbon Re, Carbon Recycling International, Carbon Sink, Carbon Sink LLC, Carbon Upcycling Technologies, Carbon8, Carbon8 Systems, Carbonade, Carbonaide Oy, CarbonBridge, CarbonBuilt, CarbonCure Technologies, CarbonCure Technologies (Canada), CarbonCure Technologies, Inc, Carbonfree Chemicals, Carbonova, Carbonwave, Carbstone Innovation NV (Belgium), Carbyon BV, Cardia Bioplastics Ltd, Cardolite, Carester, Cargill, Cargill Corporation, Cargill, Incorporated, Cascade Biocatalysts, Cascade Biocatalysts, Inc, Cass Materials Pty Ltd, Cassandra Oil, Cassandra Oil AB, Casterra Ag Ltd, Catalent, Catalyxx, Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd, Cathy Biotech Inc, CATL, Cauldron, Ceibo, Celanese Corporation, Cellana, Cellicon B.V, Cellucomp, Cellucomp Ltd, CelluForce, Celluforce, Inc, Cellugy, Cellutech AB, Cellutech AB (Stora Enso), Celtic Renewables Ltd, Celus GmbH, CemVision AB, Cemvita Factory, Cemvita Factory Inc, Century Health Technology, Inc, Ceradis, Cereal Process Technologies (CPT), CERT Systems, Inc, Certis USA, CF Industries, CF Industries Holdings, Inc, CH-Bioforce Oy, ChainCraft, Charm Industrial, Checkerspot, Checkerspot, Inc, Cheetah Resources, ChemCubed, Chemical Process Services Ltd. (Bitrez), Chemkey Advanced Materials Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Chemol Company (Seydel), Chempolis Oy, Chevron Phillips Chemical, China Baowu Steel Group, China Tianying, China Tianying Inc, Chinova Bioworks, Chitose Bio Evolution Pte Ltd, Chongqing Bofei Biochemical Products Co., Ltd, Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd, CIMV, CinderBio, CINIS Fertilizer, Cirba Solutions, CIRC, Circa Group, Circa Group AS, Circe, Circla Nordic, Circu Li-ion, Circular Industries, Circular Systems, Circunomics, CJ Biomaterials, Inc, Clariant AG, Clariter, Clariter ZA, Clean Energy Fuels, Clean Food Group, Clean Planet Energy, CleanJoule, CleanTech Lithium, Climeworks, CMS Technology, CNF Biofuel AS, CO2CirculAir, Coastgrass ApS, Codagenix, Codexis, COFCO Cooperation Ltd, Colipi, colorFabb, Colorifix, Colossal Biosciences, Conagen, Concentric Agriculture, Concord Blue Engineering, Concrene Limited, Concretene, CondAlign AS, Constructive Bio, Cool Planet Energy Systems, Copprint, Corbion, Corbion N.V, Corium Biotech, Corsair Group, Corsair Group International, Cortec, Cortec Corporation, Corteva, Corumat, Inc, Cosun Beet Company, Coval Energy, Coval Energy B.V, Covestro, Covestro AG, Cquestr8, Cradle, CreaCycle, CreaFill Fibers Corporation, Creative Materials, Crimson Renewable Energy LLC, Cristal Union Group, Croda, Croda International plc, Croft, Cruz Foam, Cryo Pur, CuanTec Ltd, CuRe Technology, Cyclic Materials, Cyclize, Cylib, Cysbio, D-CRBN, Daesang, Daicel Corporation, Daicel Polymer Ltd, DaikyoNishikawa Corporation, Daily Polymer, Daio Paper Corporation, Daishowa Paper Products Co. Ltd, Daito Kasei Kogyo Co, DAK Americas LLC, Danimer Scientific, Danimer Scientific LLC, Debut Biotechnology, Deep Branch Biotechnology, Deep Genomics, Deepcell, DeepCure, DeepTech Recycling, Demetrix, DENSO Corporation, DePoly, Design Therapeutics, Diagonal Therapeutics, Diamond Green Diesel LLC, DIC Corporation, DIC Products, Inc, Diffuse Bio, Dimensional Energy, Dioxide Materials, Dioxycle, Dispersa, DisSolves, DKS Co. Ltd, DMAT, DNA Script, Domsjo Fabriker AB, Domtar, Domtar Paper Company LLC, Dongjin Semichem, Dongnam Realize, Dongying Hebang Chemical Corp, Dow, Dow Chemical, Dow Chemical Company, Dow Chemicals, Dow Inc, Dowa Eco-System Co, DP Patterning AB, DSM, DSM Additive Manufacturing, DuFor Resins B.V, Dundee Sustainable Technologies, DuPont, DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products Co., LLC, DuPont Tate & Lyle, LLC, Dycotec, DyeRecycle, Dyno Nobel, E2IP, E3 Metals, Earli, Earth Recycle Co., Ltd, EarthForm, Earthodic Pty Ltd, Eastman, Eastman Chemical Company, Eastman Chemical Ltd. Corporation, Eckart, ECO Environmental, Eco Fuel Technology, Eco Fuel Technology, Inc, Eco Safety Products, Ecoat, Ecoat S.A.S, eCobalt Solutions, Ecobat, EcoCeres, Inc, Ecolibrium Biologicals, ecoLocked, ecoLocked GmbH, Ecomann Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Econic, Econic Technologies, Econili Battery, Ecopek, Ecopel, EcoPro, Ecoshell, Ecospray, Ruhe group and Agrarvereinigung eG Darchau, EcoSynthetix, Inc, Ecovative Design LLC, Ecovia Renewables, Eden Brew, Eden Innovations LLC, EdenShield, Eeden, EG Group, EggPlant Srl, Ehime Paper Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Ekosolve, Elantas and more......

1. Executive Summary

1.1 The Need for a New Era in the Chemical Industry
1.2 Defining the New Era of Chemicals
1.3 Global Drivers and Trends
- 1.3.1 Consumer and brand demand for sustainable products
- 1.3.2 Government Regulation
- 1.3.3 Carbon taxation
- 1.3.4 Costs
1.4 The Changing Landscape of the Chemical Industry
- 1.4.1 Historical Context: From Coal to Oil to Renewables
- 1.4.2 Current State of the Global Chemical Industry
- 1.4.3 Environmental Challenges and Regulatory Pressures
- 1.4.4 Shifting Consumer Demands and Market Dynamics
- 1.4.5 The Role of Digitalization and Industry 4.0
1.5 Emerging and Transforming Markets in the New Era of Chemicals
- 1.5.1 Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals
- 1.5.2 Green Cosmetics and Personal Care
- 1.5.3 Sustainable Packaging
- 1.5.4 Eco-friendly Paints and Coatings
- 1.5.5 Alternative Fuels and Lubricants
- 1.5.6 Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare
- 1.5.7 Water Treatment and Purification
- 1.5.8 Carbon Capture and Utilization Products
- 1.5.9 Advanced Materials for 3D Printing
- 1.5.10 Sustainable Mining and Metallurgy

2. Feedstocks

2.1 Sustainable Feedstocks: The Foundation of the New Era
2.2 Overview of Sustainable Feedstock Options
2.3 Biomass as a Chemical Feedstock
- 2.3.1 Types of Biomass and Their Chemical Compositions
- 2.3.2 Pretreatment and Conversion Technologies
- 2.3.3 Challenges in Scaling Up Biomass Utilization
- 2.3.4 Lignocellulosic feedstocks
- 2.3.5 Non-lignocellulosic feedstocks
2.4 CO2 as a Carbon Source
- 2.4.1 CO2 Capture Technologies
- 2.4.2 Chemical Conversion Pathways for CO2
- 2.4.3 Economic and Technical Barriers to CO2 Utilization
2.5 Waste Valorization
- 2.5.1 Municipal Solid Waste as a Feedstock
- 2.5.2 Industrial Waste Streams and By-products
- 2.5.3 Plastic Waste Recycling and Upcycling
2.6 Renewable (Green) Hydrogen
- 2.6.1 Electrolysis Technologies
- 2.6.2 Integration of Renewable Energy in Hydrogen Production
- 2.6.3 Hydrogen's Role in Chemical Synthesis
2.7 Feedstock Transition Pathways for Industry

3. Green Chemistry Principles and Applications

3.1 The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
3.2 Atom Economy and Step Economy in Synthesis
3.3 Solvent Reduction and Green Solvents
- 3.3.1 Water as a Reaction Medium
- 3.3.2 Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents
- 3.3.3 Supercritical Fluids in Chemical Processes
3.4 Catalysis for Green Chemistry
- 3.4.1 Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering
- 3.4.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis Advancements
- 3.4.3 Photocatalysis and Electrocatalysis
3.5 Green Metrics and Life Cycle Assessment in Chemistry
3.6 Feedstock-Specific Green Chemistry Approaches
- 3.6.1 Green Chemistry Principles Applied to Next-Generation Feedstocks

4. Circular Economy in the Chemical Industry

4.1 Principles of Circular Economy
4.2 Design for Circularity in Chemical Products
4.3 Chemical Recycling Technologies
- 4.3.1 Applications
- 4.3.2 Pyrolysis
- 4.3.3 Gasification
- 4.3.4 Dissolution
- 4.3.5 Depolymerisation
- 4.3.6 Other advanced chemical recycling technologies
4.4 Upcycling of Chemical Waste
4.5 Circular Business Models in the Chemical Sector
4.6 Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Circularity
4.7 Companies

5. Electrification of Chemical Processes

5.1 The Role of Renewable Electricity in Chemical Production
5.2 Electrochemical Synthesis
- 5.2.1 Electroorganic Synthesis
- 5.2.2 Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
- 5.2.3 Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation
5.3 Plasma Chemistry
5.4 Microwave-Assisted Chemistry
5.5 Integration of Power-to-X Technologies in Chemical Production

6. Digitalization and Industry 4.0 in Chemistry

6.1 Big Data and Advanced Analytics in Chemical Research
6.2 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications
- 6.2.1 In Silico Design of Molecules and Materials
- 6.2.2 Process Optimization and Predictive Maintenance
- 6.2.3 Automated Synthesis and High-Throughput Experimentation
6.3 Digital Twins in Chemical Plant Operations
6.4 Blockchain for Supply Chain Transparency and Traceability
6.5 Cybersecurity Challenges in the Digitalized Chemical Industry

7. Advanced Manufacturing Technologies

7.1 Continuous Flow Chemistry
- 7.1.1 Microreactors and Process Intensification
- 7.1.2 Advantages in Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemicals
- 7.1.3 Challenges in Scale-up and Implementation
7.2 Modular and Distributed Manufacturing
7.3 3D Printing of Chemicals and Materials
- 7.3.1 Direct Ink Writing and Reactive Printing
- 7.3.2 Applications in Custom Synthesis and Formulation
7.4 Advanced Process Control and Real-time Monitoring
7.5 Flexible and Adaptable Production Systems

8. Biorefining and Industrial Biotechnology

8.1 Biorefinery Concepts and Configurations
- 8.1.1 Biorefinery Classifications
- 8.1.2 Biorefinery Configurations
8.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass Processing
8.3 Algal Biorefineries
8.4 Upstream Processing
- 8.4.1 Cell Culture
8.5 Fermentation
- 8.5.1 Overview
8.6 Downstream Processing
- 8.6.1 Purification
8.7 Formulation
- 8.7.1 Overview
8.8 Bioprocess Development
- 8.8.1 Scale-up
- 8.8.2 Optimization
8.9 Analytical Methods
- 8.9.1 Quality Control
- 8.9.2 Characterization
8.10 Scale of Production
- 8.10.1 Laboratory Scale
- 8.10.2 Pilot Scale
- 8.10.3 Commercial Scale
8.11 Mode of Operation
- 8.11.1 Batch Production
- 8.11.2 Fed-batch Production
- 8.11.3 Continuous Production
- 8.11.4 Cell factories for biomanufacturing
- 8.11.5 Perfusion Culture
- 8.11.6 Other Modes of Operation
8.12 Host Organisms

9. CO2 Utilization Technologies

9.1 Overview
9.2 CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology
9.3 Carbon utilization business models
- 9.3.1 Benefits of carbon utilization
- 9.3.2 Market challenges
9.4 Co2 utilization pathways
9.5 Conversion processes
- 9.5.1 Thermochemical
- 9.5.2 Electrochemical conversion of CO2
- 9.5.3 Photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic conversion of CO2
- 9.5.4 Catalytic conversion of CO2
- 9.5.5 Biological conversion of CO2
- 9.5.6 Copolymerization of CO2
- 9.5.7 Mineral carbonation
9.6 CO2-derived products
- 9.6.1 Fuels
- 9.6.2 Chemicals and polymers
- 9.6.3 Construction materials
- 9.6.4 CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
9.7 CO₂ Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
- 9.7.1 Overview
- 9.7.2 CO₂-EOR facilities and projects
- 9.7.3 Challenges
9.8 Enhanced mineralization
- 9.8.1 Advantages
- 9.8.2 In situ and ex-situ mineralization
- 9.8.3 Enhanced mineralization pathways
- 9.8.4 Challenges

10. Advanced Catalysts for Sustainable Chemistry

10.1 Overview of biocatalyst technology
- 10.1.1 Biotransformations
- 10.1.2 Cascade biocatalysis
- 10.1.3 Co-factor recycling
- 10.1.4 Immobilization
10.2 Types of biocatalysts
- 10.2.1 Microorganisms
- 10.2.2 Engineered biocatalysts
- 10.2.3 Enzymes
- 10.2.4 Other types
10.3 Production methods and processes
- 10.3.1 Fermentation
- 10.3.2 Recombinant DNA technology
- 10.3.3 ell-Free Protein Synthesis
- 10.3.4 Extraction from Natural Sources
- 10.3.5 Solid-State Fermentation
10.4 Emerging technologies and innovations in biocatalysis
- 10.4.1 Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering
- 10.4.2 Generative biology and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- 10.4.3 Genome engineering
- 10.4.4 Immobilization and encapsulation techniques
- 10.4.5 Biomimetics
- 10.4.6 Nanoparticle-based biocatalysts
- 10.4.7 Biocatalytic cascades and multi-enzyme systems
- 10.4.8 Microfluidics
10.5 Companies

11. Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering

11.1 Metabolic engineering
11.2 Gene and DNA synthesis
11.3 Gene Synthesis and Assembly
11.4 Genome engineering
- 11.4.1 CRISPR
11.5 Protein/Enzyme Engineering
11.6 Synthetic genomics
- 11.6.1 Principles of Synthetic Genomics
- 11.6.2 Synthetic Chromosomes and Genomes
11.7 Strain construction and optimization
11.8 Smart bioprocessing
11.9 Chassis organisms
11.10 Biomimetics
11.11 Sustainable materials
11.12 Robotics and automation
- 11.12.1 Robotic cloud laboratories
- 11.12.2 Automating organism design
- 11.12.3 Artificial intelligence and machine learning
11.13 Bioinformatics and computational tools
- 11.13.1 Role of Bioinformatics in Synthetic Biology
- 11.13.2 Computational Tools for Design and Analysis
11.14 Xenobiology and expanded genetic alphabets
11.15 Biosensors and bioelectronics
11.16 Feedstocks
- 11.16.1 C1 feedstocks
- 11.16.2 C2 feedstocks
- 11.16.3 Biological conversion of CO2
- 11.16.4 Food processing wastes
- 11.16.5 Marine biotechnology

12. Green Solvents and Alternative Reaction Media

12.1 Bio-based Solvents
12.2 Switchable Solvents
12.3 Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES)
12.4 Supercritical Fluids in Industrial Applications
12.5 Solvent-free Reactions and Mechanochemistry
12.6 Solvent Selection Tools and Frameworks
12.7 Companies

13. Waste Valorization and Resource Recovery

13.1 Municipal Solid Waste to Chemicals
13.2 Agricultural and Food Waste Valorization
13.3 Critical Material Extraction Technology
- 13.3.1 Recovery of critical materials from secondary sources (e.g., end-of-life products, industrial waste)
- 13.3.2 Critical rare-earth element recovery from secondary sources
- 13.3.3 Li-ion battery technology metal recovery
- 13.3.4 Critical semiconductor materials recovery
- 13.3.5 Critical semiconductor materials recovery
- 13.3.6 Critical platinum group metal recovery
- 13.3.7 Critical platinum Group metal recovery
13.4 Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery
- 13.4.1 Bio-based Flocculants and Coagulants
- 13.4.2 Green Oxidants and Disinfectants
- 13.4.3 Sustainable Membrane Materials
- 13.4.4 Advanced Adsorbents for Contaminant Removal
- 13.4.5 Nutrient Recovery Technologies
- 13.4.6 Resource Recovery from Industrial Wastewater
- 13.4.7 Bioelectrochemical Systems
- 13.4.8 Green Solvents in Extraction Processes
- 13.4.9 Photocatalytic Materials
- 13.4.10 Biodegradable Chelating Agents
- 13.4.11 Biocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment
- 13.4.12 Advanced Adsorption Materials
- 13.4.13 Sustainable pH Adjustment Chemicals
13.5 Mining Waste Valorization
- 13.5.1 Bioleaching and Biooxidation
- 13.5.2 Green Lixiviants for Metal Extraction
- 13.5.3 Phytomining and Phytoremediation
- 13.5.4 Sustainable Flotation Chemicals
- 13.5.5 Electrochemical Recovery Methods
- 13.5.6 Geopolymers and Mine Tailings Utilization
- 13.5.7 CO2 Mineralization
- 13.5.8 Sustainable Remediation Technologies
- 13.5.9 Waste-to-Energy Technologies
- 13.5.10 Advanced Separation Techniques
13.6 Companies

14. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Integration

14.1 Energy Efficiency Measures in Chemical Plants
14.2 Heat Recovery and Pinch Analysis
14.3 Renewable Energy Sources in Chemical Production
14.4 Energy Storage Technologies for Process Industries
14.5 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems
14.6 Industrial Symbiosis and Energy Integration

15. Safety and Sustainability Assessment

15.1 Green Chemistry Metrics and Sustainability Indicators
15.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Chemical Processes
15.3 Safety by Design Principles
15.4 Risk Assessment and Management in New Chemical Technologies
15.5 Environmental Impact Assessment
15.6 Social and Ethical Considerations in the New Era of Chemicals

16. Regulations and Policy

16.1 Global Chemical Regulations and Their Evolution
16.2 Environmental Policies Driving Sustainable Chemistry
16.3 Incentives and Support Mechanisms for Green Chemistry
16.4 Challenges in Regulating Emerging Technologies
16.5 International Cooperation and Harmonization Efforts

17. Markets and Products

17.1. Sustainable Materials and Polymers
- 17.1.1 Bioplastics and Biodegradable Polymers
  - 17.1.1.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
  - 17.1.1.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
  - 17.1.1.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
  - 17.1.1.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
  - 17.1.1.5 Bio-PA
  - 17.1.1.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters
  - 17.1.1.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
  - 17.1.1.8 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
  - 17.1.1.9 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
  - 17.1.1.10 Starch-based blends
  - 17.1.1.11 Cellulose
  - 17.1.1.12 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
  - 17.1.1.13 Nanocellulose
  - 17.1.1.14 Protein-based bioplastics in packaging
  - 17.1.1.15 Alginate
  - 17.1.1.16 Mycelium
  - 17.1.1.17 Chitosan
  - 17.1.1.18 Bio-naphtha
- 17.1.2 Recycled and Upcycled Plastics
- 17.1.3 High-Performance Bio-based Materials
- 17.1.4 Companies
17.2. Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals
- 17.2.1 Overview
- 17.2.2 Biopesticides and Biocontrol Agents
- 17.2.3 Precision Agriculture Chemicals
- 17.2.4 Controlled-Release Fertilizers
- 17.2.5 Biostimulants
- 17.2.6 Microbials
  - 17.2.6.1 Overview
  - 17.2.6.2 Microbial biostimulants and biofertilizers
  - 17.2.6.3 Microbiome manipulation
  - 17.2.6.4 Prebiotics
- 17.2.7 Biochemicals
- 17.2.8 Semiochemicals
- 17.2.9 Macrobials
- 17.2.10 Biopesticides
  - 17.2.10.1 Natural herbicides and insecticides
- 17.2.11 Companies
17.3. Sustainable Construction Materials
- 17.3.1 Established bio-based construction materials
- 17.3.2 Hemp-based Materials
  - 17.3.2.1 Hemp Concrete (Hempcrete)
  - 17.3.2.2 Hemp Fiberboard
  - 17.3.2.3 Hemp Insulation
- 17.3.3 Mycelium-based Materials
  - 17.3.3.1 Insulation
  - 17.3.3.2 Structural Elements
  - 17.3.3.3 Acoustic Panels
  - 17.3.3.4 Decorative Elements
- 17.3.4 Sustainable Concrete and Cement Alternatives
  - 17.3.4.1 Geopolymer Concrete
  - 17.3.4.2 Recycled Aggregate Concrete
  - 17.3.4.3 Lime-Based Materials
  - 17.3.4.4 Self-healing concrete
  - 17.3.4.5 Microalgae biocement
  - 17.3.4.6 Carbon-negative concrete
  - 17.3.4.7 Biomineral binders
- 17.3.5 Natural Fiber Composites
  - 17.3.5.1 Types of Natural Fibers
  - 17.3.5.2 Properties
  - 17.3.5.3 Applications in Construction
- 17.3.6 Cellulose nanofibers
  - 17.3.6.1 Sandwich composites
  - 17.3.6.2 Cement additives
  - 17.3.6.3 Pump primers
  - 17.3.6.4 Insulation materials
- 17.3.7 Sustainable Insulation Materials
  - 17.3.7.1 Types of sustainable insulation materials
  - 17.3.7.2 Biobased and sustainable aerogels (bio-aerogels)
- 17.3.8 Companies
17.4. Sustainable Packaging
- 17.4.1 Paper and board packaging
- 17.4.2 Food packaging
  - 17.4.2.1 Bio-Based films and trays
  - 17.4.2.2 Bio-Based pouches and bags
  - 17.4.2.3 Bio-Based textiles and nets
  - 17.4.2.4 Bioadhesives
  - 17.4.2.5 Barrier coatings and films
  - 17.4.2.6 Active and Smart Food Packaging
  - 17.4.2.7 Antimicrobial films and agents
  - 17.4.2.8 Bio-based Inks and Dyes
  - 17.4.2.9 Edible films and coatings
  - 17.4.2.10 Types of bio-based coatings and films in packaging
- 17.4.3 Carbon capture derived materials for packaging
  - 17.4.3.1 Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks
  - 17.4.3.2 CO₂-derived polymers and plastics
  - 17.4.3.3 CO2 utilization products
- 17.4.4 Companies
17.5. Green Cosmetics and Personal Care
- 17.5.1 Natural and Bio-based Ingredients
- 17.5.2 Microplastic Alternatives
  - 17.5.2.1 Natural hard materials
  - 17.5.2.2 Polysaccharides
  - 17.5.2.3 Proteins
  - 17.5.2.4 Polyesters
  - 17.5.2.5 Other natural polymers
- 17.5.3 Waterless Formulations
- 17.5.4 Companies
17.6. Bio-based and Eco-Friendly Paints and Coatings
- 17.6.1 UV-cure
- 17.6.2 Waterborne coatings
- 17.6.3 Treatments with less or no solvents
- 17.6.4 Hyperbranched polymers for coatings
- 17.6.5 Powder coatings
- 17.6.6 High solid (HS) coatings
- 17.6.7 Use of bio-based materials in coatings
  - 17.6.7.1 Biopolymers
  - 17.6.7.2 Coatings based on agricultural waste
  - 17.6.7.3 Vegetable oils and fatty acids
  - 17.6.7.4 Proteins
  - 17.6.7.5 Cellulose
  - 17.6.7.6 Plant-Based wax coatings
- 17.6.8 Barrier coatings
  - 17.6.8.1 Polysaccharides
  - 17.6.8.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
  - 17.6.8.3 Poly(butylene Succinate)
  - 17.6.8.4 Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
- 17.6.9 Alkyd coatings
  - 17.6.9.1 Alkyd resin properties
  - 17.6.9.2 Bio-based alkyd coatings
  - 17.6.9.3 Products
- 17.6.10 Polyurethane coatings
  - 17.6.10.1 Properties
  - 17.6.10.2 Bio-based polyurethane coatings
  - 17.6.10.3 Products
- 17.6.11 Epoxy coatings
  - 17.6.11.1 Properties
  - 17.6.11.2 Bio-based epoxy coatings
  - 17.6.11.3 Products
- 17.6.12 Acrylate resins
  - 17.6.12.1 Properties
  - 17.6.12.2 Bio-based acrylates
  - 17.6.12.3 Products
- 17.6.13 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
  - 17.6.13.1 Bio-PLA coatings and films
- 17.6.14 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
- 17.6.15 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
- 17.6.16 Cellulose nanofibers
- 17.6.17 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
- 17.6.18 Rosins
- 17.6.19 Bio-based carbon black
  - 17.6.19.1 Lignin-based
  - 17.6.19.2 Algae-based
- 17.6.20 Lignin
- 17.6.21 Antimicrobial films and agents
  - 17.6.21.1 Natural
  - 17.6.21.2 Inorganic nanoparticles
  - 17.6.21.3 Biopolymers
- 17.6.22 Nanocoatings
- 17.6.23 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
  - 17.6.23.1 Plant derived proteins
  - 17.6.23.2 Animal origin proteins
- 17.6.24 Algal coatings
- 17.6.25 Polypeptides
- 17.6.26 Companies
17.7. Green Electronics
- 17.7.1 Biodegradable Electronics
- 17.7.2 Recycled and Recoverable Electronic Materials
- 17.7.3 Conventional electronics manufacturing
- 17.7.4 Benefits of Green Electronics manufacturing
- 17.7.5 Challenges in adopting Green Electronics manufacturing
- 17.7.6 Green Electronics Manufacturing
- 17.7.7 Sustainability in PCB manufacturing
  - 17.7.7.1 Sustainable cleaning of PCBs
- 17.7.8 Design of PCBs for sustainability
  - 17.7.8.1 Rigid
  - 17.7.8.2 Flexible
  - 17.7.8.3 Additive manufacturing
  - 17.7.8.4 In-mold elctronics (IME)
- 17.7.9 Materials
  - 17.7.9.1 Metal cores
  - 17.7.9.2 Recycled laminates
  - 17.7.9.3 Conductive inks
  - 17.7.9.4 Green and lead-free solder
  - 17.7.9.5 Biodegradable substrates
  - 17.7.9.6 Biobased inks
- 17.7.10 Substrates
  - 17.7.10.1 Halogen-free FR4
  - 17.7.10.2 Metal-core PCBs
  - 17.7.10.3 Biobased PCBs
  - 17.7.10.4 Paper-based PCBs
  - 17.7.10.5 PCBs without solder mask
  - 17.7.10.6 Thinner dielectrics
  - 17.7.10.7 Recycled plastic substrates
  - 17.7.10.8 Flexible substrates
- 17.7.11 Sustainable patterning and metallization in electronics manufacturing
  - 17.7.11.1 Introduction
  - 17.7.11.2 Issues with sustainability
  - 17.7.11.3 Regeneration and reuse of etching chemicals
  - 17.7.11.4 Transition from Wet to Dry phase patterning
  - 17.7.11.5 Print-and-plate
  - 17.7.11.6 Approaches
- 17.7.12 Sustainable attachment and integration of components
  - 17.7.12.1 Conventional component attachment materials
  - 17.7.12.2 Materials
  - 17.7.12.3 Processes
- 17.7.13 Sustainable integrated circuits
  - 17.7.13.1 IC manufacturing
  - 17.7.13.2 Sustainable IC manufacturing
  - 17.7.13.3 Wafer production
  - 17.7.13.4 Oxidation methods
  - 17.7.13.5 Patterning and doping
  - 17.7.13.6 Metallization
- 17.7.14 End of life
  - 17.7.14.1 Hazardous waste
  - 17.7.14.2 Emissions
  - 17.7.14.3 Water Usage
  - 17.7.14.4 Recycling
- 17.7.15 Green Certification
- 17.7.16 Companies
17.8. Sustainable Textiles and Fibers
- 17.8.1 Types of bio-based fibres
  - 17.8.1.1 Natural fibres
  - 17.8.1.2 Main-made bio-based fibres
- 17.8.2 Bio-based synthetics
- 17.8.3 Recyclability of bio-based fibres
- 17.8.4 Lyocell
- 17.8.5 Bacterial cellulose
- 17.8.6 Algae textiles
- 17.8.7 Bio-based leather
  - 17.8.7.1 Properties of bio-based leathers
  - 17.8.7.2 Comparison with conventional leathers
  - 17.8.7.3 Comparative analysis of bio-based leathers
  - 17.8.7.4 Plant-based leather
  - 17.8.7.5 Mycelium leather
  - 17.8.7.6 Microbial leather
  - 17.8.7.7 Lab grown leather
  - 17.8.7.8 Protein-based leather
  - 17.8.7.9 Sustainable textiles coatings and dyes
- 17.8.8 Companies
17.9. Alternative Fuels and Lubricants
- 17.9.1 Biofuels and Synthetic Fuels
- 17.9.2 Biodiesel
  - 17.9.2.1 Biodiesel by generation
  - 17.9.2.2 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
  - 17.9.2.3 Prices
  - 17.9.2.4 Global production and consumption
- 17.9.3 Renewable diesel
  - 17.9.3.1 Production
  - 17.9.3.2 SWOT analysis
  - 17.9.3.3 Global consumption
  - 17.9.3.4 Prices
- 17.9.4 Bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel or aviation biofuel)
  - 17.9.4.1 Description
  - 17.9.4.2 SWOT analysis
  - 17.9.4.3 Global production and consumption
  - 17.9.4.4 Production pathways
  - 17.9.4.5 Prices
  - 17.9.4.6 Bio-aviation fuel production capacities
  - 17.9.4.7 Market challenges
  - 17.9.4.8 Global consumption
- 17.9.5 Bio-naphtha
  - 17.9.5.1 Overview
  - 17.9.5.2 SWOT analysis
  - 17.9.5.3 Markets and applications
  - 17.9.5.4 Prices
  - 17.9.5.5 Production capacities, by producer, current and planned
- 17.9.6 Biomethanol
  - 17.9.6.1 SWOT analysis
  - 17.9.6.2 Methanol-to gasoline technology
- 17.9.7 Ethanol
  - 17.9.7.1 Technology description
  - 17.9.7.2 1G Bio-Ethanol
  - 17.9.7.3 SWOT analysis
  - 17.9.7.4 Ethanol to jet fuel technology
  - 17.9.7.5 Methanol from pulp & paper production
  - 17.9.7.6 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation
  - 17.9.7.7 Gasification
  - 17.9.7.8 CO~2~ capture and alcohol synthesis
  - 17.9.7.9 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation
  - 17.9.7.10 Global ethanol consumption
- 17.9.8 Biobutanol
  - 17.9.8.1 Production
  - 17.9.8.2 Prices
- 17.9.9 Biomass-based Gas
  - 17.9.9.1 Biomethane
  - 17.9.9.2 Production pathways
  - 17.9.9.3 SWOT analysis
  - 17.9.9.4 Global production
  - 17.9.9.5 Prices
  - 17.9.9.6 Bio-LNG
  - 17.9.9.7 bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)
  - 17.9.9.8 Carbon capture from biogas
- 17.9.10 Biosyngas
  - 17.9.10.1 Production
  - 17.9.10.2 Prices
- 17.9.11 Biohydrogen
  - 17.9.11.1 Description
  - 17.9.11.2 SWOT analysis
  - 17.9.11.3 Production of biohydrogen from biomass
  - 17.9.11.4 Applications
  - 17.9.11.5 Prices
- 17.9.12 Biochar in biogas production
- 17.9.13 Bio-DME
- 17.9.14 Chemical recycling for biofuels
  - 17.9.14.1 Plastic pyrolysis
  - 17.9.14.2 Used tires pyrolysis
  - 17.9.14.3 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
  - 17.9.14.4 Gasification
  - 17.9.14.5 Hydrothermal cracking
- 17.9.15 Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)
  - 17.9.15.1 Introduction
  - 17.9.15.2 Benefits of e-fuels
  - 17.9.15.3 Feedstocks
  - 17.9.15.4 CO~2~ capture
  - 17.9.15.5 Production
  - 17.9.15.6 Companies
- 17.9.16 Algae-derived biofuels
  - 17.9.16.1 Technology description
  - 17.9.16.2 Production
  - 17.9.16.3 Market challenges
  - 17.9.16.4 Prices
  - 17.9.16.5 Producers
- 17.9.17 Green Ammonia
  - 17.9.17.1 Production
  - 17.9.17.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods
  - 17.9.17.3 Blue ammonia
  - 17.9.17.4 Companies and projects
- 17.9.18 Bio-oils (pyrolysis oils)
  - 17.9.18.1 Description
  - 17.9.18.2 Production
  - 17.9.18.3 Applications
  - 17.9.18.4 Bio-oil producers
  - 17.9.18.5 Prices
- 17.9.19 Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF)
  - 17.9.19.1 Overview
  - 17.9.19.2 Production
  - 17.9.19.3 Markets
- 17.9.20 Bio-based Lubricants
- 17.9.21 Companies
17.10. Green Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare
- 17.10.1 Green Pharmaceutical Synthesis
  - 17.10.1.1 Green Solvents
  - 17.10.1.2 Catalysis
  - 17.10.1.3 Continuous Flow Chemistry
  - 17.10.1.4 Alternative Energy Sources
  - 17.10.1.5 Green Oxidation and Reduction Methods
  - 17.10.1.6 Atom-Economical Reactions
  - 17.10.1.7 Bio-based Starting Materials
  - 17.10.1.8 Process Intensification
  - 17.10.1.9 Green Analytical Techniques
  - 17.10.1.10 Sustainable Purification Methods
- 17.10.2 Bio-based Drug Delivery Systems
  - 17.10.2.1 Natural polymers
  - 17.10.2.2 Protein-based Materials
  - 17.10.2.3 Polysaccharide-based Systems
  - 17.10.2.4 Lipid-based Carriers
  - 17.10.2.5 Plant-derived Materials
  - 17.10.2.6 Microbial-derived Polymers
  - 17.10.2.7 Stimuli-responsive Biopolymers
  - 17.10.2.8 Bioconjugation Techniques
  - 17.10.2.9 Sustainable Particle Formation
- 17.10.3 Sustainable Medical Devices
- 17.10.4 Personalized Chemistry in Medicine
  - 17.10.4.1 Tailored Drug Delivery Systems
  - 17.10.4.2 Personalized Diagnostic Materials
  - 17.10.4.3 Custom-synthesized Therapeutics
  - 17.10.4.4 Biocompatible Materials for Implants
  - 17.10.4.5 3D-printed Pharmaceuticals
  - 17.10.4.6 Personalized Nutrient Formulations
- 17.10.5 Companies
17.11. Advanced Materials for 3D Printing
- 17.11.1 Bio-based 3D Printing Resins
- 17.11.2 Recyclable and Reusable 3D Printing Materials
- 17.11.3 Functional and Smart 3D Printing Materials
- 17.11.4 Companies
17.12. Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Design
- 17.12.1 Machine Learning for Molecular Design
- 17.12.2 AI-driven Retrosynthesis Planning
- 17.12.3 Predictive Modelling of Chemical Properties
- 17.12.4 AI in Process Optimization
- 17.12.5 Automated Lab Systems and Robotics
- 17.12.6 AI for Materials Discovery and Development
17.13. Quantum Chemistry Applications
- 17.13.1 Quantum Computing for Molecular Simulations
- 17.13.2 Quantum Sensors in Chemical Analysis
- 17.13.3 Quantum-inspired Algorithms for Property Prediction
- 17.13.4 Quantum Approaches to Catalyst Design
- 17.13.5 Quantum Chemistry in Drug Discovery
- 17.13.6 Quantum Effects in Nanomaterials
- 17.13.7 Companies

18. Economic Aspects and Business Models

18.1 Cost Competitiveness of Sustainable Chemical Technologies
18.2 Investment Trends in Green Chemistry
18.3 New Business Models in the Circular Economy
18.4 Market Dynamics and Consumer Preferences
18.5 Intellectual Property Considerations
18.6 Case Studies
- 18.6.1 Bio-based Production of Bulk Chemicals
- 18.6.2 CO2 to Polymers: Innovating in Materials
- 18.6.3 Waste Plastic to Fuels and Chemicals
- 18.6.4 Green Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
- 18.6.5 Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals
- 18.6.6 Circular Economy in Action: Closing the Loop in Packaging
- 18.6.7 Revolutionizing Textiles: From Petrochemicals to Bio-based Fibers

19. Future Outlook and Emerging Trends

19.1 Convergence of Bio, Nano, and Information Technologies
19.2 Quantum Computing in Chemical Research and Development
19.3 Space-based Manufacturing of Chemicals
19.4 Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Fuels
19.5 Personalized and On-demand Chemical Manufacturing
19.6 The Role of Chemistry in Achieving Net-Zero Emissions
19.7 Circular Economy Solutions
19.8 Artificial Intelligence and Digitalization Impact
19.9 Quantum Chemistry Prospects

20. Appendices

20.1 Glossary of Terms
20.2 List of Abbreviations
20.3 Research Methodology

References

簡介目錄圖表

List of Tables

Table 1. Factors influencing global drivers and trends.
Table 2. The role of digitalization and industry 4.0 technologies and processes.
Table 3. Sustainable agriculture chemicals: types and applications.
Table 4. Green cosmetics and personal care: types and applications.
Table 5. Sustainable packaging: types and applications.
Table 6. Eco-friendly paints and coatings: types and applications.
Table 7. Alternative fuels and lubricants: types and applications.
Table 8. Pharmaceuticals and healthcare: types and applications.
Table 9. Water treatment and purification: types and applications.
Table 10. Carbon capture and utilization products: types and applications.
Table 11. Advanced materials for 3D printing: types and applications.
Table 12. Sustainable mining and metallurgy technologies and processes.
Table 13. Overview of sustainable feedstock options.
Table 14. Types of biomass and their chemical compositions.
Table 15. Pretreatment and conversion technologies.
Table 16. Challenges in scaling up biomass utilization.
Table 17. Wood-based feedstocks.
Table 18. Agricultural waste.
Table 19. Energy crops.
Table 20. Agricultural waste (non-lignocellulosic agricultural waste).
Table 21. Algae based feedstocks: types and applications.
Table 22. CO2 capture technologies.
Table 23. Chemical conversion pathways for CO2.
Table 24. Challenges and barriers in economic and technical barriers to co2 utilization.
Table 25. Types of industrial waste streams and by-products.
Table 26. Electrolysis technologies.
Table 27. Applications of feedstock transition pathways for industry.
Table 28. Types of biocatalysis and enzyme engineering.
Table 29. Heterogeneous catalysis advancements.
Table 30. Photocatalysis and electrocatalysis.
Table 31. Types of feedstock-specific green chemistry approaches.
Table 32. Chemical recycling technologies.
Table 33. Types of non-catalytic.
Table 34. Types of catalytic.
Table 35. Pyrolysis for production of bio fuel.
Table 36. Types of pyrolysis for production of bio fuel.
Table 37. Types of pyrolysis for production of bio fuel (biomass type).
Table 38. Companies and capacities: companies and production capacities.
Table 39. Types of technology overview.
Table 40. Companies and capacities (current and planned): companies and production capacities.
Table 41. Types of technology overview.
Table 42. Companies and capacities (current and planned): companies and production capacities (company).
Table 43. Types of depolymerisation.
Table 44. Types of technology overview.
Table 45. Types of technology overview.
Table 46. Types of technology overview.
Table 47. Types of technology overview.
Table 48. Types of technology overview.
Table 49. Companies and capacities (current and planned): companies and production capacities.
Table 50. Types of hydrothermal cracking.
Table 51. Types of pyrolysis with in-line reforming.
Table 52. Types of microwave-assisted pyrolysis.
Table 53. Types of plasma pyrolysis.
Table 54. Types of plasma gasification.
Table 55. Upcycling of chemical waste technologies and processes.
Table 56. Circular business models in the chemical sector.
Table 57. Challenges and opportunities in implementing circularity.
Table 58. Companies active in circular economy in the chemical industry.
Table 59. Types of electrochemical synthesis.
Table 60. Integration of Power-to-X technologies in chemical production.
Table 61. Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning applications.
Table 62. Digital twins in chemical plant operations: components and description.
Table 63. Challenges and barriers in cybersecurity challenges in the digitalized chemical industry.
Table 64. Advanced manufacturing technologies.
Table 65. Microreactors and process intensification.
Table 66. Advantages in pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.
Table 67. Challenges in scale-up and implementation.
Table 68. Advantages of modular and distributed manufacturing.
Table 69. Challenges and barriers in modular and distributed manufacturing.
Table 70. Direct ink writing and reactive printing.
Table 71. Applications in custom synthesis and formulation.
Table 72. Flexible and adaptable production systems: components and description.
Table 73. Types of biorefinery classifications.
Table 74. Biorefinery classifications.
Table 75. Types of biorefinery classifications (product focus).
Table 76. Integration and process intensification.
Table 77. Lignocellulosic biomass processing: companies and production capacities.
Table 78. Types of algal biorefineries.
Table 79. Types of cell culture systems.
Table 80. Factors affecting cell culture performance.
Table 81. Types of fermentation processes.
Table 82. Factors affecting fermentation performance.
Table 83. Advances in fermentation technology.
Table 84. Types of purification methods.
Table 85. Factors affecting purification performance.
Table 86. Advances in purification technology.
Table 87. Types of formulation methods.
Table 88. Factors affecting formulation performance.
Table 89. Advances in formulation technology.
Table 90. Factors affecting scale-up performance.
Table 91. Scale-up strategies technologies and processes.
Table 92. Factors affecting optimization performance.
Table 93. Optimization strategies technologies and processes.
Table 94. Types of quality control tests.
Table 95. Factors influencing characterization.
Table 96. Types of characterization methods.
Table 97. Factors affecting characterization performance.
Table 98. Batch production: parameters and description.
Table 99. Types of cell factories for biomanufacturing.
Table 100. Hybrid systems.
Table 101. Host organisms.
Table 102. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology.
Table 103. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology (concrete).
Table 104. Carbon utilization business models.
Table 105. Benefits of carbon utilization technologies and processes.
Table 106. Applications of market challenges.
Table 107. Co2 utilization pathways.
Table 108. Process overview.
Table 109. Process overview (co2 derived product).
Table 110. Biological conversion of CO2.
Table 111. Companies active in copolymerization of co2.
Table 112. Companies active in mineral carbonation.
Table 113. Applications of mineral carbonation.
Table 114. Fuels: types and applications.
Table 115. Types of fuels.
Table 116. Production routes: types and applications.
Table 117. Costs.
Table 118. Types of algae based biofuels.
Table 119. CO₂-fuels from solar technologies and processes.
Table 120. Companies active in fuels.
Table 121. Types of scalability.
Table 122. Companies active in chemicals and polymers.
Table 123. CCUS technologies.
Table 124. Additives during mixing.
Table 125. Market trends and business models.
Table 126. Companies active in construction materials.
Table 127. Applications of construction materials.
Table 128. Companies active in co2 utilization in biological yield-boosting.
Table 129. Applications of co₂ utilization in enhanced oil recovery.
Table 130. Challenges and barriers in enhanced mineralization.
Table 131. Types of biocatalysts.
Table 132. Microorganisms: types and applications.
Table 133. Fungi.
Table 134. Yeast.
Table 135. Algae.
Table 136. Cyanobacteria.
Table 137. Cyanobacteria (aspect).
Table 138. Engineered biocatalysts.
Table 139. Types of detergent enzymes.
Table 140. Food processing enzymes: types and applications.
Table 141. Textile processing enzymes: types and applications.
Table 142. Paper and pulp processing enzymes: types and applications.
Table 143. Leather processing enzymes: types and applications.
Table 144. Types of biofuel production enzymes.
Table 145. Types of animal feed enzymes.
Table 146. Pharmaceutical and diagnostic enzymes: types and applications.
Table 147. Waste management and bioremediation enzymes: types and applications.
Table 148. Agriculture and crop improvement enzymes: types and applications.
Table 149. Agriculture and crop improvement enzymes.
Table 150. Other types.
Table 151. Types of production methods and processes.
Table 152. Types of fermentation.
Table 153. Types of fermentation (waste-based feedstock).
Table 154. Fermentation.
Table 155. Ell-Free protein synthesis.
Table 156. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering technologies and processes.
Table 157. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering.
Table 158. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering: parameters and description.
Table 159. Batch biomanufacturing: parameters and description.
Table 160. Fermentation processes.
Table 161. Cell-free synthesis.
Table 162. Applications of genome engineering.
Table 163. Immobilization and encapsulation techniques technologies and processes.
Table 164. Nanoparticle-based biocatalysts.
Table 165. Biocatalytic cascades and multi-enzyme systems.
Table 166. Microfluidics.
Table 167. Companies active in advanced catalysts for sustainable chemistry.
Table 168. Metabolic engineering.
Table 169. Metabolic engineering (a pplication).
Table 170. Gene and DNA synthesis technologies and processes.
Table 171. Gene synthesis and assembly technologies and processes.
Table 172. Applications of zfns.
Table 173. Applications of protein/enzyme engineering.
Table 174. Principles of synthetic genomics.
Table 175. Synthetic chromosomes and genomes.
Table 176. Applications of synthetic chromosomes and genomes.
Table 177. Computational tools for design and analysis.
Table 178. Types of feedstocks.
Table 179. Types of non-methane c1 feedstocks.
Table 180. Types of c2 feedstocks.
Table 181. Biological conversion of CO2.
Table 182. Starch.
Table 183. Blue hydrogen production technologies and processes.
Table 184. Blue hydrogen production technologies and processes (pathway).
Table 185. Types of marine biotechnology.
Table 186. Companies active in marine biotechnology.
Table 187. Bio-based solvents: types and applications.
Table 188. Types of solvent selection tools and frameworks.
Table 189. Companies active in green solvents and alternative reaction media.
Table 190. Municipal solid waste to chemicals technologies and processes.
Table 191. Agricultural and food waste valorization: types and applications.
Table 192. Critical material extraction technology.
Table 193. Critical material extraction technology (technology).
Table 194. Critical material extraction technology (extraction method).
Table 195. Critical rare-earth element recovery from secondary sources technologies and processes.
Table 196. Types of li-ion battery technology metal recovery.
Table 197. Critical semiconductor materials recovery: types and applications.
Table 198. Types of critical semiconductor materials recovery.
Table 199. Types of critical platinum group metal recovery.
Table 200. Types of bio-based flocculants and coagulants.
Table 201. Bio-based polymer membranes.
Table 202. Ceramic membranes from recycled materials.
Table 203. Advanced adsorbents for contaminant removal.
Table 204. Nutrient recovery technologies.
Table 205. Resource recovery from industrial wastewater.
Table 206. Bioelectrochemical systems.
Table 207. Green solvents in extraction processes: types and applications.
Table 208. Biodegradable chelating agents.
Table 209. Biocatalysts for wastewater treatment.
Table 210. Advanced adsorption materials.
Table 211. Sustainable pH adjustment chemicals: types and applications.
Table 212. Bioleaching and biooxidation technologies and processes.
Table 213. Green lixiviants for metal extraction.
Table 214. Types of sustainable flotation chemicals.
Table 215. Electrochemical recovery methods.
Table 216. Applications of geopolymers and mine tailings utilization.
Table 217. Sustainable remediation technologies.
Table 218. Waste-to-Energy technologies.
Table 219. Advanced separation techniques technologies and processes.
Table 220. Companies active in waste valorization and resource recovery.
Table 221. Energy efficiency measures in chemical plants.
Table 222. Renewable energy sources in chemical production.
Table 223. Energy storage technologies for process industries.
Table 224. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems.
Table 225. Green chemistry metrics and sustainability indicators: metrics and description.
Table 226. Safety by design principles: principles and description.
Table 227. Risk assessment and management in new chemical technologies: steps and description.
Table 228. Environmental impact assessment: components and description.
Table 229. Environmental policies driving sustainable chemistry.
Table 230. Incentives and support mechanisms for green chemistry.
Table 231. Challenges in regulating emerging technologies.
Table 232. International cooperation and harmonization efforts.
Table 233. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA).
Table 234. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) (p roperties).
Table 235. Applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates (pha).
Table 236. Types of microfibrillated cellulose (mfc).
Table 237. Applications of cellulose nanocrystals.
Table 238. Types of cellulose nanofibers.
Table 239. Applications in packaging.
Table 240. Feedstocks: types and applications.
Table 241. Types of alginate.
Table 242. Companies active in producers.
Table 243. Types of mycelium.
Table 244. Types of chitosan.
Table 245. Companies active in commercial examples.
Table 246. Companies active in markets and applications.
Table 247. Types of markets and applications.
Table 248. Companies active in commercial examples (company).
Table 249. Companies active in sustainable materials and polymers.
Table 250. Types of biopesticides and biocontrol agents.
Table 251. Types of controlled-release fertilizers.
Table 252. Biostimulants.
Table 253. Types of microbial biostimulants and biofertilizers.
Table 254. Biochemicals: types and applications.
Table 255. Types of biopesticides.
Table 256. Companies active in sustainable agriculture chemicals.
Table 257. Types of established bio-based construction materials.
Table 258. Self-healing concrete technologies and processes.
Table 259. Types of biobased and sustainable aerogels (bio-aerogels).
Table 260. Companies active in sustainable construction materials.
Table 261. Types of food packaging.
Table 262. Intelligent and smart food packaging.
Table 263. Intelligent and smart food packaging (function).
Table 264. Types of edible films and coatings.
Table 265. Polyurethane coatings.
Table 266. Companies active in bio-based polyurethane coatings.
Table 267. Companies active in polyurethane coatings.
Table 268. Companies active in acrylate resins.
Table 269. Types of polylactic acid (bio-pla).
Table 270. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) coatings.
Table 271. Types of cellulose nanofibers.
Table 272. Companies active in cellulose nanofibers.
Table 273. Animal origin proteins: types and applications.
Table 274. Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks technologies and processes.
Table 275. Companies active in co2 utilization products.
Table 276. Companies active in sustainable packaging.
Table 277. Types of natural and bio-based ingredients.
Table 278. Microplastic alternatives.
Table 279. Cellulose nanocrystals.
Table 280. Types of polyhydroxyalkanoates.
Table 281. Lignin.
Table 282. Lignin: types and applications.
Table 283. Lignin: companies and production capacities.
Table 284. Lignin: companies and production capacities (company).
Table 285. Types of waterless formulations.
Table 286. Companies active in green cosmetics and personal care.
Table 287. Types of bio-based and eco-friendly paints and coatings.
Table 288. Plant-Based wax coatings: types and applications.
Table 289. Types of alkyd resin properties.
Table 290. Types of bio-based alkyd coatings.
Table 291. Companies active in alkyd coatings.
Table 292. Polyurethane coatings.
Table 293. Companies active in bio-based polyols.
Table 294. Companies active in polyurethane coatings.
Table 295. Types of bio-based epoxy coatings.
Table 296. Companies active in epoxy coatings.
Table 297. Companies active in acrylate resins.
Table 298. Types of polylactic acid (bio-pla).
Table 299. Types of cellulose nanofibers.
Table 300. Companies active in cellulose nanofibers.
Table 301. Animal origin proteins: types and applications.
Table 302. Types of algal coatings.
Table 303. Companies active in algal coatings.
Table 304. Companies active in bio-based and eco-friendly paints and coatings.
Table 305. Biodegradable electronics: types and applications.
Table 306. Benefits of green electronics manufacturing.
Table 307. Advantages of challenges in adopting green electronics manufacturing.
Table 308. Sustainability in PCB manufacturing.
Table 309. Design of PCBs for sustainability technologies and processes.
Table 310. Design of PCBs for sustainability.
Table 311. Additive manufacturing.
Table 312. Companies active in conductive inks.
Table 313. Companies active in green and lead-free solder.
Table 314. Biodegradable substrates.
Table 315. Types of mycelium.
Table 316. Applications of lignin.
Table 317. Lignin: types and applications.
Table 318. Cellulose nanofibers.
Table 319. Companies active in cellulose nanofibers.
Table 320. PHAs.
Table 321. Challenges and barriers in fr4 limitations.
Table 322. Companies active in bio-polyimide.
Table 323. Biobased PCBs: propertys and description.
Table 324. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide pcbs.
Table 325. Sustainable patterning and metallization in electronics manufacturing technologies and processes.
Table 326. Issues with sustainability.
Table 327. Advantages of print-and-plate.
Table 328. Plating resist alternatives.
Table 329. Applications of laser-induced forward transfer.
Table 330. Laser-Induced forward transfer: parameters and description.
Table 331. Laser-Induced forward transfer technologies and processes.
Table 332. Types of electrically conductive adhesives (ecas.
Table 333. Advantages of green electroless plating.
Table 334. Types of conventional component attachment materials.
Table 335. Types of conventional component attachment materials (category).
Table 336. Shape memory polymers: properties and description.
Table 337. Conductive biopolymers: propertys and description.
Table 338. Sustainable attachment and integration of components technologies and processes.
Table 339. Types of low temperature solder.
Table 340. Types of low temperature solder (material).
Table 341. IC manufacturing.
Table 342. Sustainable IC manufacturing.
Table 343. Sustainable oxidation.
Table 344. Metal oxides.
Table 345. Surface doping technologies and processes.
Table 346. Mechanical recycling.
Table 347. Chemical recycling technologies and processes.
Table 348. Electrochemical processes.
Table 349. Thermal recycling technologies and processes.
Table 350. Companies active in green electronics.
Table 351. Natural fibres.
Table 352. Types of bio-based leather.
Table 353. Types of properties of bio-based leathers.
Table 354. Types of comparison with conventional leathers.
Table 355. Types of comparison with conventional leathers (material).
Table 356. Comparative analysis of bio-based leathers.
Table 357. Production processes.
Table 358. Plant-based leather: types and applications.
Table 359. Companies active in plant-based leather.
Table 360. Types of mycelium leather.
Table 361. Companies active in mycelium leather.
Table 362. Types of microbial leather.
Table 363. Companies active in microbial leather.
Table 364. Companies active in lab grown leather.
Table 365. Types of protein-based leather.
Table 366. Companies active in commercial activity.
Table 367. Companies active in commercial activity (company).
Table 368. Companies active in sustainable textiles and fibers.
Table 369. Biodiesel by generation.
Table 370. Types of production of biodiesel and other biofuels.
Table 371. Pyrolysis of biomass.
Table 372. Types of pyrolysis of biomass.
Table 373. Types of pyrolysis of biomass (biomass type).
Table 374. Vegetable oil transesterification.
Table 375. Production process: companies and production capacities.
Table 376. Companies active in fischer-tropsch biodiesel.
Table 377. Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel.
Table 378. Global production and consumption, 2010–2035.
Table 379. SWOT assessment for swot analysis.
Table 380. Global consumption, 2010–2035.
Table 381. Prices.
Table 382. Advantages of bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel or aviation biofuel).
Table 383. SWOT assessment for swot analysis (strengths).
Table 384. Production pathways.
Table 385. Companies active in bio-aviation fuel production capacities.
Table 386. Global consumption, 2019–2035.
Table 387. SWOT assessment for swot analysis
Table 388. Companies active in markets and applications.
Table 389. Types of markets and applications.
Table 390. Types of prices.
Table 391. Companies active in production capacities, by producer, current and planned.
Table 392. SWOT assessment for swot analysis (part 4).
Table 393. Production processes.
Table 394. SWOT assessment for swot analysis (part 5).
Table 395. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation technologies and processes.
Table 396. Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP).
Table 397. Global ethanol consumption, 2010–2035.
Table 398. Biobutanol.
Table 399. Types of biomass-based gas.
Table 400. SWOT assessment for swot analysis (part 6).
Table 401. Companies active in plants.
Table 402. Carbon capture from biogas technologies and processes.
Table 403. SWOT assessment for swot analysis (part 7).
Table 404. Production of biohydrogen from biomass.
Table 405. Applications of biohydrogen.
Table 406. Types of gasification.
Table 407. Types of hydrothermal cracking.
Table 408. Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels).
Table 409. Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels) ().
Table 410. Benefits of e-fuels.
Table 411. EFuel production facilities, current and planned.
Table 412. Companies active in electrofuels (e-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels).
Table 413. Companies active in producers.
Table 414. Green ammonia projects: companies and production capacities.
Table 415. Companies active in blue ammonia projects.
Table 416. Ammonia fuel cells technologies and processes.
Table 417. Types of marine fuel.
Table 418. Types of marine fuel (fuel type).
Table 419. Prices ().
Table 420. Companies active in companies and projects.
Table 421. Advantages of bio-oils.
Table 422. Advantages of bio-oils (characteristic).
Table 423. Upgrading technologies and processes.
Table 424. Applications of bio-oils (pyrolysis oils).
Table 425. Companies active in bio-oil producers.
Table 426. Production process.
Table 427. Applications of refuse derived fuels (rdf).
Table 428. Bio-based lubricants: types and applications.
Table 429. Companies active in alternative fuels and lubricants.
Table 430. Types of green solvents.
Table 431. Catalysis.
Table 432. Alternative energy sources.
Table 433. Hydrogen peroxide as green oxidant technologies and processes.
Table 434. Atom-Economical reactions.
Table 435. Types of bio-based starting materials.
Table 436. Process intensification.
Table 437. Green analytical techniques technologies and processes.
Table 438. Sustainable purification methods.
Table 439. Cellulose and its derivatives: types and applications.
Table 440. Gelatin hydrogels: types and applications.
Table 441. Pullulan.
Table 442. Nanostructured lipid carriers.
Table 443. Starch-based materials: types and applications.
Table 444. Xanthan gum: types and applications.
Table 445. Xanthan gum technologies and processes.
Table 446. Enzyme-responsive materials.
Table 447. Photo-initiated crosslinking technologies and processes.
Table 448. Supercritical fluid-assisted particle formation technologies and processes.
Table 449. Types of sustainable medical devices.
Table 450. Companies active in green pharmaceuticals and healthcare.
Table 451. Bio-based 3D printing resins: types and applications.
Table 452. Types of recyclable and reusable 3d printing materials.
Table 453. Types of functional and smart 3d printing materials.
Table 454. Companies active in advanced materials for 3d printing.
Table 455. Companies active in quantum chemistry applications.
Table 456. Cost competitiveness of sustainable chemical technologies.
Table 457. Investment trends in green chemistry.
Table 458. New business models in the circular economy.
Table 459. Applications of market dynamics and consumer preferences.
Table 460. Intellectual property considerations.
Table 461. Companies active in quantum computing in chemical research and development.
Table 462. Applications of space-based manufacturing of chemicals.
Table 463. Artificial photosynthesis and solar fuels technologies and processes.
Table 464. Applications of personalized and on-demand chemical manufacturing.
Table 465. The role of chemistry in achieving Net-Zero emissions.
Table 466. Circular economy solutions.
Table 467. Applications of artificial intelligence and digitalization impact.
Table 468. Applications of quantum chemistry prospects.
Table 469. Glossary of terms.
Table 470. List of abbreviations.

List of Figures

Figure 1. CO2 emissions reduction pathway for the chemical sector.
Figure 2. Water extraction methods for natural products.
Figure 3. Circular economy model for the chemical industry.
Figure 4. Schematic layout of a pyrolysis plant.
Figure 5. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 6. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires.
Figure 7. Used tires conversion process.
Figure 8. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas.
Figure 9. Overview of biogas utilization.
Figure 10. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 11. Products obtained through the different solvolysis pathways of PET, PU, and PA.
Figure 12. Applications for CO2.
Figure 13. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector.
Figure 14. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services.
Figure 15. Co2 utilization pathways and products.
Figure 16. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion.
Figure 17. Electrochemical CO₂ reduction products.
Figure 18. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process.
Figure 19. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels.
Figure 20. Econic catalyst systems.
Figure 21. Mineral carbonation processes.
Figure 22. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates.
Figure 23. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel.
Figure 24. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol.
Figure 25. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c
Figure 26. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways.
Figure 27. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 28. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials.
Figure 29. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector.
Figure 30. Carbon8 Systems' ACT process.
Figure 31. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process
Figure 32. Algal cultivation in the desert.
Figure 33. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria.
Figure 34. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR.
Figure 35. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry.
Figure 36. Carbon mineralization pathways.
Figure 37. Cell-free and cell-based protein synthesis systems.
Figure 38. The design-make-test-learn loop of generative biology.
Figure 39. CRISPR/Cas9 & Targeted Genome Editing.
Figure 40. Genetic Circuit-Assisted Smart Microbial Engineering.
Figure 41. Microbial Chassis Development for Natural Product Biosynthesis.
Figure 42. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process.
Figure 43. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels.
Figure 44. Overview of biogas utilization.
Figure 45. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 46. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production.
Figure 47. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.
Figure 48. TRL of critical material extraction technologies.
Figure 49. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms.
Figure 50. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
Figure 51. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.
Figure 52. Luum Temple, constructed from Bamboo.
Figure 53. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.
Figure 54. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.
Figure 55. Self-healing concrete test study with cracked concrete (left) and self-healed concrete after 28 days (right).
Figure 56. Self-healing bacteria crack filler for concrete.
Figure 57. Self-healing bio concrete.
Figure 58. Microalgae based biocement masonry bloc.
Figure 59. Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application.
Figure 60. Water soluble packaging by Notpla.
Figure 61. Examples of edible films in food packaging.
Figure 62. Applications for CO2.
Figure 63. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services.
Figure 64. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 65. Schematic of production of powder coatings.
Figure 66. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms.
Figure 67. Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application.
Figure 68. Vapor degreasing.
Figure 69. Multi-layered PCB.
Figure 70. 3D printed PCB.
Figure 71. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products.
Figure 72. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.
Figure 73. Dell's Concept Luna laptop.
Figure 74. Direct-write, precision dispensing, and 3D printing platform for 3D printed electronics.
Figure 75. 3D printed circuit boards from Nano Dimension.
Figure 76. Photonic sintering.
Figure 77. Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT).
Figure 78. Material jetting 3d printing.
Figure 79. Material jetting 3d printing product.
Figure 80. The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli.
Figure 81. Supercooled Soldering™ Technology.
Figure 82. Reflow soldering schematic.
Figure 83. Schematic diagram of induction heating reflow.
Figure 84. Fully-printed organic thin-film transistors and circuitry on one-micron-thick polymer films.
Figure 85. Types of PCBs after dismantling waste computers and monitors.
Figure 86. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel.
Figure 87. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials.
Figure 88. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.
Figure 89. Hermes bag made of MycoWorks' mycelium leather.
Figure 90. Ganni blazer made from bacterial cellulose.
Figure 91. Bou Bag by GANNI and Modern Synthesis.
Figure 92. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres).
Figure 93. Flow chart for biodiesel production.
Figure 94. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre.
Figure 95. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year).
Figure 97. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year).
Figure 99. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2019-2035 (Million litres/year).
Figure 102. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks.
Figure 103. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading.
Figure 104. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation.
Figure 105. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process.
Figure 107. Properties of petrol and biobutanol.
Figure 108. Biobutanol production route.
Figure 109. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 110. Overview of biogas utilization.
Figure 111. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 112. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production.
Figure 113. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production.
Figure 115. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021.
Figure 117. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 118. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires.
Figure 119. Used tires conversion process.
Figure 120. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas.
Figure 121. Overview of biogas utilization.
Figure 122. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 123. Process steps in the production of electrofuels.
Figure 124. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics.
Figure 125. Production process for green hydrogen.
Figure 126. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products.
Figure 127. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production.
Figure 128. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels.
Figure 129. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production.
Figure 130. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production.
Figure 131. Green ammonia production and use.
Figure 132. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction.
Figure 133. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation.
Figure 134. Estimated production cost of green ammonia.
Figure 135. Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques.