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固體冷卻材料及系統市場與技術（2027-2047）：被動輻射冷卻、PDRC、熱釋光冷卻、熱電冷卻、超材料、導體、多模、多用途
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
2105111

固體冷卻材料及系統市場與技術（2027-2047）：被動輻射冷卻、PDRC、熱釋光冷卻、熱電冷卻、超材料、導體、多模、多用途

Solid State Cooling Materials, Systems: Passive Radiative, PDRC, Caloric, Thermoelectric, Metamaterial, Conductor, Multimode, Multipurpose: Markets, Technology 2027-2047
出版日期: | 出版商: Zhar Research | 英文 535 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

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簡介目錄

本報告是一份全面且最新的研究報告，展現了固體冷卻產業的快速成長。這份長達535頁的報告著重分析市場和商業層面，為所有參與不斷發展的價值鏈的公司和相關人員，特別是材料和設備供應商、產品和系統整合商以及投資者，提供了寶貴的資訊。報告共分為八個章節，包含11篇SWOT分析、藍圖、31項市場預測以及39張全新資訊圖表。

第一作者進行了一項博士級的分析，內容涵蓋主要研究成果、企業技術進步及其對2026年之前市場的影響。該分析也基於作者推出的經驗。根據他們的研究，目前市場規模僅10億美元，預計未來20年將達到670億美元。該市場的大部分將由三種互補技術構成：被動輻射冷卻（PRC，也稱為被動日光輻射冷卻PDRC）、熱能冷卻和熱電冷卻。

近年來，在3M公司顯著的技術進步和產品開發推動下，壓電冷卻（PRC）和熱壓冷卻技術發展迅速。同時，熱電冷卻技術也蓬勃發展，這得益於索尼穿戴裝置冷卻以及下一代1kW級微晶片冷卻等新需求。未來，其重要應用領域包括應對全球暖化、高溫人工智慧資料中心、發熱量日益增加的6G通訊設備以及高溫太陽能板。固體冷卻技術將逐步取代蒸氣壓縮冷卻技術，應用於建築、汽車、冷藏庫和冷凍庫等領域，其優勢顯而易見。這些優點包括降低電力消耗量、抑制二次發熱以及減少成本、縮小尺寸和使用有害物質。

目錄

第1章：摘要整理與結論

  • 本報告的目的
  • 分析方法和報告範圍
  • 促使冷氣需求成長的因素
  • 為什麼固體冷卻是優先事項：研究趨勢分析、COP、按類型分類的冷卻預測和市場背景。
  • 24項主要結論
  • 蒸氣壓縮冷卻的潛在替代方案，以及在太陽能電池板冷卻和 6G 通訊方面的潛在應用。
  • 固體冷卻整體中具有應用前景的材料和運行原理
  • 將固體冷卻技術商業化的公司數量
  • 熱冷卻技術的研究與商業化分析
  • SWOT分析及相關材料分析
  • 按市場和技術分類的固體冷卻藍圖
  • 市場預測：表格、圖表和說明
    • 全球冷卻模組市場：依7種技術分類
    • 商業產品中地面輻射冷卻性能
    • 空調市場規模
    • 全球暖通空調、冷藏庫、冷凍庫及其他冷凍設備市場規模
    • 冷藏庫和冷凍庫市場的規模
    • 固定式電池市場與冷氣需求
    • 當 6G 通訊普及後，基礎設施和終端對溫度控管材料和結構的市場規模將如何變化？
    • 6G介電和導熱材料的市場規模：按地區分類
    • 5G/6G導熱材料市場
    • 6G基地台和5G基地台的市場規模
    • 熱超構裝置市場：依三大應用領域分類

第2章：引言

  • 概述
  • 冷氣需求發生根本性變化的例子
    • 空調需求不斷成長以及未來需求的變化
    • 資訊圖表：多種因素促使冷氣需求不斷成長
    • 水和局部體溫冷卻相關的風險
    • 建築冷凍面臨的挑戰日益嚴峻，亟需新的解決方案
    • 傳統蒸氣壓縮冷卻技術面臨的挑戰日益增多
    • 6G通訊帶來的新冷卻需求
    • 人工智慧資料中心、電網電池、核融合巨型雷射和太陽能電池板面臨的冷卻挑戰。
    • 微晶片的嚴格新冷卻要求
  • 應對新型冷卻挑戰的領先解決方案
    • 冷卻技術向智慧材料過渡的方向
    • 一場旨在將較早的被動式冷卻技術重新引入建築物的運動。
    • 改造空調技術，以實現低能耗、環保、低成本。
    • 面向未來微晶片、電池和電子設備的冷卻解決方案，包括固體冷卻。
    • 應對6G通訊造成的日益嚴重的發熱問題的措施
    • 利用固體冷卻和其他技術的智慧紡織品
  • 冷卻技術的關注程度和成熟度
  • 12種固體冷卻方式運行原理比較：依10種功能分類
  • 資訊圖：導熱界面材料和導熱冷卻的未來
  • 被廣泛使用或提案的不良材料和商業機會

第3章 被動輻射冷卻（PRC）/被動日光輻射冷卻（PDRC）及相關主題

  • 概述、SWOT分析、成熟度曲線
  • 中國基礎知識
  • 材料分析，包括塗料、多模式和多功能PRC
    • 對材料及其商業性意義的整體分析
    • 中國製造的油漆和著色劑不會影響性能
    • 氣凝膠和多孔材料方法
    • 開發環保、低成本的中國材料
    • 適用於中國的先進隔熱材料：聚合物、陶瓷和 3D 列印。
  • PRC 的新興應用：資料中心、建築、水回收、太陽能板、服飾、軟性電子產品。
    • 市場機會和技術進步，包括資料中心提案。
    • 中國在建築、太陽能板和窗戶技術方面的進步
    • 中國紡織品、布料及穿戴設備：技術進步的商業性意義及SWOT分析
    • 中國低溫側有助於提高熱電發電機的輸出功率。
    • 太陽能發電冷卻：固體冷卻技術的定位
    • 農業和食品系統中的輻射冷卻技術
  • 仿生、自適應和可調式PRC技術的進展
  • 相關領域

第4章：將中國商業化的公司

  • 概述
  • 3M
  • BASF
  • Dewpoint Innovations
  • i2Cool
  • Kizawa Kougyo
  • LifeLabs
  • Plasmonics
  • Radicool
  • SkyCool Systems
  • SolCold
  • 麻省大學阿默斯特分校的衍生公司。
  • SRI

第5章：固體相變冷卻：熱力學冷卻與OCPCM冷卻

  • 基於結構相變和鐵電相變的冷卻方法和材料概述
  • 相變冷卻方法概述，包括鐵性相變
  • 資訊圖表：相變冷卻技術（如固體冷卻）比較
  • 取向複合相變材料（OCPCM）
  • 熱力冷卻的技術背景和運行原理
  • 對熱能冷卻和熱電冷卻進行比較，並確定有前景的熱能技術。
  • 促進熱能冷卻技術廣泛應用的提案與發展。
  • 電卡冷卻和SWOT分析
  • 磁熱冷卻和SWOT分析
  • 機械熱冷卻（彈熱冷卻、壓熱冷卻、扭轉熱冷卻）及SWOT分析
  • 多熱量冷卻最新技術的進展
  • 新興的熱能冷卻系統製造商

第6章：實行技術：超材料冷卻材料與裝置

  • 概述
  • 超材料固體冷卻的關鍵技術進步和商業性影響。
    • 概述
    • 利用相變超材料進行溫度控管
    • 用於熱控制的超材料智慧窗戶和溫室
    • 利用超材料冷卻建築物和設備
    • 用於太陽能電池板的超材料冷卻層
    • 透過SWOT分析展現冷卻效果的超材料紡織品

第7章 熱電冷卻和熱電能源採集：其他固體冷卻系統和電源的利用

  • 基礎知識、SWOT 分析、索尼的熱電頸背冷卻器
  • 熱電材料
    • 必備特徵
    • 有用且誤導的績效指標
    • 追求高 zT 性能，但這並不總是合適的。
    • 正在考慮的碲化鉍替代材料
    • 無毒和低毒性的熱電材料，一些低成本材料
    • 鐵基和自旋驅動熱電材料
  • 大面積軟性熱電冷卻的市場機會
    • 需求和總體方法
    • 軟性大面積熱電冷卻技術進步。
    • 大面積、軟性TEG研究的例子，可能會產生類似的TEC。
  • 建築輻射冷卻：多功能性與熱電能量收集相結合
  • TEC/TEG的散熱問題及不斷發展的解決方案
    • 概述
    • 熱電技術與中國
  • 生產用於珀爾帖冷卻的熱電模組和產品。

第8章 熱界面材料（TIMs）及其他導熱材料與結構

  • 概述：從導熱黏合劑到高導熱混凝土。
  • 使用導熱材料解決熱問題時需要考慮的關鍵因素
    • 是黏性型還是非黏性型？
    • 熱波動
    • 導電的或不導電的
    • 安排
    • 環境因素導致的劣化
    • 熱結構選擇
    • 嵌入式冷卻系統研究
    • 可實現熱流控制的智慧陶瓷
  • 導熱界面材料（TIM）
    • 概述
    • 對 7 種現有方法中的 9 個項目進行比較
    • 2024-2026年十大關鍵研究進展
    • 導熱膏對比
    • 目前TIM（終端資訊管理）領域的例子包括：漢高、邁圖科技、信越科技、積水工業、富士通和蘇州大森。
    • 來自 37 家導熱界面材料製造商的案例研究
    • 受不斷變化的需求驅動的熱界面材料發展趨勢：石墨烯、液態金屬等。
  • 聚合物選項：矽基或碳基
    • 比較
    • 矽酮的關鍵特性，信越化學，專利
    • 矽基導熱材料的SWOT分析
  • 高導熱聚合物技術的進步
    • 概述
    • 一家導熱添加劑製造商的案例研究
    • 高導熱聚合物：研究中重點關注的基質和顆粒材料餅圖。
    • 重要前沿技術的進步
簡介目錄

Summary

Join the surge in solid-state cooling by reading the latest, most thorough report on the subject. The commercially-oriented 535-page report is Zhar Research “Solid State Cooling Materials, Systems: Passive Radiative, PDRC, Caloric, Thermoelectric, Metamaterial, Conductor, Multimode, Multipurpose: Markets, Technology 2027-2047”. It assists all in the emerging value chain, particularly intending materials and device suppliers, product and system integrators and investors. Its eight chapters include 11 SWOT appraisals, roadmaps 31 forecast lines and 39 new infograms.

The primary author provides PhD level analysis, including implications of major research and company advances through 2026. He speaks from a background of creating several successful companies. His research finds a $67 billion market arriving over the next 20 years from only $1 billion today. Most will consist of three complementary technology families – passive radiative cooling also known as passive daylight radiative cooling, caloric cooling and thermoelectric cooling.

Recently, PRC and caloric cooling have been boosted by major technical advances and 3M products. Thermoelectric cooling is now boosted by meeting new needs such as Sony cooling wearables and others cooling the new 1kW microchips. Next come such things as coping with global warming, very hot AI datacenters, hotter 6G Communications, hot solar panels. Solid-state cooling will gradually displace vapor compression cooling in buildings, vehicles, refrigerators and freezers for a host of identified reasons. They include using less electricity, creating less or no heat by- product, cost, size and toxigen reduction.

The Executive Summary and Conclusions (48 pages) is complete for those with limited time. See basics, winning materials, company analysis, 24 primary conclusions, most SWOT appraisals, then roadmaps and 31 lines of forecasts 2027-2047. The Introduction (35 pages) then explains the many needs arriving to demand solid-state cooling. See the big picture such as the trend to smart materials including textiles and your opportunity to replace undesirable materials. Many new infograms and tables pull this together including one giving twelve solid-state cooling operating principles compared by 10 capabilities.

Chapter 3. Passive Radiative Cooling (PRC)/ Passive Daylight Radiative Cooling (PDRC) and Allied Topics takes 105 pages because it enjoys the most advances in 2025 and 2026 – here examined in detail - and has very broad potential mainly beyond replacing or reducing vapor compression cooling. Here are many pie charts and SWOT appraisals and a full explanation of variants and combinations overcoming limitations such as directionality.

Chapter 4. Twelve Companies Commercialising PRC (37 pages) supports this including profiles of the PRC activity of giant companies such as 3M now involved. Its 3M™ Passive Radiative Cooling Film (PRCF) is a high-tech material that cools surfaces without electricity. It works 24/7 by reflecting 94% of sunlight and sending trapped heat into the cold upper atmosphere. This lowers surface temperatures and saves 10-20% on HVAC energy costs. Datacenter roofing is one beneficiary.

Chapter 5. Solid-State Phase Change Cooling: Caloric and OCPCM (111 pages) introduces phase change cooling and the solid-state part which is most promising with caloric cooling (change of ferroic state) but a new supporting technology called Oriented Composite Phase Change Material (OCPCM) is briefly covered – a directional thermal conductor. See the present and future of magnetocaloric, electrocaloric and mechanocaloric options (of which elastocaloric and barocaloric are most important). Magnetocaloric has long been commercialised with modest success but the research and company emphasis has pivoted to the others recently. Why, what next, what are your opportunities as it takes off? Why is $40 billion in sales likely by 2047 as caloric takes a major bite out of vapor compression cooling business? The small number of manufacturers discussed will now rise sharply.

Chapter 6. Enabling Technology: Metamaterial Cooling Materials and Devices (60 pages) shows how these mainly support PRC with something beyond simple thermal conduction or insulation. Understand the benefits such as transparency, efficiency and compactness and what comes next. This virtuosity extends to smart windows and greenhouses, cooling buildings and devices including solar panels and even metamaterial textiles. Eight important 2026 research papers examined are just a part of this.

Chapter 7. Thermoelectric Cooling and Thermoelectric Harvesting as a User of and Power Provider for Other Solid-State Cooling (58 pages) explains why it would be wrong to dismiss thermoelectrics as mature and of no importance. Why has Sony just entered the field with volume products? 2025-6 research breakthroughs? 82 manufacturers named? It is all here. Part of the story is major new needs best served by thermoelectric cooling such as some personal and 1kW chip cooling. Add possible future breakthroughs in research such as affordable wide-area and nano versions.

The report closes with Chapter 8. Thermal Interface Materials TIM and Other Thermal Conducting Materials and Structures (53 pages). These do not create cold but they support solid-state cooling by carrying heat away. The Zhar Research report is your best guide to participating early in this exciting opportunity becoming tens of billions of dollars yearly.

Caption: Best solid-state cooling technologies for reducing temperature 5C to 80C 2027-2047 on current evidence. Combinations are possible. Source Zhar Research report, “Solid State Cooling Materials, Systems: Passive Radiative, PDRC, Caloric, Thermoelectric, Metamaterial, Conductor, Multimode, Multipurpose: Markets, Technology 2027-2047”.

Table of Contents

1. Executive summary and conclusions

  • 1.1 Purpose of this report
  • 1.2 Methodology of this analysis and scope of the report
  • 1.3 Reasons for the escalating need for cooling
  • 1.4 Why solid-state cooling is now a priority, analysis of research, COP, forecast cooling by type, context
  • 1.5 24 primary conclusions
  • 1.6 Potential for replacing vapor compression cooling, and for use in solar panel and 6G Communications cooling
  • 1.7 Winning materials and principles for solid-state cooling generally
  • 1.8 Company numbers commercialising solid state cooling by technology
  • 1.9 Analysis of research and commercialisation of caloric cooling (3 pie charts)
  • 1.10 Seventeen SWOT appraisals and supporting materials analyses
    • 1.10.1 Solid state cooling SWOT appraisal
    • 1.10.2 Leading materials in 292 latest research advances in solid state cooling
    • 1.10.3 SWOT appraisal of PRC/ PDRC
    • 1.10.4 Popularity of basis materials in latest PRC research
    • 1.10.5 SWOT appraisal of Janus effect for thermal management
    • 1.10.6 SWOT appraisal of anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling
    • 1.10.7 SWOT appraisal of thermal metamaterials which mainly support PRC
    • 1.10.8 SWOT appraisal of electrocaloric cooling and thermal management
    • 1.10.9 Electrocaloric materials by popularity in 35 research advances 2023 through
    • 1.10.10 SWOT appraisal of magnetocaloric cooling
    • 1.10.11 SWOT appraisal of elastocaloric cooling
    • 1.10.12 SWOT appraisal of barocaloric cooling
    • 1.10.13 SWOT appraisal of thermoelectric cooling, temperature control and harvesting
    • 1.10.14 Materials prioritised in latest thermoelectric cooling research (106 papers)
  • 1.11 Solid state cooling roadmap by market and by technology 2027-2047
  • 1.12 Market forecasts as tables, graphs, explanation in 31 lines 2027-2047
    • 1.12.1 Cooling module global market by seven technologies $ billion 2026-2047
    • 1.12.2 Terrestrial radiative cooling performance in commercial products W/sq. m 2025-2047
    • 1.12.3 Air conditioner value market $ billion 2024-2047
    • 1.12.4 Global market for HVAC, refrigerators, freezers, other cooling $ billion 2025-2047
    • 1.12.5 Refrigerator and freezer value market $ billion 2024-2047
    • 1.12.6 Stationary battery market $ billion and cooling needs 2024-2047
    • 1.12.7 Thermal management material and structure for 6G Communications infrastructure and client devices $ billion if 6G is successful 2026-2047
    • 1.12.8 Dielectric and thermal materials for 6G value market % by location 2029-2047
    • 1.12.9 5G vs 6G thermal interface material market $ billion 2025-2047
    • 1.12.10 Market for 6G vs 5G base stations units millions yearly 2025-2047
    • 1.12.11 Market for 6G base stations market value $bn if successful 2029-2047
    • 1.12.12 Smartphone billion units sold globally 2024-2047 if 6G is successful
    • 1.12.13 Thermal meta-device market $ billion 2025-2047 by 3 application segments

2. Introduction

  • 2.1 General situation
  • 2.2 Examples of radical changes in the requirements for cooling 2027-2047
    • 2.2.1 Escalation of demand for air conditioning and forthcoming changes in requirement
    • 2.2.2 Infogram: Cooling needs increase for many reasons 2027-2047
    • 2.2.3 Dangers of water and localised cooling of your body
    • 2.2.4 Growing problems call for new solutions when cooling buildings
    • 2.2.5 The increasing problems of traditional vapor compression cooling
    • 2.2.6 How 6G Communications from 2030 will bring new cooling requirements: infograms
    • 2.2.7 AI datacenters, grid storage batteries, fusion mega-lasers, solar panels and other cooling problems
    • 2.2.8 Severe new microchip cooling requirements arriving
  • 2.3 Some of the primary answers to emerging cooling challenges 2027-2047
    • 2.3.1 How cooling technology will trend to smart materials 2027-2047
    • 2.3.2 Back to the future: bring back ancient passive cooling for buildings
    • 2.3.3 Reinventing air conditioning to be lower power, greener, more affordable
    • 2.3.4 Cooling future microchips, batteries and electronics with or without solid-state cooling
    • 2.3.5 Answers to 6G Communications bringing tougher heat issues from
    • 2.3.6 Smart textiles: solid-state and other
  • 2.4 Attention vs maturity of cooling technologies 3 curves 2027, 2037,
  • 2.5 Twelve solid-state cooling operating principles compared by 10 capabilities
  • 2.6 Infogram: The future of thermal interface materials and other cooling by thermal conduction
  • 2.7 Undesirable materials widely used and proposed: this is an opportunity for you

3. Passive Radiative Cooling (PRC)/ Passive Daylight Radiative Cooling (PDRC) and allied topics

  • 3.1 Overview with SWOT appraisal, 2027 maturity curve
  • 3.2 PRC basics
    • 3.2.1 Definition, origin, purpose, six aspects compared
    • 3.2.2 Two-sided Janus option with SWOT and 2025, 2026 advances appraised
    • 3.2.3 Anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling with advances 2024 through 2025 and SWOT appraisal
  • 3.3 Materials analysis 2025, 2026 including paint and multi-mode, multifunctional PRC advances
    • 3.3.1 Overall materials analysis with commercial implications
    • 3.3.2 PRC paint and color without compromise
    • 3.3.3 Aerogel and porous material approaches
    • 3.3.4 Environmental and inexpensive PRC materials development
    • 3.3.5 Advanced thermal insulation for PRC: polymer, ceramic, 3DP
  • 3.4 Emerging PRC applications: datacenters, buildings, water harvesting, solar panels, apparel, flexible electronics, other
    • 3.4.1 Overall opportunity and progress including proposals for datacenters
    • 3.4.2 PRC for buildings, solar panels and windows: progress in 2025-6
    • 3.4.3 Textile, fabric, wearable PRC: commercial implications of 2025-6 advances and SWOT
    • 3.4.4 PRC cold side boosting power of thermoelectric generators
    • 3.4.5 Cooling of photovoltaics: solid-state options in context
    • 3.4.6 Radiative Cooling Technologies in Agri-food Systems
  • 3.5 Bioinspired, adaptive and tunable PRC advances 2025-6
  • 3.6 Wider picture
    • 3.6.1 Overview: including roads and high-power laser cooling
    • 3.6.2 Other 2025-6 research related to PRC

4. Twelve companies commercialising PRC

  • 4.1 Overview
  • 4.2 3M USA
  • 4.3 BASF Germany
  • 4.4 Dewpoint Innovations Australia
  • 4.5 i2Cool USA
  • 4.6 Kizawa Kougyo Japan
  • 4.7.LifeLabs USA
  • 4.8 Plasmonics USA
  • 4.9 Radicool Japan, Malaysia etc.
  • 4.10 SkyCool Systems USA
  • 4.11 SolCold Israel
  • 4.12 Spinoff from University of Massachusetts Amherst USA
  • 4.13 SRI USA

5. Solid-state phase change cooling: Caloric and OCPCM

  • 5.1 Overview and structural and ferroic phase change cooling modes and materials
  • 5.1 Overview: Phase change cooling modes including change of ferroic state with infograms
  • 5.2 Infogram: phase-change cooling technologies compared: solid state, other
  • 5.3 Oriented composite phase change material (OCPCM)
  • 5.4 Caloric cooling: technical context and operating principles
  • 5.5 Caloric compared to thermoelectric cooling and winning caloric technologies identified
  • 5.6 Some proposals for work to advance the use of caloric cooling
  • 5.7 Electrocaloric cooling with SWOT appraisal
    • 5.7.1 Overview and SWOT appraisal
    • 5.7.2 Operating principles, device construction, successful materials and form factors
    • 5.7.3 Electrocaloric material popularity in latest research with explanation
    • 5.7.4 Electrocaloric cooling: issues to address
    • 5.7.5 Electrocaloric cooling research advances 2025 and
  • 5.8 Magnetocaloric cooling with SWOT appraisal
    • 5.8.1 Overview with progress 2025 and
    • 5.8.2 Magnetocaloric cooling in detail
  • 5.9 Mechanocaloric cooling (elastocaloric, barocaloric, twistocaloric) cooling with SWOT appraisals
    • 5.9.1 Elastocaloric cooling overview: operating principle, system design, applications, SWOT
    • 5.9.2 Elastocaloric advances 2025 and
    • 5.9.3 Barocaloric cooling: breakthroughs in 2025 and 2026 with SWOT
  • 5.10 Multicaloric cooling advances in 2025 and
  • 5.11 Emerging manufacturers of caloric cooling systems

6. Enabling technology: Metamaterial cooling materials and devices

  • 6.1 Overview
    • 6.1.1 Emerging capabilities with images, infograms, achievements, two SWOT appraisals
    • 6.1.2 Applications of metamaterial cooling
    • 6.1.3 Active (powered) metamaterials and power from metamaterial harvesting
  • 6.2 Major advances in metamaterial solid-state cooling 2025 and 2026 with commercial implications
    • 6.2.1 General situation
    • 6.2.2 Thermal management with phase change metamaterials
    • 6.2.3 Metamaterial smart windows and greenhouses for thermal control
    • 6.2.4 Metamaterials cooling buildings and devices
    • 6.2.5 Metamaterial cooling overlayers for solar panels
    • 6.2.6 Metamaterial textiles that cool with SWOT

7. Thermoelectric cooling and thermoelectric harvesting as a user of and power provider for other solid-state cooling

  • 7.1 Basics, including SWOT appraisal and 2026 Sony thermoelectric neck and back coolers
    • 7.1.1 Operation, examples including new interest in hybrid system, 2026 advances
    • 7.1.2 Thermoelectric cooling and temperature control: refrigerators, seats, batteries, microchips, other
    • 7.1.3 SWOT appraisal of thermoelectric cooling, temperature control and harvesting
  • 7.2 Thermoelectric materials
    • 7.2.1 Requirements
    • 7.2.2 Useful and misleading metrics
    • 7.2.3 Quest for better zT performance which is often the wrong approach
    • 7.2.4 Some alternatives to bismuth telluride being considered
    • 7.2.5 Non-toxic and less toxic thermoelectric materials, some lower cost
    • 7.2.6 Ferron and spin driven thermoelectrics
  • 7.3 Wide area and flexible thermoelectric cooling is a gap in the market for you to address
    • 7.3.1 The need and general approaches
    • 7.3.2 Advances in flexible and wide area thermoelectric cooling in 2026 and earlier
    • 7.3.3 Wide area or flexible TEG research 40 examples that may lead to similar TEC
  • 7.4 Radiation cooling of buildings: multifunctional with thermoelectric harvesting
  • 7.5 The heat removal problem of TEC and TEG – evolving solutions
    • 7.5.1 General
    • 7.5.2 Integrating thermoelectric and PRC
  • 7.6 83 Manufactures of Peltier cooling thermoelectric modules and products

8. Thermal Interface Materials TIM and other thermal conducting materials and structures

  • 8.1 Overview: thermal adhesives to thermally conductive concrete
    • 8.1.1 TIM, heat spreaders from micro to heavy industrial: activity of 17 companies
    • 8.1.2 18 examples of research advances in 2026 and earlier
    • 8.1.3 Annealed pyrolytic graphite: progress in 2025 and 2024 as microelectronic TIM
    • 8.1.4 Thermally conductive concrete and allied work
  • 8.2 Important considerations when solving thermal challenges with conductive materials
    • 8.2.1 Bonding or non-bonding
    • 8.2.2 Varying heat
    • 8.2.3 Electrically conductive or not
    • 8.2.4 Placement
    • 8.2.5 Environmental attack
    • 8.2.6 Choosing a thermal structure
    • 8.2.7 Research on embedded cooling
    • 8.2.8 Smart ceramics permit control of heat flow in
  • 8.3 Thermal Interface Material TIM
    • 8.3.1 General
    • 8.3.2 Seven current options compared against nine parameters
    • 8.3.3 Ten important research advances in 2024-6
    • 8.3.4 Thermal pastes compared
    • 8.3.5 TIM and other examples today: Henkel, Momentive, ShinEtsu, Sekisui, Fujitsu, Suzhou Dasen
    • 8.3.6 37 examples of TIM manufacturers
    • 8.3.7 Thermal interface material trends as needs change: graphene, liquid metals etc.
  • 8.4 Polymer choices: silicones or carbon-based
    • 8.4.1 Comparison
    • 8.4.2 Silicone parameters, ShinEtsu, patents
    • 8.4.3 SWOT appraisal for silicone thermal conduction materials
  • 8.5 Thermally conductive polymer advances
    • 8.5.1 Overview
    • 8.5.2 Examples of companies making thermally conductive additives
    • 8.5.3 Thermally conductive polymers: pie charts of host materials and particulates prioritised in research
    • 8.5.4 Important new progress