全球噬菌體治療市場研究報告 - 2024 年至 2032 年產業分析、規模、佔有率、成長、趨勢與預測

全球噬菌體治療市場需求預計將從 2023 年的 4,739 萬美元增至 2032 年的近 7,428 萬美元，2024-2032 年研究期間複合年成長率為 5.12%。

噬菌體療法或噬菌體療法利用噬菌體來治療細菌感染。噬菌體或噬菌體是一種附著在細菌細胞上並將病毒基因組或 DNA 注入細菌細胞的病毒。病毒基因組取代細菌基因組，最終阻止細菌進一步生長和感染。具有病毒基因組的細菌細胞複製噬菌體。噬菌體與抗生素相比，兩者都能有效殺死引起感染的細菌。然而，噬菌體的作用比抗生素更具特異性。它們不會損害宿主細胞以及其他有益細菌，例如宿主體內的腸道菌叢。噬菌體是抗生素的替代療法，因為許多傳染性細菌現在對常用的廣譜抗生素產生了抗藥性。

市場動態

推動全球噬菌體市場的因素是空氣、水和食源性細菌感染的日益流行，以及抗生素抗藥性發生率的增加。此外，噬菌體療法的副作用幾乎為零或很少。這項因素正在支撐全球市場。此外，私營部門和政府部門對噬菌體療法的廣泛研發進一步推動了全球市場的發展。在 COVID-19 大流行期間，噬菌體治療市場可能會擴大，因為整個全球的焦點都集中在開發新的感染治療療法。

研究報告涵蓋波特五力模型、市場吸引力分析和價值鏈分析。這些工具有助於清晰地了解行業結構並評估全球範圍內的競爭吸引力。此外，這些工具還對全球噬菌體治療市場的每個細分市場進行了包容性評估。噬菌體治療產業的成長和趨勢為本研究提供了整體方法。

市場區隔

噬菌體治療市場報告的這一部分提供了國家和區域層面細分市場的詳細資料，從而幫助策略家確定相應產品或服務的目標人群以及即將到來的機會。

按產品分類

• 噬菌體益生菌
• 噬菌體治療

依給藥途徑

• 口服
• 專題

按申請

• 皮膚感染治療
• 胃腸病學
• 傷口預防
• 呼吸道感染治療
• 泌尿生殖感染治療

區域分析

本節涵蓋區域前景，重點介紹北美、歐洲、亞太地區、拉丁美洲以及中東和非洲噬菌體治療市場當前和未來的需求。此外，該報告重點關注所有主要地區各個應用領域的需求、估計和預測。

該研究報告還涵蓋了市場主要參與者的全面概況以及對全球競爭格局的深入了解。噬菌體治療市場的主要參與者包括 PhagePro Inc.、Enbiotix Inc.、TechnoPhage SA、Eligo Bioscience SA、Armata Pharmaceuticals Inc.、ContraFect Corporation、Phagomed Biopharma GmbH.、Eliava Biopreparations Ltd.、Fixed-Phage Ltd.、Intodeworld Inc. ., Pherecydes Pharma, BiomX Ltd., Adaptive Phage Therapeutics, Intralytix Inc., Phagelux Inc. 本部分包含競爭格局的整體視圖，其中包括各種策略發展，例如關鍵併購、未來產能、合作夥伴關係、財務概覽、合作、新產品開發、新產品發布和其他開發。

如果您有任何客製化要求，請寫信給我們。我們的研究團隊可以根據您的需求提供客製化報告。

目錄

第1章：前言

• 報告說明
  • 客觀的
  • 目標受眾
  • 獨特的銷售主張 (USP) 和產品
• 研究範圍
• 研究方法
  • 市場研究過程
  • 市場研究方法論

第 2 章：執行摘要

• 市場亮點
• 全球市場概況

第 3 章：噬菌體療法 - 產業分析

• 簡介 - 市場動態
• 市場促進因素
• 市場限制
• 機會
• 產業動態
• 波特五力分析
• 市場吸引力分析
  • 按產品分類的市場吸引力分析
  • 按給藥途徑進行的市場吸引力分析
  • 市場吸引力分析：依應用分類
  • 市場吸引力分析：按地區

第 4 章：價值鏈分析

• 價值鏈分析
• 原料分析
  • 原料清單
  • 原料廠商清單
  • 主要原物料價格走勢
• 潛在買家名單
• 行銷管道
  • 直效行銷
  • 間接行銷
  • 行銷通路發展趨勢

第 5 章：全球噬菌體治療市場分析：按產品

• 概述（按產品）
• 歷史和預測數據
• 按產品分析
• 噬菌體益生菌
• 噬菌體治療

第 6 章：全球噬菌體治療市場分析：依給藥途徑

• 依給藥途徑概述
• 歷史和預測數據
• 依給藥途徑分析
• 口服
• 專題

第 7 章：全球噬菌體治療市場分析：依應用分類

• 概述：按應用
• 歷史和預測數據
• 分析：按應用
• 皮膚感染治療
• 胃腸病學
• 傷口預防
• 呼吸道感染治療
• 泌尿生殖感染治療

第 8 章：全球噬菌體治療市場分析：依地理位置

• 區域展望
• 介紹
• 北美銷售分析
  • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
  • 北美按細分市場銷售分析
  • 北美按國家銷售分析
  • 美國銷售分析
  • 加拿大銷售分析
  • 墨西哥銷售分析
• 歐洲銷售分析
  • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
  • 歐洲按細分市場銷售分析
  • 歐洲按國家銷售分析
  • 英國銷售分析
  • 法國銷售分析
  • 德國銷售分析
  • 義大利銷售分析
  • 俄羅斯銷售分析
  • 歐洲其他地區銷售分析
• 亞太地區銷售分析
  • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
  • 亞太地區按細分市場銷售分析
  • 亞太地區按國家銷售分析
  • 中國銷售分析
  • 印度銷售分析
  • 日本銷售分析
  • 韓國銷售分析
  • 澳洲銷售分析
  • 東南亞銷售分析
  • 亞太地區其他地區銷售分析
• 拉丁美洲銷售分析
  • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
  • 拉丁美洲按細分市場銷售分析
  • 拉丁美洲按國家銷售分析
  • 巴西銷售分析
  • 阿根廷銷售分析
  • 秘魯銷售分析
  • 智利銷售分析
  • 拉丁美洲其他地區銷售分析
• 中東和非洲銷售分析
  • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
  • 中東和非洲按細分市場銷售分析
  • 中東和非洲按國家銷售分析
  • 沙烏地阿拉伯銷售分析
  • 阿拉伯聯合大公國銷售分析
  • 以色列銷售分析
  • 南非銷售分析
  • 中東其他地區和非洲銷售分析

第 9 章：噬菌體治療公司的競爭格局

• 噬菌體治療市場競爭
• 夥伴關係/協作/協議
• 併購
• 新產品發布
• 其他發展

第 10 章：公司簡介

• 頂級公司市佔率分析
• 市場集中度
• PhagePro Inc.
• 公司概況
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最新動態
• Enbiotix Inc.
• 公司概況
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最新動態
• TechnoPhage SA
• 公司概況
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最新動態
• Eligo Bioscience SA
• 公司概況
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最新動態
• Armata Pharmaceuticals Inc.
• 公司概況
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最新動態
• ContraFect Corporation
• 公司概況
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最新動態
• Phagomed Biopharma GmbH.
• 公司概況
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最新動態
• Eliava Biopreparations Ltd.
• 公司概況
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最新動態
• Fixed-Phage Ltd.
• 公司概況
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最新動態
• Intodeworld Inc.
• 公司概況
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最新動態
• Pherecydes Pharma
• 公司概況
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最新動態
• BiomX Ltd.
• 公司概況
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最新動態
• Adaptive Phage Therapeutics
• 公司概況
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最新動態
• Intralytix Inc.
• 公司概況
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最新動態
• Phagelux Inc
• 公司概況
• 公司收入
• 產品
• 最新動態

註 - 在公司概況中，財務詳細資訊和最新發展視情況而定，或對私人公司而言可能不包括在內

The global demand for Bacteriophage Therapy Market is presumed to reach the market size of nearly USD 74.28 Million by 2032 from USD 47.39 Million in 2023 with a CAGR of 5.12% under the study period 2024-2032.

Bacteriophage therapy or phage therapy utilizes bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections. Bacteriophage or phage is the type of virus that gets attached to the bacterial cell and injects viral genome or DNA into the bacterial cell. The viral genome takes the place of the bacterial genome and eventually stops further bacterial growth and infection. The bacterial cell with viral genome replicates bacteriophages. Bacteriophages are compared with antibiotics as both effectively kill infection-causing bacteria; however, bacteriophages are more specific in action than antibiotics. They do not harm host cells as well as to other beneficial bacteria such as gut flora in the host body. Bacteriophages are an alternative therapy to antibiotics as many infectious bacteria are now resistant to the regularly used broad-spectrum antibiotics.

MARKET DYNAMICS

The factors that are driving the global bacteriophage market are the increasing prevalence of air, water, and foodborne bacterial infection, and increasing incidences of antibiotic resistance. Besides, there are almost nil or few side effects of bacteriophage therapy. This factor is supporting the global market. Moreover, extensive R & D on bacteriophage therapy by private as well as government sectors is further fuelling the global market. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the bacteriophage therapy market is likely to expand as the entire global focus is on the development of new treatment therapies for infections.

The research report covers Porter's Five Forces Model, Market Attractiveness Analysis, and Value Chain analysis. These tools help to get a clear picture of the industry's structure and evaluate the competition attractiveness at a global level. Additionally, these tools also give an inclusive assessment of each segment in the global market of Bacteriophage Therapy. The growth and trends of Bacteriophage Therapy industry provide a holistic approach to this study.

MARKET SEGMENTATION

This section of the Bacteriophage Therapy market report provides detailed data on the segments at country and regional level, thereby assisting the strategist in identifying the target demographics for the respective product or services with the upcoming opportunities.

By Product

• Phage Probiotics
• Phage Therapeutic

By Route of Administration

• Oral
• Topical

By Application

• Skin Infection Treatment
• Gastroenterology
• Wound Prophylaxis
• Respiratory Infections Treatment
• Urogenital Infection Treatment

REGIONAL ANALYSIS

This section covers the regional outlook, which accentuates current and future demand for the Bacteriophage Therapy market across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. Further, the report focuses on demand, estimation, and forecast for individual application segments across all the prominent regions.

The research report also covers the comprehensive profiles of the key players in the market and an in-depth view of the competitive landscape worldwide. The major players in the Bacteriophage Therapy market include PhagePro Inc., Enbiotix Inc., TechnoPhage SA, Eligo Bioscience SA, Armata Pharmaceuticals Inc., ContraFect Corporation, Phagomed Biopharma GmbH., Eliava Biopreparations Ltd., Fixed-Phage Ltd., Intodeworld Inc., Pherecydes Pharma, BiomX Ltd., Adaptive Phage Therapeutics, Intralytix Inc., Phagelux Inc. This section consists of a holistic view of the competitive landscape that includes various strategic developments such as key mergers & acquisitions, future capacities, partnerships, financial overviews, collaborations, new product developments, new product launches, and other developments.

In case you have any custom requirements, do write to us. Our research team can offer a customized report as per your need.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. PREFACE

• 1.1. Report Description
  • 1.1.1 Objective
  • 1.1.2 Target Audience
  • 1.1.3 Unique Selling Proposition (USP) & offerings
• 1.2. Research Scope
• 1.3. Research Methodology
  • 1.3.1 Market Research Process
  • 1.3.2 Market Research Methodology

2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 2.1. Highlights of Market
• 2.2. Global Market Snapshot

3. BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY - INDUSTRY ANALYSIS

• 3.1. Introduction - Market Dynamics
• 3.2. Market Drivers
• 3.3. Market Restraints
• 3.4. Opportunities
• 3.5. Industry Trends
• 3.6. Porter's Five Force Analysis
• 3.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis
  • 3.7.1 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Product
  • 3.7.2 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Route of Administration
  • 3.7.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application
  • 3.7.4 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region

4. VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

• 4.1. Value Chain Analysis
• 4.2. Raw Material Analysis
  • 4.2.1 List of Raw Materials
  • 4.2.2 Raw Material Manufactures List
  • 4.2.3 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
• 4.3. List of Potential Buyers
• 4.4. Marketing Channel
  • 4.4.1 Direct Marketing
  • 4.4.2 Indirect Marketing
  • 4.4.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

5. GLOBAL BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY MARKET ANALYSIS BY PRODUCT

• 5.1. Overview By Product
• 5.2. Historical and Forecast Data
• 5.3. Analysis By Product
• 5.4. Phage Probiotics Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 5.5. Phage Therapeutic Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions

6. GLOBAL BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY MARKET ANALYSIS BY ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION

• 6.1. Overview By Route of Administration
• 6.2. Historical and Forecast Data
• 6.3. Analysis By Route of Administration
• 6.4. Oral Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 6.5. Topical Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions

7. GLOBAL BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY MARKET ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION

• 7.1. Overview By Application
• 7.2. Historical and Forecast Data
• 7.3. Analysis By Application
• 7.4. Skin Infection Treatment Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 7.5. Gastroenterology Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 7.6. Wound Prophylaxis Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 7.7. Respiratory Infections Treatment Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions
• 7.8. Urogenital Infection Treatment Historic and Forecast Sales By Regions

8. GLOBAL BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY MARKET ANALYSIS BY GEOGRAPHY

• 8.1. Regional Outlook
• 8.2. Introduction
• 8.3. North America Sales Analysis
  • 8.3.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
  • 8.3.2 North America By Segment Sales Analysis
  • 8.3.3 North America By Country Sales Analysis
  • 8.3.4 United States Sales Analysis
  • 8.3.5 Canada Sales Analysis
  • 8.3.6 Mexico Sales Analysis
• 8.4. Europe Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.2 Europe By Segment Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.3 Europe By Country Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.4 United Kingdom Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.5 France Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.6 Germany Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.7 Italy Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.8 Russia Sales Analysis
  • 8.4.9 Rest Of Europe Sales Analysis
• 8.5. Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.2 Asia Pacific By Segment Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.3 Asia Pacific By Country Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.4 China Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.5 India Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.6 Japan Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.7 South Korea Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.8 Australia Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.9 South East Asia Sales Analysis
  • 8.5.10 Rest Of Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
• 8.6. Latin America Sales Analysis
  • 8.6.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
  • 8.6.2 Latin America By Segment Sales Analysis
  • 8.6.3 Latin America By Country Sales Analysis
  • 8.6.4 Brazil Sales Analysis
  • 8.6.5 Argentina Sales Analysis
  • 8.6.6 Peru Sales Analysis
  • 8.6.7 Chile Sales Analysis
  • 8.6.8 Rest of Latin America Sales Analysis
• 8.7. Middle East & Africa Sales Analysis
  • 8.7.1 Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
  • 8.7.2 Middle East & Africa By Segment Sales Analysis
  • 8.7.3 Middle East & Africa By Country Sales Analysis
  • 8.7.4 Saudi Arabia Sales Analysis
  • 8.7.5 UAE Sales Analysis
  • 8.7.6 Israel Sales Analysis
  • 8.7.7 South Africa Sales Analysis
  • 8.7.8 Rest Of Middle East And Africa Sales Analysis

9. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE OF THE BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY COMPANIES

• 9.1. Bacteriophage Therapy Market Competition
• 9.2. Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
• 9.3. Merger And Acquisitions
• 9.4. New Product Launch
• 9.5. Other Developments

10. COMPANY PROFILES OF BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY INDUSTRY

• 10.1. Top Companies Market Share Analysis
• 10.2. Market Concentration Rate
• 10.3. PhagePro Inc.
  • 10.3.1 Company Overview
  • 10.3.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.3.3 Products
  • 10.3.4 Recent Developments
• 10.4. Enbiotix Inc.
  • 10.4.1 Company Overview
  • 10.4.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.4.3 Products
  • 10.4.4 Recent Developments
• 10.5. TechnoPhage SA
  • 10.5.1 Company Overview
  • 10.5.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.5.3 Products
  • 10.5.4 Recent Developments
• 10.6. Eligo Bioscience SA
  • 10.6.1 Company Overview
  • 10.6.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.6.3 Products
  • 10.6.4 Recent Developments
• 10.7. Armata Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • 10.7.1 Company Overview
  • 10.7.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.7.3 Products
  • 10.7.4 Recent Developments
• 10.8. ContraFect Corporation
  • 10.8.1 Company Overview
  • 10.8.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.8.3 Products
  • 10.8.4 Recent Developments
• 10.9. Phagomed Biopharma GmbH.
  • 10.9.1 Company Overview
  • 10.9.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.9.3 Products
  • 10.9.4 Recent Developments
• 10.10. Eliava Biopreparations Ltd.
  • 10.10.1 Company Overview
  • 10.10.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.10.3 Products
  • 10.10.4 Recent Developments
• 10.11. Fixed-Phage Ltd.
  • 10.11.1 Company Overview
  • 10.11.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.11.3 Products
  • 10.11.4 Recent Developments
• 10.12. Intodeworld Inc.
  • 10.12.1 Company Overview
  • 10.12.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.12.3 Products
  • 10.12.4 Recent Developments
• 10.13. Pherecydes Pharma
  • 10.13.1 Company Overview
  • 10.13.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.13.3 Products
  • 10.13.4 Recent Developments
• 10.14. BiomX Ltd.
  • 10.14.1 Company Overview
  • 10.14.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.14.3 Products
  • 10.14.4 Recent Developments
• 10.15. Adaptive Phage Therapeutics
  • 10.15.1 Company Overview
  • 10.15.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.15.3 Products
  • 10.15.4 Recent Developments
• 10.16. Intralytix Inc.
  • 10.16.1 Company Overview
  • 10.16.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.16.3 Products
  • 10.16.4 Recent Developments
• 10.17. Phagelux Inc
  • 10.17.1 Company Overview
  • 10.17.2 Company Revenue
  • 10.17.3 Products
  • 10.17.4 Recent Developments

Note - In company profiling, financial details and recent developments are subject to availability or might not be covered in the case of private companies

LIST OF TABLES

• Market Snapshot
• Drivers: Impact Analysis
• Restraints: Impact Analysis
• List of Raw Material
• List of Raw Material Manufactures
• Analysis By Product (USD MN)
• Phage Probiotics Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Phage Therapeutic Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Analysis By Route of Administration (USD MN)
• Oral Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Topical Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Analysis By Application (USD MN)
• Skin Infection Treatment Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Gastroenterology Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Wound Prophylaxis Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Respiratory Infections Treatment Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Urogenital Infection Treatment Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Global Bacteriophage Therapy Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• North America Market Analysis (USD MN)
• United States Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Canada Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Mexico Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Europe Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Europe Market Estimate By Country (USD MN)
• United Kingdom Market Analysis (USD MN)
• France Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Germany Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Italy Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Russia Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Spain Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Rest of Europe Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Asia Pacific Market Analysis (USD MN)
• China Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Japan Market Analysis (USD MN)
• India Market Analysis (USD MN)
• South Korea Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Australia Market Analysis (USD MN)
• South East Asia Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Rest of Asia Pacific Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Latin America Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Brazil Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Argentina Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Peru Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Chile Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Rest of Latin America Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Middle East & Africa Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Saudi Arabia Market Analysis (USD MN)
• UAE Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Israel Market Analysis (USD MN)
• South Africa Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Rest of Middle East and Africa Market Analysis (USD MN)
• Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
• Mergers And Acquisition

LIST OF FIGURES

• Research Scope of Bacteriophage Therapy Report
• Market Research Process
• Market Research Methodology
• Global Bacteriophage Therapy Market Size, By Region (USD MN)
• Porters Five Forces Analysis
• Market Attractiveness Analysis By Product
• Market Attractiveness Analysis By Route of Administration
• Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application
• Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region
• Value Chain Analysis
• Global Market Analysis By Product (USD MN)
• Phage Probiotics Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Phage Therapeutic Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Global Market Analysis By Route of Administration (USD MN)
• Oral Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Topical Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Global Market Analysis By Application (USD MN)
• Skin Infection Treatment Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Gastroenterology Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Wound Prophylaxis Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Respiratory Infections Treatment Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Urogenital Infection Treatment Market Sales By Geography (USD MN)
• Global Market Sales (USD MN)
• North America Market Sales (USD MN)
• Europe Market Sales (USD MN)
• Asia Pacific Market Sales (USD MN)
• Latin America Market Sales (USD MN)
• Middle East & Africa Market Sales (USD MN)
• Recent Development in Industry
• Top Company Market Share Analysis

Kindly note that the above listed are the basic tables and figures of the report and are not limited to the TOC.