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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
2046882

動力舌市場 - 全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會、預測：按類型、產品類型、功能、地點、地區和競爭格局分類，2021-2031年

Power Tong Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented, By Type, By Product Type, By Function, By Location, By Region & Competition, 2021-2031F
出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 185 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

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簡介目錄

全球電力鉗市場預計將從 2025 年的 29.3 億美元大幅成長至 2031 年的 50.6 億美元，複合年成長率為 9.53%。

動力鉗是石油和天然氣行業必不可少的專用液壓工具，用於在油井建造和維護過程中精確地對鑽桿、套管和油管等管狀產品施加或釋放扭矩。這一市場擴張的主要驅動力是全球探勘和生產 (E&P) 活動的活性化。國際鑽井承包商協會 (IADC) 的報告顯示，2024 年全球鑽井承包商的工作長達 4.184 億小時，顯示市場對鑽井設備的需求強勁，這印證了當前強勁的商業環境。

市場概覽
預測期 2027-2031
市場規模：2025年 29.3億美元
市場規模：2031年 50.6億美元
複合年成長率：2026-2031年 9.53%
成長最快的細分市場 氣壓
最大的市場 北美洲

這一成長也得益於對自動化管材下入服務日益成長的需求，以提高鑽機的安全性和效率。然而，油價波動帶來的巨大挑戰正為光明的市場前景蒙上陰影。油價波動常常迫使業者大幅削減資本投資並推遲新的鑽井項目，這反過來又阻礙了關鍵鑽機設備的引進和使用。

市場促進因素

液壓鉗市場的主要驅動力是全球探勘和生產活動的活性化，尤其是在海上和超深水區域。隨著作業向更具挑戰性的儲存轉移，對頻繁的起下鑽作業和先進管材處理設備的需求顯著成長。貝克休斯的數據顯示，到2025年11月，全球鑽井鑽機數量將達到1,073座，反映出上游產業作業量的激增。這表明對起下鑽和破拆工具的需求將持續存在。此外，大規模的資本投資，例如沙烏地阿美計畫在2025年投入520億至580億美元，也正在推動包括液壓鉗在內的鑽井設備的長期需求。

第二個關鍵因素是自動化和物聯網鑽井技術的整合，這正在改變產品需求，使其轉向高精度、遠端操作的設備。業界正積極從手動系統轉向自動化系統，以提高管道搬運過程中的安全性並確保精確的扭矩控制。這一轉變得到了大規模服務合約的支持，例如威德福國際公司與巴西石油公司簽訂的價值1.47億美元的自動化管道裝載服務契約，這表明運營商致力於利用先進的機械化工具來提高運營效率、減少鑽機停機時間並遵守最新的安全標準。

市場挑戰

限制全球動力鉗市場成長的主要挑戰是原油價格的波動。能源價格的不可預測的波動和下跌常常迫使探勘和生產公司削減資本支出以維持財務穩定。這種財務限制導致新鑽井項目延期和完井項目取消，而這兩項活動都是需要動力鉗的關鍵環節。管柱下入作業的減少直接降低了對扭矩加壓設備的需求，進而影響了製造商和服務供應商的產生收入。

這些充滿挑戰的市場動態得到了行業數據的佐證，這些數據表明價格持續承壓。例如，歐佩克2025年9月發布的《石油市場月報》指出，ICE布蘭特原油基準價格持續下跌，平均價格為每桶67.26美元，削弱了業者的信心。價格波動迫使鑽井承包商限制鑽機部署，進而阻礙了包括液壓動力鉗在內的關鍵鑽機設備的採購和使用。

市場趨勢

一個關鍵的市場趨勢是自動化管道搬運技術的日益普及，並逐漸發展成為全自動機器人系統，使工人無需在危險的鑽機平台上作業。與傳統的遙控裝置不同，這些新一代解決方案採用多臂機器人和機器視覺技術，無需人工干預即可完成管道起下作業。這項技術飛躍包括能夠在管道柱運輸過程中自主決策的設備，其效率遠遠超過標準機械工具。 NOV公司在加拿大商業鑽機上成功部署了一套用於管道柱搬運的三臂自主機器人系統，就是這項進步的絕佳例證。相關通報刊登於2025年6月的《鑽井承包商》雜誌，充分證明了免人工操作技術的可行性。

同時，專為深海應用設計的高扭力裝置的研發正日益成為一種趨勢。隨著營運商將目標瞄準更深的儲存，對連接強度極高的設備需求也日益成長，這些設備能夠處理優質管柱和厚壁套管，以確保超深海作業的完整性。市場優先考慮能夠在高壓環境下提供精確且大扭矩的設備，這種需求體現在大規模服務合約中，例如Explo集團為Neptune深海天然氣專案獲得的價值超過1000萬美元的合約。這凸顯了先進開發項目中對高規格管道下入硬體的迫切需求。

目錄

第1章概述

第2章：調查方法

第3章執行摘要

第4章：客戶心聲

第5章：全球動力舌市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
    • 按金額
  • 市佔率及預測
    • 按類型（液壓、氣動）
    • 產品類型（鑿鉗、套管鉗、旋轉鉗、手動鉗、其他）
    • 依功能分類（分叉鉗、化妝鉗）
    • 依安裝地點（海上、陸上）
    • 按地區
    • 按公司（2025 年）
  • 市場地圖

第6章：北美動力舌市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 北美洲：國別分析
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第7章：歐洲動力舌市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 歐洲：國別分析
    • 德國
    • 法國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 西班牙

第8章：亞太地區動力舌市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 亞太地區：國別分析
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韓國
    • 澳洲

第9章：中東與非洲動力舌市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 中東與非洲：國別分析
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 南非

第10章：南美洲動力舌片市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 南美洲：國別分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥倫比亞
    • 阿根廷

第11章 市場動態

  • 促進因素
  • 任務

第12章 市場趨勢與發展

  • 併購
  • 產品發布
  • 近期趨勢

第13章：全球動力舌市場：SWOT分析

第14章：波特五力分析

  • 產業競爭
  • 新進入者的潛力
  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 顧客權力
  • 替代品的威脅

第15章 競爭格局

  • Eckel Manufacturing Co., Inc.
  • 英特萊夫石油天然氣Group Limited
  • Jiangsu Rutong Petroleum Machinery Co.
  • Jiangsu Rushi Machinery Co., Ltd.
  • Weatherford International Plc
  • ALCO Inc.
  • Jiangsu Zhongyou Machinery Co., Ltd.
  • Jereh Group
  • International Prospering Group SA de CV
  • Midland Oil Tools（MOT）

第16章 策略建議

第17章：關於研究公司及免責聲明

簡介目錄
Product Code: 13087

The Global Power Tong Market is projected to grow substantially from USD 2.93 Billion in 2025 to USD 5.06 Billion by 2031, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.53%. Power tongs are specialized hydraulic tools essential in the oil and gas industry for precisely applying or releasing torque on tubular goods like drill pipes, casing, and tubing during well construction and servicing operations. This market expansion is primarily fueled by the intensification of global exploration and production (E&P) activities. Evidence of this robust operational environment includes the 418.4 million man-hours recorded globally by drilling contractors in 2024, as reported by the International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC), indicating strong demand for drilling equipment.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2027-2031
Market Size 2025USD 2.93 Billion
Market Size 2031USD 5.06 Billion
CAGR 2026-20319.53%
Fastest Growing SegmentPneumatic
Largest MarketNorth America

The growth is further driven by the increasing necessity for automated tubular running services to enhance rig safety and efficiency. However, the market's positive outlook is tempered by the significant challenge of crude oil price volatility, which frequently prompts operators to implement stringent capital expenditure cuts and defer new drilling projects, thereby hindering the acquisition and utilization of critical rig hardware.

Market Driver

A primary catalyst for the power tong market is the intensified global exploration and production activities, particularly in offshore and ultra-deepwater regions. As operations move into more challenging reservoirs, the demand for frequent pipe tripping and advanced tubular handling equipment grows significantly. This surge in upstream operations is reflected by an international rig count of 1,073 units in November 2025, according to Baker Hughes data, indicating a consistent need for make-up and break-out tools. Furthermore, substantial capital investments, such as Saudi Aramco's projected $52-58 billion capital expenditure for 2025, reinforce the long-term demand for drilling equipment, including hydraulic tongs.

The second critical driver is the integration of automation and IoT-enabled drilling technologies, which is transforming product requirements towards high-precision, remote-operated units. The industry is actively transitioning from manual to automated systems to enhance safety during tubular handling and ensure precise torque application. This shift is underscored by significant service contracts, such as Weatherford International's $147 million contract with Petrobras for automated tubular running services, demonstrating operators' commitment to leveraging advanced mechanized tools for improved operational efficiency, reduced rig downtime, and adherence to modern safety standards.

Market Challenge

The primary challenge hindering the growth of the Global Power Tong Market is the volatility of crude oil prices. Unpredictable or declining energy prices often compel exploration and production companies to reduce capital expenditures to maintain financial stability. This financial restraint results in the postponement of new drilling campaigns and the cancellation of well completion projects, both of which are critical activities requiring power tongs. Such reductions in tubular running operations directly decrease demand for torque-application equipment, thereby impeding revenue generation for manufacturers and service providers.

This challenging market dynamic is substantiated by industry data indicating sustained pricing pressure. For instance, the OPEC's September 2025 Monthly Oil Market Report noted a continued downward trend with the ICE Brent benchmark averaging $67.26 per barrel, undermining operator confidence. This price instability forces drilling contractors to limit rig deployments, consequently hampering the procurement and utilization of essential rig hardware, including hydraulic power tongs.

Market Trends

A significant market trend is the increasing adoption of automated tubular handling capabilities, evolving towards fully autonomous robotic systems that remove personnel from hazardous rig environments. These next-generation solutions, unlike older remote-operated units, employ multi-arm robotics and machine vision to perform pipe tripping sequences without any manual intervention. This technological leap involves equipment that can make independent decisions during tubular transfer, greatly exceeding the efficiency of standard mechanized tools. This progress is exemplified by NOV's successful deployment of a robotics system with three autonomous arms for tubular handling on a commercial rig in Canada, as reported by Drilling Contractor in June 2025, confirming the operational feasibility of hands-free technology.

Concurrently, there is an intensifying trend in the development of high-torque units specifically for deepwater applications. As operators target deeper reservoirs, there is a growing need for equipment capable of extreme connection force to manage premium strings and heavy-wall casings crucial for ultra-deepwater integrity. The market is prioritizing units that can deliver precise, high-capacity torque in high-pressure environments, a demand reflected in significant service agreements such as Expro Group securing over $10 million in contracts for the Neptun Deep gas project, emphasizing the necessity for high-specification tubular running hardware in advanced developments.

Key Market Players

  • Eckel Manufacturing Co., Inc.
  • INTLEF Oil and Gas Group Co., Ltd.
  • Jiangsu Rutong Petroleum Machinery Co.
  • Jiangsu Rushi Machinery Co., Ltd.
  • Weatherford International Plc
  • ALCO Inc.
  • Jiangsu Zhongyou Machinery Co., Ltd.
  • Jereh Group
  • International Prospering Group S.A. de C.V.
  • Midland Oil Tools (MOT)

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Power Tong Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Power Tong Market, By Type

  • Hydraulic
  • Pneumatic

Power Tong Market, By Product Type

  • Chisel Tong
  • Casing Tong
  • Rotary Tong
  • Manual Tong
  • Others

Power Tong Market, By Function

  • Breakout Tong
  • Makeup Tong

Power Tong Market, By Location

  • Offshore
  • Onshore

Power Tong Market, By Region

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Germany
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • South Korea
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Power Tong Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Power Tong Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Power Tong Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Type (Hydraulic, Pneumatic)
    • 5.2.2. By Product Type (Chisel Tong, Casing Tong, Rotary Tong, Manual Tong, Others)
    • 5.2.3. By Function (Breakout Tong, Makeup Tong)
    • 5.2.4. By Location (Offshore, Onshore)
    • 5.2.5. By Region
    • 5.2.6. By Company (2025)
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Power Tong Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Type
    • 6.2.2. By Product Type
    • 6.2.3. By Function
    • 6.2.4. By Location
    • 6.2.5. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Product Type
        • 6.3.1.2.3. By Function
        • 6.3.1.2.4. By Location
    • 6.3.2. Canada Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Product Type
        • 6.3.2.2.3. By Function
        • 6.3.2.2.4. By Location
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Product Type
        • 6.3.3.2.3. By Function
        • 6.3.3.2.4. By Location

7. Europe Power Tong Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Type
    • 7.2.2. By Product Type
    • 7.2.3. By Function
    • 7.2.4. By Location
    • 7.2.5. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Germany Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Product Type
        • 7.3.1.2.3. By Function
        • 7.3.1.2.4. By Location
    • 7.3.2. France Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Product Type
        • 7.3.2.2.3. By Function
        • 7.3.2.2.4. By Location
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Product Type
        • 7.3.3.2.3. By Function
        • 7.3.3.2.4. By Location
    • 7.3.4. Italy Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Product Type
        • 7.3.4.2.3. By Function
        • 7.3.4.2.4. By Location
    • 7.3.5. Spain Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Product Type
        • 7.3.5.2.3. By Function
        • 7.3.5.2.4. By Location

8. Asia Pacific Power Tong Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Type
    • 8.2.2. By Product Type
    • 8.2.3. By Function
    • 8.2.4. By Location
    • 8.2.5. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Product Type
        • 8.3.1.2.3. By Function
        • 8.3.1.2.4. By Location
    • 8.3.2. India Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Product Type
        • 8.3.2.2.3. By Function
        • 8.3.2.2.4. By Location
    • 8.3.3. Japan Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Product Type
        • 8.3.3.2.3. By Function
        • 8.3.3.2.4. By Location
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Product Type
        • 8.3.4.2.3. By Function
        • 8.3.4.2.4. By Location
    • 8.3.5. Australia Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Product Type
        • 8.3.5.2.3. By Function
        • 8.3.5.2.4. By Location

9. Middle East & Africa Power Tong Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Type
    • 9.2.2. By Product Type
    • 9.2.3. By Function
    • 9.2.4. By Location
    • 9.2.5. By Country
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Product Type
        • 9.3.1.2.3. By Function
        • 9.3.1.2.4. By Location
    • 9.3.2. UAE Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Product Type
        • 9.3.2.2.3. By Function
        • 9.3.2.2.4. By Location
    • 9.3.3. South Africa Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Product Type
        • 9.3.3.2.3. By Function
        • 9.3.3.2.4. By Location

10. South America Power Tong Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Type
    • 10.2.2. By Product Type
    • 10.2.3. By Function
    • 10.2.4. By Location
    • 10.2.5. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Product Type
        • 10.3.1.2.3. By Function
        • 10.3.1.2.4. By Location
    • 10.3.2. Colombia Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Product Type
        • 10.3.2.2.3. By Function
        • 10.3.2.2.4. By Location
    • 10.3.3. Argentina Power Tong Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Product Type
        • 10.3.3.2.3. By Function
        • 10.3.3.2.4. By Location

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
  • 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
  • 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Power Tong Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. Eckel Manufacturing Co., Inc.
    • 15.1.1. Business Overview
    • 15.1.2. Products & Services
    • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
    • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
  • 15.2. INTLEF Oil and Gas Group Co., Ltd.
  • 15.3. Jiangsu Rutong Petroleum Machinery Co.
  • 15.4. Jiangsu Rushi Machinery Co., Ltd.
  • 15.5. Weatherford International Plc
  • 15.6. ALCO Inc.
  • 15.7. Jiangsu Zhongyou Machinery Co., Ltd.
  • 15.8. Jereh Group
  • 15.9. International Prospering Group S.A. de C.V.
  • 15.10. Midland Oil Tools (MOT)

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer