汽車低排放車輛市場－全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會與預測：混合動力水準、電池類型、車輛類型、地區和競爭格局，2021-2031年

全球低排放氣體汽車市場預計將從 2025 年的 282.3 億美元成長到 2031 年的 399.4 億美元，年複合成長率為 5.95%。

這個市場領域涵蓋混合動力汽車、插電混合動力汽車混合動力車、電池式電動車和燃料電池電動車，所有這些車款的設計目標都是減少或消除廢氣排放。該領域的持續擴張主要得益於政府嚴格的排放氣體法規和財政獎勵，例如稅額扣抵和購車補貼，這些措施降低了消費者的總擁有成本。例如，歐洲汽車製造商協會的數據顯示，到2024年，電池式電動車將佔歐盟新車市場總量的13.6%，這表明立法支持和日益增強的環保意識正在推動關鍵地區市場對純電動車的實際接受度。

然而，公共充電基礎設施的匱乏是市場擴張的一大障礙。快速且方便的充電站不足，導致潛在買家產生里程焦慮，成為阻礙低排放車大規模普及的主要物流難題。因此，儘管監管和財政因素正在推動市場發展，但現有充電網路的實際限制仍然限制低排放汽車的潛在普及。

市場促進因素

全球嚴格排放標準的實施正發揮重要的推動作用，促使製造商加速從內燃機汽車轉型。世界各國政府都在設定溫室氣體排放目標，使得零排放替代能源汽車轉變車輛結構勢在必行。正如美國環保署 (EPA) 於 2024 年 3 月發布的《2027 年及以後車型年度輕型和中型車輛綜合污染物排放標準最終規則》中所述，根據最終標準，到 2032 年，電池式電動車在新輕型汽車銷量中的佔比可能高達 56%。這種監管壓力將迫使汽車製造商優先考慮透過快速技術創新來確保合規，並確保合規車輛的穩定供應。

同時，電池技術的進步和製造成本的下降正顯著提升電動車的商業性可行性。隨著電池價格因化學技術的改進和規模經濟效應而下降，電動車和傳統汽車之間的成本差距正在縮小，使得低排放氣體汽車成為更多消費者的選擇。根據高盛2024年2月發表的題為《電動車電池價格跌幅超出預期》的報導，預計2023年至2025年間，全球電池平均價格將下降40%。成本的降低正在推動市場滲透率的提升，國際能源總署（IEA）的報告顯示，2023年全球電動車銷售將達到約1,400萬輛。

市場挑戰

公共充電基礎設施的匱乏是全球低排放氣體汽車市場發展的一大瓶頸。儘管汽車技術取得了顯著進步，但必要的配套網路卻發展滯後，導致潛在買家普遍存在里程焦慮。消費者常將無法充電拋錨列為延遲從內燃機汽車轉向電動車的主要原因之一。這種後勤方面的不足降低了用車便利性，尤其對於沒有專用車庫的居住者和依賴可靠快速充電網路的長途通勤者更是如此。

因此，汽車銷量與基礎建設之間的差距日益擴大，造成密度不足的問題，阻礙了電動車的普及。根據汽車創新聯盟（Coalition for Automotive Innovation）的報告顯示，到2024年第四季，美國市場平均每新增一個公共充電樁，就會新增45輛電動車。這項指標表明，基礎設施的擴張速度遠不及消費者的需求。隨著車輛與充電樁比例的日益緊張，低排放汽車的市場競爭力下降，直接限制了其市場滲透速度。

市場趨勢

固態電池技術的商業化正在改變整個產業，與傳統的鋰離子電池相比，固態電池在能量密度和安全性方面均有顯著提升。與液態電解質電池不同，固態電池結構具有更優異的熱穩定性，降低了火災風險，並有助於緩解豪華車市場的里程焦慮。在2024年3月發布的關於InterBattery 2024的新聞稿中，三星SDI承諾制定藍圖，力爭在2027年前實現體積能量密度達到900瓦時/公升的固態電池的量產。這項進步使得製造商能夠在不增加電池組物理尺寸的情況下顯著提升續航里程，標誌著一項重大的技術革新，與行業以往專注於降低成本的做法截然不同。

此外，氫燃料電池在重型運輸領域的廣泛應用，有助於解決物流業的脫碳挑戰。在物流業，電池重量和充電運作是限制效率的關鍵因素。隨著各國政府制定法律體制鼓勵商用貨車（與乘用車的發展趨勢不同）的改造，這一趨勢正在加速。 2024年5月，歐盟理事會通過了具有約束力的《重型車輛二氧化碳排放標準》法規，要求到2040年，新型重型車輛的二氧化碳排放必須減少90%。這項監管確定性正促使汽車製造商（OEM）透過氫燃料電池技術豐富產品系列，在確保符合法規要求的同時，維持長途物流所需的有效載荷能力。

目錄

第1章概述

第2章調查方法

第3章執行摘要

第4章：客戶評價

第5章 全球低排放汽車市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
  • 按金額
• 市佔率及預測
  • 依雜交程度（EV、HEV、MHEV、PHEV）
  • 依電池類型（金屬氫化物電池、鋰離子電池、鎳鎘電池、鉛酸電池）
  • 依車輛類型（乘用車、輕型商用車、中型和重型商用車）
  • 按地區
  • 按公司（2025 年）
• 市場地圖

6. 北美低排放汽車市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
• 市佔率及預測
• 北美洲：國家分析
  • 美國
  • 加拿大
  • 墨西哥

7. 歐洲低排放汽車市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
• 市佔率及預測
• 歐洲：國家分析
  • 德國
  • 法國
  • 英國
  • 義大利
  • 西班牙

8. 亞太地區低排放汽車市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
• 市佔率及預測
• 亞太地區：國家分析
  • 中國
  • 印度
  • 日本
  • 韓國
  • 澳洲

9. 中東和非洲低排放汽車市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
• 市佔率及預測
• 中東和非洲：國家分析
  • 沙烏地阿拉伯
  • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
  • 南非

10. 南美洲低排放汽車市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
• 市佔率及預測
• 南美洲：國家分析
  • 巴西
  • 哥倫比亞
  • 阿根廷

第11章 市場動態

• 促進要素
• 任務

第12章 市場趨勢與發展

• 併購
• 產品發布
• 最新進展

第13章 全球汽車低排放車輛市場：SWOT分析

第14章：波特五力分析

• 產業競爭
• 新進入者的可能性
• 供應商電力
• 顧客權力
• 替代品的威脅

第15章 競爭格局

• Toyota Motor Corporation
• Tesla Inc.
• Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
• Skoda Auto AS.
• Mitsubishi Motors Corporation
• General Motors Company
• Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
• Ford Motor Company
• BMW AG
• Hyundai Motor Company

第16章 策略建議

第17章：關於研究公司及免責聲明

The Global Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market is projected to expand from USD 28.23 Billion in 2025 to USD 39.94 Billion by 2031, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 5.95%. This market sector encompasses hybrid, plug-in hybrid, battery electric, and fuel cell electric vehicles designed to reduce or eliminate tailpipe emissions. The sector's sustained expansion is largely fuelled by strict government emission regulations and financial incentives, such as tax rebates and purchase subsidies, which decrease the total cost of ownership for consumers. For instance, data from the European Automobile Manufacturers' Association indicates that battery electric cars comprised 13.6 percent of the European Union's total new car market in 2024, demonstrating how legislative support and growing environmental awareness are driving tangible market adoption in key regions.

However, a significant obstacle to wider market growth is the limited availability of public charging infrastructure. The lack of rapid and accessible charging stations generates anxiety regarding vehicle range among potential buyers, acting as a major logistical barrier that slows the rate of mass market penetration. Consequently, while regulatory and financial drivers push the market forward, the practical limitations of the current charging network continue to constrain the full potential of low emission vehicle adoption.

Market Driver

The enforcement of rigorous global emission standards acts as a primary catalyst, pushing manufacturers to accelerate the shift away from internal combustion engines. Governments are establishing targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, necessitating a change in fleet composition toward zero-emission alternatives. As noted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in its March 2024 'Final Rule: Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light-Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles', finalized standards suggest that battery electric vehicles could represent up to 56 percent of new light-duty vehicle sales by model year 2032. This regulatory pressure ensures automakers prioritize compliance through rapid innovation, guaranteeing a steady supply of compliant vehicles.

Simultaneously, advancements in battery technology and lower manufacturing costs are significantly improving the commercial viability of electric vehicles. As battery prices fall due to better chemistry and economies of scale, the cost gap between electric and traditional vehicles narrows, making low-emission options available to a broader demographic. According to a February 2024 Goldman Sachs article, 'Electric Vehicle Battery Prices Falling Faster Than Expected', global average battery prices are projected to drop by 40 percent between 2023 and 2025. This reduction in costs supports increased market uptake, evidenced by the International Energy Agency's report that global electric car sales reached nearly 14 million units in 2023.

Market Challenge

The insufficient availability of public charging infrastructure represents a substantial bottleneck for the Global Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market. Although vehicle engineering has advanced significantly, the deployment of necessary support networks has fallen behind, causing severe range anxiety among prospective adopters. Consumers frequently identify the fear of being stranded without access to power as a key reason for delaying the switch from internal combustion engines. This logistical deficit undermines the convenience of ownership, particularly for urban residents without private garages or long-distance commuters who depend on a reliable rapid-charging grid.

As a result, the gap between vehicle sales and infrastructure development is widening, creating a density issue that discourages mass adoption. The Alliance for Automotive Innovation reported that in the fourth quarter of 2024, the United States market added 45 new electric vehicles for every single new public charging port installed. This metric indicates that infrastructure expansion is failing to keep pace with consumer demand. As the ratio of vehicles to chargers becomes more strained, the practical usability of low emission vehicles is compromised, directly restricting the overall pace of market penetration.

Market Trends

The commercialization of solid-state battery technology is reshaping the sector by improving energy density and safety compared to conventional lithium-ion cells. Unlike liquid-electrolyte batteries, solid-state architectures offer superior thermal stability, mitigating fire risks and addressing range anxiety in premium vehicle segments. In a March 2024 press release regarding 'InterBattery 2024', Samsung SDI confirmed its roadmap to mass-produce all-solid-state batteries with a volumetric energy density of 900 watt-hours per liter by 2027. This advancement allows manufacturers to significantly extend driving range without increasing the battery pack's physical size, marking a critical technological evolution distinct from the industry's prior focus on cost reduction.

Additionally, the proliferation of hydrogen fuel cells in heavy-duty transport is addressing decarbonization challenges in the logistics sector, where battery weight and charging downtime limit efficiency. This trend is accelerating as governments implement targeted statutory frameworks to force the transition of commercial freight fleets, distinguishing this segment from passenger vehicle dynamics. In May 2024, the European Council adopted binding targets in the 'CO2 emission standards for heavy-duty vehicles' regulation, requiring a 90 percent reduction in CO2 emissions for new heavy-duty vehicles by 2040. This regulatory certainty compels OEMs to diversify portfolios with hydrogen technologies, ensuring compliance while maintaining the payload capacity required for long-haul logistics.

Key Market Players

• Toyota Motor Corporation
• Tesla Inc.
• Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
• Skoda Auto AS.
• Mitsubishi Motors Corporation
• General Motors Company
• Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
• Ford Motor Company
• BMW AG
• Hyundai Motor Company

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market, By Degree of Hybridization

• EV
• HEV
• MHEV
• PHEV

Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market, By Battery Type

• Metal Hydride
• Lithium Ion
• Nickel Cadmium
• Lead Acid

Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market, By Vehicle Type

• Passenger Cars
• LCV
• M&HCV

Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market, By Region

• North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Europe
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • Spain
• Asia Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • South Korea
• South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
• Middle East & Africa
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

• Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

• 1.1. Market Definition
• 1.2. Scope of the Market
  • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
  • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
  • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

• 2.1. Objective of the Study
• 2.2. Baseline Methodology
• 2.3. Key Industry Partners
• 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
• 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
• 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
• 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

• 3.1. Overview of the Market
• 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
• 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
• 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
• 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook

• 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 5.1.1. By Value
• 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 5.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization (EV, HEV, MHEV, PHEV)
  • 5.2.2. By Battery Type (Metal Hydride, Lithium Ion, Nickel Cadmium, Lead Acid)
  • 5.2.3. By Vehicle Type (Passenger Cars, LCV, M&HCV)
  • 5.2.4. By Region
  • 5.2.5. By Company (2025)
• 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook

• 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 6.1.1. By Value
• 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 6.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
  • 6.2.2. By Battery Type
  • 6.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 6.2.4. By Country
• 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
  • 6.3.1. United States Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 6.3.1.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 6.3.1.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 6.3.2. Canada Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 6.3.2.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 6.3.2.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 6.3.3. Mexico Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 6.3.3.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 6.3.3.2.3. By Vehicle Type

7. Europe Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook

• 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 7.1.1. By Value
• 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 7.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
  • 7.2.2. By Battery Type
  • 7.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 7.2.4. By Country
• 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
  • 7.3.1. Germany Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 7.3.1.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 7.3.1.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 7.3.2. France Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 7.3.2.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 7.3.2.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 7.3.3.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 7.3.3.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 7.3.4. Italy Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 7.3.4.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 7.3.4.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 7.3.5. Spain Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 7.3.5.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 7.3.5.2.3. By Vehicle Type

8. Asia Pacific Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook

• 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 8.1.1. By Value
• 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 8.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
  • 8.2.2. By Battery Type
  • 8.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 8.2.4. By Country
• 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
  • 8.3.1. China Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 8.3.1.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 8.3.1.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 8.3.2. India Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 8.3.2.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 8.3.2.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 8.3.3. Japan Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 8.3.3.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 8.3.3.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 8.3.4. South Korea Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 8.3.4.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 8.3.4.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 8.3.5. Australia Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 8.3.5.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 8.3.5.2.3. By Vehicle Type

9. Middle East & Africa Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook

• 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 9.1.1. By Value
• 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 9.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
  • 9.2.2. By Battery Type
  • 9.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 9.2.4. By Country
• 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
  • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 9.3.1.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 9.3.1.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 9.3.2. UAE Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 9.3.2.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 9.3.2.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 9.3.3. South Africa Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 9.3.3.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 9.3.3.2.3. By Vehicle Type

10. South America Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook

• 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 10.1.1. By Value
• 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 10.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
  • 10.2.2. By Battery Type
  • 10.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 10.2.4. By Country
• 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
  • 10.3.1. Brazil Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 10.3.1.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 10.3.1.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 10.3.2. Colombia Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 10.3.2.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 10.3.2.2.3. By Vehicle Type
  • 10.3.3. Argentina Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market Outlook
    • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.2.1. By Degree of Hybridization
      • 10.3.3.2.2. By Battery Type
      • 10.3.3.2.3. By Vehicle Type

11. Market Dynamics

• 11.1. Drivers
• 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

• 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
• 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
• 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Automotive Low Emission Vehicle Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

• 14.1. Competition in the Industry
• 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
• 14.3. Power of Suppliers
• 14.4. Power of Customers
• 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

• 15.1. Toyota Motor Corporation
  • 15.1.1. Business Overview
  • 15.1.2. Products & Services
  • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
  • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
  • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
• 15.2. Tesla Inc.
• 15.3. Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
• 15.4. Skoda Auto AS.
• 15.5. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation
• 15.6. General Motors Company
• 15.7. Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
• 15.8. Ford Motor Company
• 15.9. BMW AG
• 15.10. Hyundai Motor Company

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer