封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1919738

零排放汽車市場:市場洞察、競爭格局與預測(2033 年)

Zero Emission Vehicle Market Insights, Competitive Landscape, and Market Forecast - 2033

出版日期: | 出版商: Fairfield Market Research | 英文 196 Pages | 商品交期: 2-5個工作天內

價格
簡介目錄

全球零排放汽車 (ZEV) 市場正經歷變革性成長,預計 2026 年將達到 1,123 億美元,2033 年將達到 3,773 億美元,複合年增長率 (CAGR) 高達 18.9%。這一市場成長主要得益於日益增強的環保意識、監管支援以及電動車和氫燃料電池解決方案的快速技術進步。

市場概覽

包括純電動車 (BEV) 和氫燃料電池汽車 (FCV) 在內的零排放汽車正迅速成為全球汽車產業的核心。向零排放汽車的轉型是由嚴格的排放標準、消費者對永續交通日益增長的需求以及電池、燃料電池和電力驅動系統等關鍵零件成本的下降所驅動的。

技術創新在市場成長中發揮關鍵作用。電池技術的進步、充電基礎設施的完善、輕量化材料的運用以及整合式互聯汽車系統的普及,使得零排放汽車(ZEV)更加高效、可靠,也更具吸引力。汽車製造商也不斷提升產品性能,例如採用高級駕駛輔助系統(ADAS)、智慧能源管理以及空中軟體更新(OTA)等技術,以打造無縫銜接的未來駕駛體驗。

市場驅動因素

推動零排放汽車市場發展的因素很多。其中最重要的驅動因素之一是政府對電動車和氫燃料電池汽車的支持,包括補貼、稅收優惠和退稅。旨在減少碳排放和實現氣候目標的政策正在加速各大汽車市場的普及。

電動車充電網路和加氫站的擴展提高了車輛的便利性,並緩解了消費者對續航里程和便利性的擔憂。快速充電技術的進步進一步提升了純電動車的吸引力,而氫燃料電池基礎設施正在燃料電池技術投資較多的地區發展。

企業車隊的採用也是推動市場成長的關鍵因素。物流公司、公共運輸業者和叫車服務公司正在擴大零排放車輛 (ZEV) 的使用範圍,以降低營運成本並實現永續發展目標。不斷上漲的燃油價格和消費者對環境影響日益增強的意識也促使私家車買家轉向零排放出行方式。

商機

零排放車輛市場在整個價值鏈中蘊藏著廣泛的商機。電池和燃料電池製造商、充電基礎設施提供商、軟體開發商和遠端資訊處理公司都將受益於市場擴張。汽車製造商和科技公司之間的合作正在建立一個涵蓋車輛電氣化、高效儲能和智慧車隊管理解決方案的生態系統。

新興市場,尤其是亞太地區,正獲得政府的大力支持,並在零排放車輛基礎設施方面投入大量資金。例如,中國和印度正在迅速擴大生產設施和研發中心,吸引全球企業,並為供應商和服務提供者創造巨大的收入機會。

區域洞察

北美地區憑藉嚴格的排放法規、完善的充電基礎設施以及特斯拉、通用汽車和福特等主要汽車製造商的存在,引領零排放汽車市場。美國和加拿大由於雄心勃勃的國家碳減排目標和燃料電池技術的發展,在零排放汽車的普及方面處於領先地位。

歐洲也是一個關鍵市場,這得益於嚴格的排放標準以及對消費者和製造商的全面激勵措施。德國、挪威和法國等國家透過完善的充電網路、再生能源整合和支持性公共政策,引領電動車的普及。

由於中國、印度、日本和韓國政府的大力推動,亞太地區預計將實現最快的成長。對電池製造和氫燃料電池技術的大量投資正在推動該地區零排放汽車的普及。

在旨在減少排放和改善空氣品質的政府政策的推動下,零排放汽車在拉丁美洲以及中東和非洲地區正逐漸變得越來越受歡迎。與全球製造商建立戰略夥伴關係以及基礎設施投資預計將在預測期內推動市場滲透。

主要參與者

零排放汽車市場競爭激烈,全球主要汽車製造商和技術創新者都在積極拓展其零排放汽車產品組合。代表性公司包括:

  • 特斯拉公司
  • 比亞迪股份有限公司
  • 福斯汽車集團
  • 豐田汽車公司
  • 通用汽車公司
  • 現代汽車公司
  • Stellantis N.V.
  • 福特汽車公司
  • BMW集團
  • 賓士集團(戴姆勒股份公司)
  • 日產汽車公司
  • 上汽集團
  • 雷諾集團
  • 沃爾沃汽車
  • 小鵬汽車

這些公司正在大力投資研發、策略合作和新產品發布,以鞏固其在快速發展的零排放汽車市場中的地位。

市場區隔

零排放汽車市場按車輛類型、動力系統和地區進行細分,從而深入了解市場接受模式和機會:

依車輛類型:

  • 兩輪車
  • 三輪車
  • 搭乘車
  • 輕型商用車
  • 重型商用車

按動力系統:

  • 純電動車 (BEV)
  • 氫燃料電池汽車 (FCV)

依地區:

  • 北美
  • 歐洲
  • 亞太地區
  • 拉丁美洲
  • 中東和非洲

表格目錄

第一章 摘要整理

第二章:市場概覽

  • 市場定義與細分
  • 市場動態
  • 價值鏈分析
  • 新冠疫情影響分析
  • 波特五力分析
  • 俄烏衝突的影響
  • PESTLE分析
  • 監理分析
  • 價格趨勢分析

第三章:2020-2033年全球零排放汽車市場展望

  • 按車輛類型劃分的2020-2033年全球零排放汽車市場展望(價值,單位:十億美元)
    • 兩輪車
    • 三輪車車輛
    • 搭乘車
    • 輕型商用車
    • 重型商用車
  • 全球零排放車輛市場展望(按動力類型劃分,價值(十億美元)),2020-2033 年
    • 純電動車 (BEV)
    • 氫燃料電池汽車 (FCV)
  • 全球零排放車輛市場展望(按地區劃分,價值(十億美元)),2020-2033 年
    • 北美
    • 歐洲
    • 亞太地區
    • 拉丁美洲
    • 中東和非洲

第四章:北美零排放車輛市場展望,2020-2033 年

第五章:歐洲零排放車輛市場展望, 2020-2033

第六章:亞太地區零排放汽車市場展望,2020-2033

第七章:拉丁美洲零排放汽車市場展望,2020-2033

第八章:中東與非洲零排放汽車市場展望,2020-2033

第九章:競爭格局

  • 公司與細分市場熱力圖
  • 公司市佔率分析,2025年
  • 競爭格局概覽
  • 公司簡介
    • 特斯拉公司
    • 比亞迪股份有限公司
    • 福斯汽車集團
    • 豐田汽車公司
    • 通用汽車公司(通用汽車)
    • 現代汽車公司
    • Stellantis N.V.
    • 福特汽車公司
    • BMW集團
    • 賓士集團(戴姆勒股份公司)
    • 日產汽車股份有限公司
    • 上汽集團
    • 雷諾集團
    • 沃爾沃汽車
    • 小鵬汽車

第十章附錄

簡介目錄

The global Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) market is witnessing transformative growth, with estimates projecting it to reach USD 112.3 billion in 2026 and surge to USD 377.3 billion by 2033, achieving a remarkable compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.9%. The market is being fueled by increasing environmental awareness, regulatory support, and rapid technological advancements in electric mobility and hydrogen fuel cell solutions.

Market Overview

Zero emission vehicles, encompassing battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), are rapidly becoming a central focus in the global automotive industry. The shift towards ZEVs is driven by stringent emission standards, growing consumer demand for sustainable transportation, and decreasing costs of key components such as batteries, fuel cells, and electric drivetrains.

Technological innovation is playing a critical role in market growth. Advances in battery technology, improved charging infrastructure, lightweight materials, and integrated connected vehicle systems are making ZEVs more efficient, reliable, and appealing to consumers. Automakers are also enhancing their offerings with advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), smart energy management, and over-the-air software updates, creating a seamless and futuristic driving experience.

Market Drivers

Several factors are propelling the Zero Emission Vehicle market. One of the most significant drivers is government support in the form of subsidies, tax incentives, and rebates for electric and hydrogen-powered vehicles. Policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions and meeting climate targets have accelerated adoption across major automotive markets.

Expansion of EV charging networks and hydrogen refueling stations has improved vehicle accessibility, easing consumer concerns about range and convenience. The development of fast-charging technologies further enhances the appeal of battery electric vehicles, while hydrogen fuel cell infrastructure is gaining traction in regions investing heavily in fuel cell technology.

Corporate fleet adoption is another key growth factor. Logistics companies, public transport operators, and ride-hailing services are increasingly integrating ZEVs to reduce operational costs and fulfill sustainability commitments. Rising fuel prices and growing consumer awareness of environmental impact are also motivating private vehicle buyers to shift toward zero-emission mobility.

Business Opportunities

The Zero Emission Vehicle market offers a wide range of business opportunities across the value chain. Battery and fuel cell manufacturers, charging infrastructure providers, software developers, and telematics companies are positioned to benefit from the market's expansion. Collaboration between automakers and technology firms is creating an ecosystem for vehicle electrification, efficient energy storage, and smart fleet management solutions.

Emerging markets, particularly in Asia Pacific, are witnessing strong governmental backing and substantial investments in ZEV infrastructure. China and India, for example, are rapidly scaling production facilities and R&D centers, attracting global players and offering significant revenue potential for suppliers and service providers.

Regional Insights

North America holds a leading position in the ZEV market, driven by stringent emission regulations, widespread charging infrastructure, and the presence of major automakers such as Tesla, General Motors, and Ford. The United States and Canada are leading adoption, with ambitious national goals for carbon reduction and fuel cell technology development.

Europe is another key market, propelled by rigorous emission standards and comprehensive incentives for consumers and manufacturers. Countries like Germany, Norway, and France are spearheading EV adoption through well-established charging networks, renewable energy integration, and supportive public policies.

Asia Pacific is expected to exhibit the fastest growth, driven by strong government initiatives in China, India, Japan, and South Korea. Significant investments in battery manufacturing and hydrogen fuel cell technology are facilitating widespread ZEV adoption in the region.

Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually embracing zero-emission transportation, supported by government policies targeting reduced emissions and improved air quality. Strategic partnerships with global manufacturers and investments in infrastructure are expected to increase market penetration over the forecast period.

Key Players

The Zero Emission Vehicle market is highly competitive, with leading global automakers and technology innovators actively expanding their ZEV portfolios. Prominent players include:

  • Tesla, Inc.
  • BYD Co. Ltd.
  • Volkswagen AG
  • Toyota Motor Corporation
  • General Motors (GM)
  • Hyundai Motor Company
  • Stellantis N.V.
  • Ford Motor Company
  • BMW Group
  • Mercedes Benz Group (Daimler AG)
  • Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
  • SAIC Motor Corporation
  • Renault Group
  • Volvo Cars
  • Xpeng Motors

These companies are investing heavily in research and development, strategic collaborations, and new product launches to strengthen their position in the rapidly evolving ZEV market.

Market Segmentation

The Zero Emission Vehicle market is segmented by vehicle type, propulsion, and region, offering insights into adoption patterns and opportunities:

By Vehicle Type:

  • Two Wheelers
  • Three Wheelers
  • Passenger Vehicle
  • Light Commercial Vehicle
  • Heavy Commercial Vehicle

By Propulsion:

  • Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)
  • Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)

By Region:

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Latin America
  • Middle East & Africa

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1. Global Zero Emission Vehicle Market Snapshot
  • 1.2. Future Projections
  • 1.3. Key Market Trends
  • 1.4. Regional Snapshot, by Value, 2026
  • 1.5. Analyst Recommendations

2. Market Overview

  • 2.1. Market Definitions and Segmentations
  • 2.2. Market Dynamics
    • 2.2.1. Drivers
    • 2.2.2. Restraints
    • 2.2.3. Market Opportunities
  • 2.3. Value Chain Analysis
  • 2.4. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
  • 2.5. Porter's Fiver Forces Analysis
  • 2.6. Impact of Russia-Ukraine Conflict
  • 2.7. PESTLE Analysis
  • 2.8. Regulatory Analysis
  • 2.9. Price Trend Analysis
    • 2.9.1. Current Prices and Future Projections, 2025-2033
    • 2.9.2. Price Impact Factors

3. Global Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, 2020 - 2033

  • 3.1. Global Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 3.1.1. Two Wheelers
    • 3.1.2. Three Wheelers
    • 3.1.3. Passenger Vehicle
    • 3.1.4. Light Commercial Vehicle
    • 3.1.5. Heavy Commercial Vehicle
  • 3.2. Global Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 3.2.1. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)
    • 3.2.2. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)
  • 3.3. Global Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Region, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 3.3.1. North America
    • 3.3.2. Europe
    • 3.3.3. Asia Pacific
    • 3.3.4. Latin America
    • 3.3.5. Middle East & Africa

4. North America Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, 2020 - 2033

  • 4.1. North America Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 4.1.1. Two Wheelers
    • 4.1.2. Three Wheelers
    • 4.1.3. Passenger Vehicle
    • 4.1.4. Light Commercial Vehicle
    • 4.1.5. Heavy Commercial Vehicle
  • 4.2. North America Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 4.2.1. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)
    • 4.2.2. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)
  • 4.3. North America Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 4.3.1. U.S. Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 4.3.2. U.S. Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 4.3.3. Canada Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 4.3.4. Canada Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
  • 4.4. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

5. Europe Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, 2020 - 2033

  • 5.1. Europe Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 5.1.1. Two Wheelers
    • 5.1.2. Three Wheelers
    • 5.1.3. Passenger Vehicle
    • 5.1.4. Light Commercial Vehicle
    • 5.1.5. Heavy Commercial Vehicle
  • 5.2. Europe Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 5.2.1. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)
    • 5.2.2. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)
  • 5.3. Europe Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 5.3.1. Germany Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 5.3.2. Germany Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 5.3.3. Italy Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 5.3.4. Italy Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 5.3.5. France Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 5.3.6. France Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 5.3.7. U.K. Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 5.3.8. U.K. Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 5.3.9. Spain Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 5.3.10. Spain Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 5.3.11. Russia Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 5.3.12. Russia Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 5.3.13. Rest of Europe Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 5.3.14. Rest of Europe Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
  • 5.4. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

6. Asia Pacific Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, 2020 - 2033

  • 6.1. Asia Pacific Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 6.1.1. Two Wheelers
    • 6.1.2. Three Wheelers
    • 6.1.3. Passenger Vehicle
    • 6.1.4. Light Commercial Vehicle
    • 6.1.5. Heavy Commercial Vehicle
  • 6.2. Asia Pacific Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 6.2.1. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)
    • 6.2.2. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)
  • 6.3. Asia Pacific Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 6.3.1. China Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 6.3.2. China Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 6.3.3. Japan Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 6.3.4. Japan Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 6.3.5. South Korea Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 6.3.6. South Korea Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 6.3.7. India Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 6.3.8. India Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 6.3.9. Southeast Asia Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 6.3.10. Southeast Asia Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 6.3.11. Rest of SAO Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 6.3.12. Rest of SAO Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
  • 6.4. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

7. Latin America Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, 2020 - 2033

  • 7.1. Latin America Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 7.1.1. Two Wheelers
    • 7.1.2. Three Wheelers
    • 7.1.3. Passenger Vehicle
    • 7.1.4. Light Commercial Vehicle
    • 7.1.5. Heavy Commercial Vehicle
  • 7.2. Latin America Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 7.2.1. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)
    • 7.2.2. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)
  • 7.3. Latin America Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 7.3.1. Brazil Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 7.3.2. Brazil Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 7.3.3. Mexico Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 7.3.4. Mexico Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 7.3.5. Argentina Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 7.3.6. Argentina Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 7.3.7. Rest of LATAM Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 7.3.8. Rest of LATAM Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
  • 7.4. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. Middle East & Africa Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, 2020 - 2033

  • 8.1. Middle East & Africa Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 8.1.1. Two Wheelers
    • 8.1.2. Three Wheelers
    • 8.1.3. Passenger Vehicle
    • 8.1.4. Light Commercial Vehicle
    • 8.1.5. Heavy Commercial Vehicle
  • 8.2. Middle East & Africa Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 8.2.1. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)
    • 8.2.2. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)
  • 8.3. Middle East & Africa Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2020-2033
    • 8.3.1. GCC Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 8.3.2. GCC Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 8.3.3. South Africa Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 8.3.4. South Africa Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 8.3.5. Egypt Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 8.3.6. Egypt Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 8.3.7. Nigeria Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 8.3.8. Nigeria Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
    • 8.3.9. Rest of Middle East Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Vehicle Type, 2020-2033
    • 8.3.10. Rest of Middle East Zero Emission Vehicle Market Outlook, by Propulsion, 2020-2033
  • 8.4. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. Competitive Landscape

  • 9.1. Company Vs Segment Heatmap
  • 9.2. Company Market Share Analysis, 2025
  • 9.3. Competitive Dashboard
  • 9.4. Company Profiles
    • 9.4.1. Tesla, Inc.
      • 9.4.1.1. Company Overview
      • 9.4.1.2. Product Portfolio
      • 9.4.1.3. Financial Overview
      • 9.4.1.4. Business Strategies and Developments
    • 9.4.2. BYD Co. Ltd.
    • 9.4.3. Volkswagen AG
    • 9.4.4. Toyota Motor Corporation
    • 9.4.5. General Motors (GM)
    • 9.4.6. Hyundai Motor Company
    • 9.4.7. Stellantis N.V.
    • 9.4.8. Ford Motor Company
    • 9.4.9. BMW Group
    • 9.4.10. Mercedes Benz Group (Daimler AG)
    • 9.4.11. Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
    • 9.4.12. SAIC Motor Corporation
    • 9.4.13. Renault Group
    • 9.4.14. Volvo Cars
    • 9.4.15. Xpeng Motors

10. Appendix

  • 10.1. Research Methodology
  • 10.2. Report Assumptions
  • 10.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations