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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1941156

微波裝置市場-全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會及預測(按類型、頻率、應用、地區及競爭格局分類,2021-2031年)

Microwave Devices Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Type, By Frequency, By Application, By Region & Competition, 2021-2031F

出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 185 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

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簡介目錄

全球微波裝置市場預計將從 2025 年的 86.8 億美元成長到 2031 年的 123.9 億美元,複合年成長率為 6.11%。

本產業涵蓋用於產生、放大、探測或管理300MHz至300GHz頻寬電磁輻射的硬體組件的設計和製造。其成長主要受國防系統(包括雷達和電子戰系統)的關鍵需求以及現代資料傳輸所需的高容量通訊基礎設施日益成長的需求所驅動。這些基本需求為磁控管、調速管和固體放大器等組件創造了穩定的需求,而市場穩定性取決於功能效用而非短暫的技術趨勢。

市場概覽
預測期 2027-2031
市場規模:2025年 86.8億美元
市場規模:2031年 123.9億美元
複合年成長率:2026-2031年 6.11%
成長最快的細分市場 C波段
最大的市場 北美洲

然而,由於高頻性能所需的化合物半導體製造成本高且技術複雜,市場面臨許多障礙。這些經濟障礙往往限制了價格敏感型商業領域的應用,並可能導致供應鏈瓶頸。儘管有這些挑戰,但半導體產業規模依然龐大。根據半導體產業協會 (SIA) 報告,2024 年全球半導體銷售額將達到 6,276 億美元。這一數字凸顯了支撐微波技術生產和部署的基礎電子元件供應鏈的巨額投資。

市場促進因素

全球國防費用的成長成為市場催化劑,各國優先發展先進的雷達和電子戰系統以應對地緣政治不穩定。現代軍事行動需要行波管和氮化鎵放大器等專用微波組件,以確保卓越的訊號偵測和干擾能力。大量資金投入為這項採購成長提供了支持。根據斯德哥爾摩國際和平研究所(SIPRI)於2024年4月發布的《2023年全球軍費開支趨勢》概況介紹,預計2023年全球軍費開支將達到創紀錄的2.443兆美元。這項預算成長直接推動了安全通訊和監控所需關鍵硬體的採購,並維持了高頻電子產業的基礎。

同時,5G網路和下一代通訊基礎設施的快速部署,對微波回程傳輸和大規模MIMO天線陣列的需求日益迫切。為了管理資料流量,網路密度不斷提高,通訊業者需要部署大量的小型基地台和廣域基地台,而這些基地台都依賴微波設備進行訊號傳輸和管理。為了說明此次部署的規模,愛立信於2024年6月發布的《行動報告》預測,到2024年第一季,全球5G用戶將增加1.6億,達到17億。用戶數量的成長需要持續的基礎設施升級。根據GSMA的預測,行動通訊業者將在2023年至2030年間投資1.5兆美元用於網路建設,這將確保組件製造商的長期收益。

市場挑戰

化合物半導體的高製造成本和技術複雜性對全球微波元件市場構成了重大障礙。與標準矽元件不同,實現高頻性能的材料需要複雜的製造流程和專門的生產環境。這些要求顯著增加了市場准入和擴張所需的資本投入,從而導致最終產品的單位成本更高。因此,這種經濟障礙造成了瓶頸,阻礙了其在利潤微薄的商業應用中的廣泛應用,尤其是在資金雄厚的國防和基礎設施領域。

這些成本的影響顯而易見,維持供應鏈所需的巨額資本限制了具備生產能力的製造商數量,並抑制了價格競爭。購置和維護精密製造設備對產業參與者構成了巨大的財務障礙。例如,SEMI在2024年12月發布的報告顯示,2024年第三季全球半導體製造設備訂單達到303.8億美元,凸顯了資本密集生產模式的必要性。如此巨大的支出水準表明,維持產能需要巨額投資,並直接限制了市場快速商業性擴張的潛力。

市場趨勢

氮化鎵 (GaN) 技術的廣泛應用正在從根本上重塑市場格局,在高功率應用中取代傳統的矽 LDMOS 和行波管。這項轉變的驅動力在於 GaN 優異的擊穿電壓和電子遷移率,使其能夠製造出更小、更有效率、高功率的裝置,而這些裝置對於下一代雷達和衛星上行鏈路至關重要。在國防領域,這一轉變尤其迅速,因為尺寸、重量和功耗 (SWaP) 的限制至關重要。 MACOM Technology Solutions Holdings, Inc. 在其截至 2025 年 11 月的財公佈財報中報告稱,面向國防、雷達和電子戰市場的 GaN 基組件銷售額同比成長超過 50%,這證實了業界向這種尖端材料快速轉型。

同時,隨著通訊業者尋求更暢通的頻譜以實現超高容量、低延遲的連接,向高頻毫米波(mmWave)頻譜的過渡正在加速。這一趨勢已超越傳統的微波頻寬,涵蓋24 GHz至100 GHz頻段,並需要新的硬體架構來部署回程傳輸和固定無線存取(FWA)。雖然這種過渡有望實現媲美光纖的無線速度,但也需要更密集地部署專用用戶設備和客戶駐地設備(CPE)以克服傳播挑戰。根據全球行動供應商協會(GSMA)2025年9月發布的一項研究,支援毫米波的5G CPE出貨量將在2024年達到73.9萬台,凸顯了支援這項高頻率系統的硬體的穩定成長。

目錄

第1章概述

第2章調查方法

第3章執行摘要

第4章:客戶評價

第5章 全球微波裝置市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
    • 按金額
  • 市佔率及預測
    • 按類型(主動式微波裝置、被動式微波裝置)
    • 依頻率(L波段、S波段、C波段、 X波段、 Ku波段、 Ka波段)
    • 按應用領域(航太/通訊、醫療、國防、商業)
    • 按地區
    • 按公司(2025 年)
  • 市場地圖

第6章 北美微波裝置市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 北美洲:國家分析
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第7章 歐洲微波裝置市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 歐洲:國家分析
    • 德國
    • 法國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 西班牙

第8章:亞太微波裝置市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 亞太地區:國家分析
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韓國
    • 澳洲

第9章:中東和非洲微波裝置市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 中東和非洲:國家分析
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 南非

第10章:南美微波裝置市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 南美洲:國家分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥倫比亞
    • 阿根廷

第11章 市場動態

  • 促進要素
  • 任務

第12章 市場趨勢與發展

  • 併購
  • 產品發布
  • 最新進展

第13章 全球微波裝置市場:SWOT分析

第14章:波特五力分析

  • 產業競爭
  • 新進入者的可能性
  • 供應商電力
  • 顧客權力
  • 替代品的威脅

第15章 競爭格局

  • L3Harris Technologies
  • Thales Group
  • Teledyne Technologies
  • CPI International
  • Qorvo
  • Analog Devices
  • Richardson Electronics
  • Toshiba Corporation
  • Keysight Technologies
  • MACOM Technology

第16章 策略建議

第17章:關於研究公司及免責聲明

簡介目錄
Product Code: 1573

The Global Microwave Devices Market is projected to expand from USD 8.68 Billion in 2025 to USD 12.39 Billion by 2031, registering a CAGR of 6.11%. This sector encompasses the engineering and production of hardware components designed to generate, amplify, detect, or manage electromagnetic radiation within the frequency band of 300 MHz to 300 GHz. Growth is primarily driven by the critical requirements of national defense systems, including radar and electronic warfare, alongside the increasing demand for high-capacity telecommunications infrastructure needed for modern data transmission. These essential needs fuel a steady demand for components such as magnetrons, klystrons, and solid-state amplifiers, anchoring market stability in functional utility rather than fleeting technological trends.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2027-2031
Market Size 2025USD 8.68 Billion
Market Size 2031USD 12.39 Billion
CAGR 2026-20316.11%
Fastest Growing SegmentC-Band
Largest MarketNorth America

However, the market confronts significant obstacles due to the high manufacturing costs and technical complexities associated with the compound semiconductors required for high-frequency performance. These economic hurdles frequently restrict widespread adoption in price-sensitive commercial sectors and can cause supply chain bottlenecks. Demonstrating the substantial scale of the component industry despite these challenges, the Semiconductor Industry Association reported that global semiconductor sales reached $627.6 billion in 2024. This figure underscores the immense financial investment in the electronic supply chain, which is fundamental to supporting the production and deployment of these microwave technologies.

Market Driver

Rising global defense expenditure acts as a significant market catalyst as nations prioritize advanced radar and electronic warfare systems to counter geopolitical instability. Modern military operations demand specialized microwave components, such as traveling wave tubes and gallium nitride amplifiers, to guarantee superior signal detection and jamming capabilities. This increase in procurement is supported by substantial capital allocation; according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) April 2024 'Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2023' Fact Sheet, global military spending hit a record high of $2443 billion in 2023. This budgetary growth directly drives the acquisition of hardware essential for secure communications and surveillance, thereby sustaining the industrial base for high-frequency electronics.

Concurrently, the rapid deployment of 5G networks and next-generation telecommunication infrastructure generates a critical need for microwave backhaul and massive MIMO antenna arrays. As network densification increases to manage data traffic, operators must install numerous small cells and macro base stations, all utilizing microwave devices for signal transmission and management. To illustrate the scale of this adoption, the June 2024 'Ericsson Mobility Report' notes that global 5G subscriptions grew by 160 million in the first quarter of 2024, reaching a total of 1.7 billion. This user growth necessitates continuous infrastructure upgrades, reinforced by the GSMA's projection that mobile operators will invest $1.5 trillion in their networks between 2023 and 2030, securing long-term revenue for component manufacturers.

Market Challenge

The substantial manufacturing costs and technical intricacies associated with compound semiconductors represent a formidable barrier to the Global Microwave Devices Market. Unlike standard silicon components, the materials required for high-frequency performance necessitate complex fabrication processes and specialized production environments. These requirements significantly inflate the capital expenditure needed for market entry and expansion, thereby raising the unit cost of final devices. Consequently, this economic hurdle creates a bottleneck that hinders widespread adoption in commercial sectors operating on tight profit margins, restricting the technology primarily to well-funded defense and infrastructure applications.

The impact of these costs is evident in the massive financial scale required to sustain the supply chain, which limits the number of capable manufacturers and suppresses competitive pricing. The acquisition and maintenance of precision manufacturing tools establish a rigid financial threshold for industry participants. Illustrating this capital intensity, SEMI reported in December 2024 that global semiconductor equipment billings reached $30.38 billion for the third quarter of 2024. This magnitude of spending highlights the immense investment required to maintain production capabilities, which directly constrains the market's potential for rapid commercial expansion.

Market Trends

The widespread adoption of Gallium Nitride (GaN) technology is fundamentally reshaping the market by replacing legacy silicon LDMOS and traveling wave tubes in high-power applications. This transition is driven by GaN's superior breakdown voltage and electron mobility, which enable smaller, more efficient, and higher-power density devices essential for next-generation radar and satellite uplinks. The shift is particularly aggressive in the defense sector, where size, weight, and power (SWaP) constraints are critical. According to MACOM Technology Solutions Holdings, Inc.'s November 2025 earnings call, the company reported that its GaN-based components within defense, radar, and electronic warfare markets saw over 50% year-over-year revenue growth, underscoring the rapid industrial conversion to this advanced material.

Simultaneously, the migration to higher frequency millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands is accelerating as operators seek uncongested spectrum to deliver ultra-high capacity and low-latency connectivity. This trend extends beyond traditional microwave frequencies into the 24 GHz to 100 GHz range, requiring new hardware architectures for backhaul and fixed wireless access (FWA) deployments. While this move enables fiber-like wireless speeds, it necessitates denser deployment of specialized user equipment and customer premise equipment (CPE) to overcome propagation challenges. According to the Global mobile Suppliers Association's September 2025 survey, shipments of mmWave-capable 5G CPE reached 739,000 units in 2024, highlighting the tangible hardware ramp-up supporting this high-frequency ecosystem.

Key Market Players

  • L3Harris Technologies
  • Thales Group
  • Teledyne Technologies
  • CPI International
  • Qorvo
  • Analog Devices
  • Richardson Electronics
  • Toshiba Corporation
  • Keysight Technologies
  • MACOM Technology

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Microwave Devices Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Microwave Devices Market, By Type

  • Active Microwave Devices & Passive Microwave Devices

Microwave Devices Market, By Frequency

  • L-Band
  • S-Band
  • C-Band
  • X-Band
  • Ku-Band and Ka-Band

Microwave Devices Market, By Application

  • Space & Communication
  • Medical
  • Defense and Commercial

Microwave Devices Market, By Region

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Germany
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • South Korea
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Microwave Devices Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Microwave Devices Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Microwave Devices Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Type (Active Microwave Devices & Passive Microwave Devices)
    • 5.2.2. By Frequency (L-Band, S-Band, C-Band, X-Band, Ku-Band and Ka-Band)
    • 5.2.3. By Application (Space & Communication, Medical, Defense and Commercial)
    • 5.2.4. By Region
    • 5.2.5. By Company (2025)
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Microwave Devices Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Type
    • 6.2.2. By Frequency
    • 6.2.3. By Application
    • 6.2.4. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Frequency
        • 6.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 6.3.2. Canada Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Frequency
        • 6.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Frequency
        • 6.3.3.2.3. By Application

7. Europe Microwave Devices Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Type
    • 7.2.2. By Frequency
    • 7.2.3. By Application
    • 7.2.4. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Germany Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Frequency
        • 7.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 7.3.2. France Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Frequency
        • 7.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Frequency
        • 7.3.3.2.3. By Application
    • 7.3.4. Italy Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Frequency
        • 7.3.4.2.3. By Application
    • 7.3.5. Spain Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Frequency
        • 7.3.5.2.3. By Application

8. Asia Pacific Microwave Devices Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Type
    • 8.2.2. By Frequency
    • 8.2.3. By Application
    • 8.2.4. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Frequency
        • 8.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 8.3.2. India Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Frequency
        • 8.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 8.3.3. Japan Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Frequency
        • 8.3.3.2.3. By Application
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Frequency
        • 8.3.4.2.3. By Application
    • 8.3.5. Australia Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Frequency
        • 8.3.5.2.3. By Application

9. Middle East & Africa Microwave Devices Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Type
    • 9.2.2. By Frequency
    • 9.2.3. By Application
    • 9.2.4. By Country
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Frequency
        • 9.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 9.3.2. UAE Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Frequency
        • 9.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 9.3.3. South Africa Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Frequency
        • 9.3.3.2.3. By Application

10. South America Microwave Devices Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Type
    • 10.2.2. By Frequency
    • 10.2.3. By Application
    • 10.2.4. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Frequency
        • 10.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 10.3.2. Colombia Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Frequency
        • 10.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 10.3.3. Argentina Microwave Devices Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Frequency
        • 10.3.3.2.3. By Application

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
  • 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
  • 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Microwave Devices Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. L3Harris Technologies
    • 15.1.1. Business Overview
    • 15.1.2. Products & Services
    • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
    • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
  • 15.2. Thales Group
  • 15.3. Teledyne Technologies
  • 15.4. CPI International
  • 15.5. Qorvo
  • 15.6. Analog Devices
  • 15.7. Richardson Electronics
  • 15.8. Toshiba Corporation
  • 15.9. Keysight Technologies
  • 15.10. MACOM Technology

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer