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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1803026

全球煞車總泵市場預測(至 2032 年):按產品類型、材質、煞車類型、車輛類型、銷售管道、技術和地區進行分析

Brake Master Cylinders Market Forecasts to 2032 - Global Analysis By Product Type, Material, Brake Type, Vehicle Type, Sales Channel, Technology and By Geography

出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格

根據 Stratistics MRC 的預測,全球煞車總泵市場規模預計在 2025 年達到 13 億美元,到 2032 年將達到 20 億美元,預測期內的複合年成長率為 5.6%。

煞車總泵是汽車煞車系統中的關鍵液壓部件,它將煞車踏板的機械力轉化為液壓。液壓透過煞車管路傳輸,驅動煞車卡鉗或輪缸,從而實現有效煞車。主缸通常包含一個煞車油儲液罐和一個用於安全冗餘的雙迴路。主缸確保始終如一、靈敏的煞車性能,在車輛控制和駕駛過程中的乘員安全方面發揮關鍵作用。

電動和自動駕駛汽車的需求不斷成長

電動和自動駕駛汽車需要先進的煞車系統,該系統能夠提供精確的控制並與電子模組整合。隨著汽車製造商向電氣化和自動化轉型,對響應迅速且可靠的液壓元件的需求變得至關重要。煞車總泵在確保電動車和自動駕駛平台的安全性和性能方面發揮著至關重要的作用。此外,要求提高煞車效率的監管規定正在加速最新主缸技術的採用。

提高與電子系統的整合度

車輛架構日益複雜,尤其是電控系統(ECU) 的整合,為傳統的液壓煞車部件帶來了挑戰。如今,煞車總泵需要與電子穩定控制系統、防鎖死煞車系統和其他數位模組無縫對接。這種整合需要精密的工程設計和嚴格的測試,這會增加開發成本並縮短上市時間。此外,機械和電子子系統之間的相容性問題可能會阻礙其廣泛應用。

與 ADAS(高級駕駛輔助系統)整合

自動緊急煞車、車道維持輔助和主動車距控制巡航系統等高級駕駛輔助系統 (ADAS) 的廣泛應用,為煞車總泵的創新創造了新的機會。這些系統依賴即時數據和快速啟動,因此需要主缸能夠以高精度和最小延遲進行響應。製造商正在投資能夠與車載感測器和控制單元通訊的智慧液壓系統。這一趨勢預計將推動對電子控制主缸的需求,尤其是在豪華汽車和安全至關重要的車輛中。

電子控制煞車系統日益複雜

如今,煞車總泵必須在嚴格控制的數位生態系統中運行,任何故障都可能危及整車安全。持續校準、軟體更新和網路安全措施的需求,也增加了營運風險。此外,線控刹車系統的普及正在逐漸減少對傳統液壓主缸的依賴,這引發了人們對其長期適用性的質疑。

COVID-19的影響:

新冠疫情擾亂了全球汽車供應鏈,影響了煞車總泵的生產和分銷。工廠停工、勞動力短缺和物流瓶頸導致零件供應延遲。然而,這場危機也加速了汽車向電動車和自動駕駛汽車的轉變,間接刺激了對先進煞車系統的需求。隨著消費者偏好轉向個人出行和非接觸式技術,汽車製造商將車輛安全和控制的創新列為優先事項。

預計單迴路主缸市場在預測期內將佔最大佔有率

由於單迴路主缸在傳統車型中的廣泛應用,預計在預測期內將佔據最大的市場佔有率。這類系統在入門級和中檔車型中頗受歡迎,因為它們設計簡潔,且經濟高效,能夠滿足基本的煞車需求。其簡潔性確保了維護的便利性和可靠性,尤其是在高級汽車維修服務有限的地區。儘管雙迴路和串聯系統正在興起,但單迴路配置憑藉其久經考驗的性能和經濟實惠的價格,仍佔據著相當大的市場佔有率。

預計液壓主缸部分在預測期內將以最高複合年成長率成長

液壓主缸市場預計將在預測期內實現最高成長率,這得益於其卓越的反應能力和與車輛無關的適用性。這些系統提供精確的煞車力道調節,這對於現代駕駛條件和安全標準至關重要。輕量材料和流體動態的創新提高了效率和耐用性。隨著混合動力汽車和電動車擴大採用液壓煞車解決方案以實現更佳的控制,預計該領域將出現強勁成長,尤其是在高性能和商用車輛領域。

佔比最大的地區:

預計亞太地區將在預測期內佔據最大市場佔有率,這得益於其龐大的汽車製造基地和不斷成長的消費需求。中國、印度和日本等國家正大力投資汽車電氣化和基礎建設,以推動零件製造業的發展。該地區擁有經濟高效的勞動力、強大的供應商網路以及鼓勵汽車創新的政府優惠政策。此外,都市化和汽車保有量的增加也刺激了對可靠煞車系統的需求,從而鞏固了亞太地區的市場主導地位。

複合年成長率最高的地區:

受快速技術進步和嚴格安全法規的推動,北美地區預計將在預測期內呈現最高的複合年成長率。該地區對自動駕駛和電動車的關注正在加速先進煞車部件的普及。領先的汽車原始設備製造商 (OEM) 和一級供應商正在投資研發,以開發用於下一代汽車的整合式煞車解決方案。此外,消費者對車輛安全和性能的意識不斷增強,促使製造商升級其煞車系統,從而推動了美國和加拿大市場的強勁成長。

免費客製化服務:

此報告的訂閱者可以使用以下免費自訂選項之一:

  • 公司簡介
    • 對最多三家其他市場公司進行全面分析
    • 主要企業的SWOT分析(最多3家公司)
  • 區域細分
    • 根據客戶興趣對主要國家進行的市場估計、預測和複合年成長率(註:基於可行性檢查)
  • 競爭基準化分析
    • 根據產品系列、地理分佈和策略聯盟對主要企業基準化分析

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第2章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相關利益者
  • 調查範圍
  • 調查方法
    • 資料探勘
    • 數據分析
    • 數據檢驗
    • 研究途徑
  • 研究資訊來源
    • 初級研究資訊來源
    • 次級研究資訊來源
    • 先決條件

第3章市場走勢分析

  • 驅動程式
  • 抑制因素
  • 機會
  • 威脅
  • 產品分析
  • 技術分析
  • 新興市場
  • COVID-19的影響

第4章 波特五力分析

  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 買方的議價能力
  • 替代品的威脅
  • 新進入者的威脅
  • 競爭對手之間的競爭

第5章全球煞車總泵市場(依產品類型)

  • 單迴路主缸
  • 雙迴路主缸
  • 串聯式汽缸
  • 無孔主缸

6. 全球煞車總泵市場(依材質)

  • 鑄鐵
  • 複合材料
  • 其他材質

第7章全球煞車總泵市場(按煞車類型)

  • 碟式煞車
  • 鼓式煞車

第8章全球煞車總泵市場(按車型)

  • 搭乘用車
  • 商用車
    • 輕型商用車(LCV)
    • 重型商用車(HCV)
  • 電動車(EV)

第9章全球煞車總泵市場按銷售管道

  • 原始設備製造商 (OEM)
  • 售後市場

第 10 章全球煞車總泵市場(按技術)

  • 油壓主缸
  • 整合主缸
  • 線傳煞車系統主缸

第 11 章全球煞車總泵市場(按地區)

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 法國
    • 西班牙
    • 其他歐洲國家
  • 亞太地區
    • 日本
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 紐西蘭
    • 韓國
    • 其他亞太地區
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 其他南美
  • 中東和非洲
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 卡達
    • 南非
    • 其他中東和非洲地區

第12章 重大進展

  • 協議、夥伴關係、合作和合資企業
  • 收購與合併
  • 新產品發布
  • 業務擴展
  • 其他關鍵策略

第13章:企業概況

  • ACDelco
  • Bosch
  • ZF Friedrichshafen AG
  • Continental AG
  • Hitachi Ltd.
  • ADVICS Co., Ltd.
  • Mando Corporation
  • Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.
  • Delphi Technologies
  • Nissin Kogyo Co., Ltd.
  • Endurance Technologies
  • Federal-Mogul(Wagner)
  • TBK Co., Ltd.
  • FTE Automotive
  • Haldex AB
  • Knorr-Bremse AG
  • Meritor Inc.
Product Code: SMRC30552

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Brake Master Cylinders Market is accounted for $1.3 billion in 2025 and is expected to reach $2.0 billion by 2032 growing at a CAGR of 5.6% during the forecast period. A brake master cylinder is a critical hydraulic component in a vehicle's braking system that converts mechanical force from the brake pedal into hydraulic pressure. This pressure is transmitted through brake lines to activate the brake calipers or wheel cylinders, enabling effective braking. It typically contains a reservoir for brake fluid and dual circuits for safety redundancy. The master cylinder ensures consistent and responsive braking performance, playing a vital role in vehicle control and occupant safety during operation.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Rising demand for electric and autonomous vehicles

Electric and autonomous vehicles require advanced braking systems that offer precise control and integration with electronic modules. As automotive manufacturers shift toward electrification and automation, the need for responsive and reliable hydraulic components becomes critical. Brake master cylinders play a pivotal role in ensuring safety and performance in EVs and autonomous platforms. Additionally, regulatory mandates for enhanced braking efficiency are accelerating the deployment of modern master cylinder technologies.

Restraint:

Increasing integration with electronic systems

The rising complexity of vehicle architectures, especially with the integration of electronic control units (ECUs), poses challenges for traditional hydraulic braking components. Brake master cylinders must now interface seamlessly with electronic stability control, anti-lock braking systems, and other digital modules. This convergence demands precision engineering and rigorous testing, increasing development costs and time-to-market. Moreover, compatibility issues between mechanical and electronic subsystems can hinder widespread adoption.

Opportunity:

Integration with advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS)

The proliferation of ADAS technologies such as automatic emergency braking, lane-keeping assist, and adaptive cruise control is creating new opportunities for brake master cylinder innovation. These systems rely on real-time data and rapid actuation, necessitating master cylinders that can respond with high accuracy and minimal latency. Manufacturers are investing in smart hydraulic systems that can communicate with onboard sensors and control units. This trend is expected to drive demand for electronically modulated master cylinders, especially in premium and safety-focused vehicle models.

Threat:

Increasing complexity of integrated electronic braking systems

Brake master cylinders must now operate within a tightly controlled digital ecosystem, where any malfunction can compromise overall vehicle safety. The need for continuous calibration, software updates, and cybersecurity measures adds layers of operational risk. Additionally, the shift toward brake-by-wire systems may gradually reduce reliance on traditional hydraulic master cylinders, challenging their long-term relevance.

Covid-19 Impact:

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted global automotive supply chains, affecting the production and distribution of brake master cylinders. Factory shutdowns, labor shortages, and logistical bottlenecks led to delays in component availability. However, the crisis also accelerated the shift toward electric and autonomous vehicles, indirectly boosting demand for advanced braking systems. As consumer preferences leaned toward personal mobility and contactless technologies, OEMs prioritized innovation in vehicle safety and control.

The single circuit master cylinder segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The single circuit master cylinder segment is expected to account for the largest market share during the forecast period due to its widespread application in conventional vehicle models. These systems offer a straightforward design and cost-effective solution for basic braking needs, making them popular among entry-level and mid-range vehicles. Their simplicity ensures ease of maintenance and reliability, especially in regions with limited access to advanced automotive servicing. Despite the rise of dual and tandem systems, single circuit configurations continue to hold substantial market share due to their proven performance and affordability.

The hydraulic master cylinders segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Over the forecast period, the hydraulic master cylinders segment is predicted to witness the highest growth rate owing to their superior responsiveness and adaptability across vehicle types. These systems provide precise braking force modulation, essential for modern driving conditions and safety standards. Innovations in lightweight materials and fluid dynamics are enhancing their efficiency and durability. As hybrid and electric vehicles increasingly adopt hydraulic braking solutions for better control, this segment is poised for robust expansion, especially in performance-oriented and commercial vehicle categories.

Region with largest share:

During the forecast period, the Asia Pacific region is expected to hold the largest market share supported by its massive automotive production base and expanding consumer demand. Countries like China, India, and Japan are investing heavily in vehicle electrification and infrastructure development, boosting component manufacturing. The region benefits from cost-effective labor, strong supplier networks, and favorable government policies promoting automotive innovation. Additionally, the rise in urbanization and vehicle ownership is fueling demand for reliable braking systems, reinforcing Asia Pacific's dominant market position.

Region with highest CAGR:

Over the forecast period, the North America region is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR driven by rapid technological advancements and stringent safety regulations. The region's focus on autonomous driving and electric mobility is accelerating the adoption of sophisticated braking components. Leading automotive OEMs and Tier-1 suppliers are investing in R&D to develop integrated braking solutions tailored for next-generation vehicles. Furthermore, consumer awareness regarding vehicle safety and performance is prompting manufacturers to upgrade braking systems, contributing to robust market growth across the U.S. and Canada.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players in Brake Master Cylinders Market include ACDelco, Bosch, ZF Friedrichshafen AG, Continental AG, Hitachi Ltd., ADVICS Co., Ltd., Mando Corporation, Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd., Delphi Technologies, Nissin Kogyo Co., Ltd., Endurance Technologies, Federal-Mogul (Wagner), TBK Co., Ltd., FTE Automotive, Haldex AB, Knorr-Bremse AG, and Meritor Inc.

Key Developments:

In July 2025, ZF Aftermarket expanded its TRW chassis product line, adding 176 new items and extending coverage to approximately 54 million vehicles. This broadens ZF's aftermarket reach and reinforces its position in global chassis systems distribution.

In May 2025, Continental unveiled its future automotive spin-off brand named Aumovio at Auto Shanghai, focusing on software-defined and autonomous mobility solutions. The rebranded entity aims to lead in sensor, infotainment, braking, and autonomous systems under a new identity post-IPO.

In April 2025, ACDelco aftermarket products were relaunched in India through a licensing partnership with General Motors and Assurance Intl Limited. This marks GM's renewed strategic push into the Indian aftermarket with a trusted local partner.

Product Types Covered:

  • Single Circuit Master Cylinder
  • Dual Circuit Master Cylinder
  • Ported Tandem Cylinder
  • Portless Master Cylinder

Materials Covered:

  • Cast Iron
  • Aluminum
  • Composites
  • Other Materials

Brake Types Covered:

  • Disc Brake
  • Drum Brake

Vehicle Types Covered:

  • Passenger Cars
  • Commercial Vehicles
  • Electric Vehicles (EVs)

Sales Channels Covered:

  • Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)
  • Aftermarket

Technologies Covered:

  • Hydraulic Master Cylinders
  • Integrated Master Cylinders
  • Master Cylinders for Brake-by-Wire Systems

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2024, 2025, 2026, 2028, and 2032
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Product Analysis
  • 3.7 Technology Analysis
  • 3.8 Emerging Markets
  • 3.9 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market, By Product Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Single Circuit Master Cylinder
  • 5.3 Dual Circuit Master Cylinder
  • 5.4 Ported Tandem Cylinder
  • 5.5 Portless Master Cylinder

6 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market, By Material

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Cast Iron
  • 6.3 Aluminum
  • 6.4 Composites
  • 6.5 Other Materials

7 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market, By Brake Type

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Disc Brake
  • 7.3 Drum Brake

8 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market, By Vehicle Type

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Passenger Cars
  • 8.3 Commercial Vehicles
    • 8.3.1 Light Commercial Vehicles (LCVs)
    • 8.3.2 Heavy Commercial Vehicles (HCVs)
  • 8.4 Electric Vehicles (EVs)

9 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market, By Sales Channel

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)
  • 9.3 Aftermarket

10 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market, By Technology

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Hydraulic Master Cylinders
  • 10.3 Integrated Master Cylinders
  • 10.4 Master Cylinders for Brake-by-Wire Systems

11 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market, By Geography

  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 North America
    • 11.2.1 US
    • 11.2.2 Canada
    • 11.2.3 Mexico
  • 11.3 Europe
    • 11.3.1 Germany
    • 11.3.2 UK
    • 11.3.3 Italy
    • 11.3.4 France
    • 11.3.5 Spain
    • 11.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 11.4 Asia Pacific
    • 11.4.1 Japan
    • 11.4.2 China
    • 11.4.3 India
    • 11.4.4 Australia
    • 11.4.5 New Zealand
    • 11.4.6 South Korea
    • 11.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 11.5 South America
    • 11.5.1 Argentina
    • 11.5.2 Brazil
    • 11.5.3 Chile
    • 11.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 11.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 11.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 11.6.2 UAE
    • 11.6.3 Qatar
    • 11.6.4 South Africa
    • 11.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

12 Key Developments

  • 12.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 12.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 12.3 New Product Launch
  • 12.4 Expansions
  • 12.5 Other Key Strategies

13 Company Profiling

  • 13.1 ACDelco
  • 13.2 Bosch
  • 13.3 ZF Friedrichshafen AG
  • 13.4 Continental AG
  • 13.5 Hitachi Ltd.
  • 13.6 ADVICS Co., Ltd.
  • 13.7 Mando Corporation
  • 13.8 Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.
  • 13.9 Delphi Technologies
  • 13.10 Nissin Kogyo Co., Ltd.
  • 13.11 Endurance Technologies
  • 13.12 Federal-Mogul (Wagner)
  • 13.13 TBK Co., Ltd.
  • 13.14 FTE Automotive
  • 13.15 Haldex AB
  • 13.16 Knorr-Bremse AG
  • 13.17 Meritor Inc.

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Region (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Product Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Single Circuit Master Cylinder (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Dual Circuit Master Cylinder (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Ported Tandem Cylinder (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Portless Master Cylinder (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Material (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Cast Iron (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Aluminum (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Composites (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Other Materials (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Brake Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Disc Brake (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Drum Brake (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Vehicle Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Passenger Cars (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Commercial Vehicles (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Light Commercial Vehicles (LCVs) (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Heavy Commercial Vehicles (HCVs) (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Electric Vehicles (EVs) (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Sales Channel (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Aftermarket (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Technology (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Hydraulic Master Cylinders (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Integrated Master Cylinders (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Brake Master Cylinders Market Outlook, By Master Cylinders for Brake-by-Wire Systems (2024-2032) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.