封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1801308

全球防偽包裝市場:產業分析、規模、佔有率、成長、趨勢與預測(2025-2032)

Anti-Counterfeiting Packaging Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2025 - 2032

出版日期: | 出版商: Persistence Market Research | 英文 214 Pages | 商品交期: 2-5個工作天內

價格
簡介目錄

預計 2025 年全球防偽包裝市場價值將達到 1,452 億美元,到 2032 年將達到 3,053 億美元,預測期內(2025-2032 年)的複合年成長率為 11.2%。

防偽包裝解決方案旨在防止假冒並確保整個供應鏈中的產品真實性。這些解決方案包括追蹤技術、全像圖、防篡改封條、條碼、RFID 標籤和其他安全功能,以協助識別和保護正品。製藥、食品飲料、化妝品、電子產品和汽車等行業對此類包裝的需求日益成長。隨著假冒產品日益威脅品牌聲譽、安全和收益,防偽包裝已成為現代供應鏈完整性和消費者信任的關鍵組成部分。

市場促進因素

全球防偽包裝市場受多種關鍵因素驅動,包括全球對仿冒品日益成長的擔憂,以及保護消費者健康和品牌股權的需求。製藥和食品行業的嚴格法規和合規要求正在推動防偽包裝的採用。此外,日益成長的全球化和複雜的供應鏈使得產品認證和可追溯性至關重要。區塊鏈整合、隱形墨水和智慧包裝等技術進步正在擴展防偽系統的功能,實現即時產品追蹤和檢驗。電子商務的興起進一步加速了安全和可追溯包裝的需求。

市場限制

儘管市場預計將強勁成長,但也面臨許多挑戰,例如先進防偽技術成本高昂,這可能會阻礙其應用,尤其是在中小企業中。其他障礙包括技術複雜性以及需要熟練的人員來管理認證系統。此外,造假者不斷開發複雜的技術,這需要包裝解決方案提供者不斷創新並保持警惕。地區監管差異也為尋求實施統一防偽措施的品牌帶來了額外的複雜性。

市場機會

防偽包裝市場蘊藏著巨大的成長機會,尤其是透過物聯網 (IoT)、基於人工智慧的身份驗證和行動裝置檢驗工具等數位技術的整合。消費者對產品真偽的認知日益增強,促使品牌投資於更引人注目、更方便消費者使用的防偽功能。此外,由於監管趨嚴和中產階級人口不斷成長,亞太和拉丁美洲的新興市場蘊藏著尚未開發的潛力。策略合作夥伴關係、研發投入以及針對特定產業和地區量身定做的經濟高效的解決方案將成為釋放未來成長的關鍵。

本報告研究了全球防偽包裝市場,並根據技術類型、包裝類型、最終用途、區域趨勢和參與市場的公司概況對其進行細分。

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第2章 市場概述

  • 市場範圍和定義
  • 市場動態
  • COVID-19影響分析
  • 預測因子-相關性和影響力

第3章 增值洞察

  • 價值鏈分析
  • 主要市場參與者
  • 監管狀況
  • PESTLE分析
  • 波特五力分析
  • 消費行為分析

第4章 2019-2032年價格趨勢分析

  • 影響產品價格的關鍵因素
  • 按技術進行的價格分析
  • 區域價格和產品偏好

第5章 全球防偽包裝市場展望

  • 市場規模分析及預測
    • 2019-2024年市場規模趨勢分析
    • 2025-2032年市場規模分析與預測
  • 全球防偽包裝市場展望(依技術類型)
    • 2019 年至 2024 年按技術類型分類的市場規模趨勢分析
    • 2025 年至 2032 年按技術類型分類的市場規模分析與預測
      • 追蹤與追蹤
      • 防篡改
      • 隱蔽
      • 公開
      • 法醫學標記
    • 按技術類型分析市場吸引力
  • 全球防偽包裝市場展望(按包裝類型)
    • 2019-2024年按包裝類型分類的市場規模趨勢分析
    • 2025-2032年按包裝類型分類的市場規模分析及預測
      • 瓶子和罐子
      • 管瓶和安瓿瓶
      • 泡殼
      • 托盤
      • 標籤和標記
      • 導管和注射器
        • 其他
    • 按包裝類型分析市場吸引力
  • 全球防偽包裝市場依最終用途展望
    • 2019 年至 2024 年按最終用途分類的歷史市場規模分析
    • 2025 年至 2032 年按最終用途分類的市場規模分析與預測
      • 食品/飲料
      • 醫療保健和製藥
      • 工業和汽車
      • 家電
      • 其他
    • 依最終用途進行市場吸引力分析

第6章 全球防偽包裝市場區域展望

  • 2019 年至 2024 年各地區歷史市場規模分析
  • 2025 年至 2032 年各地區市場規模分析與預測
    • 北美洲
    • 拉丁美洲
    • 歐洲
    • 東亞
    • 南亞和大洋洲
    • 中東和非洲
  • 按地區分析市場吸引力

第7章北美防偽包裝市場展望

第8章 歐洲防偽包裝市場展望

第9章東亞防偽包裝市場展望

第10章南亞與大洋洲防偽包裝市場展望

,

第11章拉丁美洲防偽包裝市場展望

第12章中東與非洲防偽包裝市場展望

第13章競爭格局

  • 2025年市場佔有率分析
  • 市場結構
  • 公司簡介(詳情-概述、財務狀況、策略、最新發展)
    • Great American Packaging
    • Alpvision
    • Amcor
    • Atlantic Zeiser
    • Avery Dennison
    • Berry Global
    • Constantia Flexibles
    • Controltek
    • Graphic Packaging
    • Huhtamaki
    • ITL Group
    • 其他

第14章 附錄

簡介目錄
Product Code: PMRREP3320

Persistence Market Research has recently released a comprehensive report on the worldwide market for anti-counterfeiting packaging. The report offers a thorough assessment of crucial market dynamics, including drivers, trends, opportunities, and challenges, providing detailed insights into the market structure

Key Insights:

  • Anti-Counterfeiting Packaging Market Size (2025E): USD 145.2 Billion
  • Projected Market Value (2032F): USD 305.3 Billion
  • Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2025 to 2032): 11.2%

Anti-Counterfeiting Packaging Market - Report Scope:

Anti-counterfeiting packaging solutions are developed to prevent imitation and ensure product authenticity throughout the supply chain. These solutions include track and trace technologies, holograms, tamper-evident seals, barcodes, RFID tags, and other security features that help identify and protect legitimate products. The demand for such packaging is rising across industries such as pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, cosmetics, electronics, and automotive. With the increasing threat of counterfeit products undermining brand reputation, safety, and revenue, anti-counterfeiting packaging has become a critical component of modern supply chain integrity and consumer trust.

Market Growth Drivers:

The global anti-counterfeiting packaging market is propelled by several key factors, including the growing global concern over counterfeit goods and the need to safeguard consumer health and brand equity. Stringent regulations and compliance mandates across the pharmaceutical and food sectors are driving adoption. Additionally, increased globalization and complex supply chains are making product authentication and traceability essential. Technological advancements, such as blockchain integration, invisible inks, and smart packaging, are expanding the capabilities of anti-counterfeiting systems, providing real-time product tracking and verification. The rise of e-commerce has further accelerated the demand for secure and traceable packaging.

Market Restraints:

Despite robust growth prospects, the market faces challenges such as the high cost of advanced anti-counterfeiting technologies, which may hinder adoption, particularly among small and medium-sized enterprises. Technical complexity and the need for skilled personnel to manage authentication systems can also pose barriers. Moreover, counterfeiters continue to develop sophisticated techniques, necessitating constant innovation and vigilance by packaging solution providers. Regulatory disparities across regions add another layer of complexity for global brands aiming to implement uniform anti-counterfeiting measures.

Market Opportunities:

The anti-counterfeiting packaging market presents significant growth opportunities, particularly through the integration of digital technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), AI-based authentication, and mobile-enabled verification tools. Rising awareness among consumers regarding product authenticity is pushing brands to invest in more visible and consumer-friendly anti-counterfeit features. Additionally, emerging markets in Asia-Pacific and Latin America present untapped potential due to increasing regulatory enforcement and expanding middle-class populations. Strategic collaborations, investments in R\&D, and the development of cost-effective solutions tailored for specific industries and geographies will be key to unlocking future growth.

Key Questions Answered in the Report:

  • What are the primary factors driving the growth of the anti-counterfeiting packaging market globally?
  • Which technologies and end-use sectors are leading the adoption of anti-counterfeiting packaging?
  • How are digital innovations shaping the future of secure packaging solutions?
  • Who are the key players in the anti-counterfeiting packaging market, and what strategies are they employing?
  • What are the emerging trends and future prospects in the global anti-counterfeiting packaging landscape?

Competitive Intelligence and Business Strategy:

Companies are investing in smart packaging solutions, blockchain integration, and cloud-based tracking systems to offer end-to-end product authentication. Partnerships with logistics providers, regulatory agencies, and e-commerce platforms are enhancing market reach and security compliance. In addition, emphasis on consumer education, sustainability, and customization is helping companies differentiate their offerings and strengthen brand loyalty in a competitive landscape.

Key Companies Profiled:

  • Avery Dennison Corporation
  • 3M Company
  • Zebra Technologies Corporation
  • SICPA Holding SA
  • Authentix, Inc.
  • Tracelink Inc.
  • AlpVision SA
  • Systech International
  • U-NICA Group
  • OpSec Security Group

Anti-Counterfeiting Packaging Market Research Segmentation:

By Technology:

  • Barcodes
  • RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
  • Holograms
  • Tamper-evident Labels
  • Serialization
  • Invisible Printing
  • Blockchain-based Systems

By Feature Type:

  • Overt
  • Covert
  • Forensic
  • Digital

By End-Use Industry:

  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Food & Beverages
  • Cosmetics & Personal Care
  • Electronics
  • Automotive Parts
  • Apparel & Accessories

By Region:

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Latin America
  • Middle East & Africa

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1. Global Anti-Counterfeiting Packaging Market Snapshot, 2025 and 2032
  • 1.2. Market Opportunity Assessment, 2025-2032, US$ Bn
  • 1.3. Key Market Trends
  • 1.4. Future Market Projections
  • 1.5. Premium Market Insights
  • 1.6. Industry Developments and Key Market Events
  • 1.7. PMR Analysis and Recommendations

2. Market Overview

  • 2.1. Market Scope and Definition
  • 2.2. Market Dynamics
    • 2.2.1. Drivers
    • 2.2.2. Restraints
    • 2.2.3. Opportunity
    • 2.2.4. Challenges
    • 2.2.5. Key Trends
  • 2.3. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
  • 2.4. Forecast Factors - Relevance and Impact

3. Value Added Insights

  • 3.1. Value Chain Analysis
  • 3.2. Key Market Players
  • 3.3. Regulatory Landscape
  • 3.4. PESTLE Analysis
  • 3.5. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 3.6. Consumer Behavior Analysis

4. Price Trend Analysis, 2019-2032

  • 4.1. Key Factors Impacting Product Prices
  • 4.2. Pricing Analysis, By Technology Type
  • 4.3. Regional Prices and Product Preferences

5. Global Anti-Counterfeiting Packaging Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast
    • 5.1.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, 2019-2024
    • 5.1.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, 2025-2032
  • 5.2. Global Anti-Counterfeiting Packaging Market Outlook: Technology Type
    • 5.2.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Technology Type, 2019-2024
    • 5.2.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Technology Type, 2025-2032
      • 5.2.2.1. Trace & Track
      • 5.2.2.2. Tamper-Evident
      • 5.2.2.3. Covert
      • 5.2.2.4. Overt
      • 5.2.2.5. Forensic Markers
    • 5.2.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Technology Type
  • 5.3. Global Anti-Counterfeiting Packaging Market Outlook: Packaging Type
    • 5.3.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Packaging Type, 2019-2024
    • 5.3.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Packaging Type, 2025-2032
      • 5.3.2.1. Bottles & Jars
      • 5.3.2.2. Vials & Ampoules
      • 5.3.2.3. Blisters
      • 5.3.2.4. Trays
      • 5.3.2.5. Labels & Tags
      • 5.3.2.6. Tubes & Syringes
        • 5.3.2.6.1. Others
    • 5.3.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Packaging Type
  • 5.4. Global Anti-Counterfeiting Packaging Market Outlook: End Use
    • 5.4.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By End Use, 2019-2024
    • 5.4.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By End Use, 2025-2032
      • 5.4.2.1. Food & Beverages
      • 5.4.2.2. Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals
      • 5.4.2.3. Industrial & Automotive
      • 5.4.2.4. Consumer Electronics
      • 5.4.2.5. Others
    • 5.4.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis: End Use

6. Global Anti-Counterfeiting Packaging Market Outlook: Region

  • 6.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Region, 2019-2024
  • 6.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Region, 2025-2032
    • 6.2.1. North America
    • 6.2.2. Latin America
    • 6.2.3. Europe
    • 6.2.4. East Asia
    • 6.2.5. South Asia and Oceania
    • 6.2.6. Middle East & Africa
  • 6.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Region

7. North America Anti-Counterfeiting Packaging Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 7.1.1. By Country
    • 7.1.2. By Technology Type
    • 7.1.3. By Packaging Type
    • 7.1.4. By End Use
  • 7.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 7.2.1. U.S.
    • 7.2.2. Canada
  • 7.3. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Technology Type, 2025-2032
    • 7.3.1. Trace & Track
    • 7.3.2. Tamper-Evident
    • 7.3.3. Covert
    • 7.3.4. Overt
    • 7.3.5. Forensic Markers
  • 7.4. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Packaging Type, 2025-2032
    • 7.4.1. Bottles & Jars
    • 7.4.2. Vials & Ampoules
    • 7.4.3. Blisters
    • 7.4.4. Trays
    • 7.4.5. Labels & Tags
    • 7.4.6. Tubes & Syringes
      • 7.4.6.1. Others
  • 7.5. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By End Use, 2025-2032
    • 7.5.1. Food & Beverages
    • 7.5.2. Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals
    • 7.5.3. Industrial & Automotive
    • 7.5.4. Consumer Electronics
    • 7.5.5. Others
  • 7.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. Europe Anti-Counterfeiting Packaging Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 8.1.1. By Country
    • 8.1.2. By Technology Type
    • 8.1.3. By Packaging Type
    • 8.1.4. By End Use
  • 8.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 8.2.1. Germany
    • 8.2.2. France
    • 8.2.3. U.K.
    • 8.2.4. Italy
    • 8.2.5. Spain
    • 8.2.6. Russia
    • 8.2.7. Rest of Europe
  • 8.3. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Technology Type, 2025-2032
    • 8.3.1. Trace & Track
    • 8.3.2. Tamper-Evident
    • 8.3.3. Covert
    • 8.3.4. Overt
    • 8.3.5. Forensic Markers
  • 8.4. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Packaging Type, 2025-2032
    • 8.4.1. Bottles & Jars
    • 8.4.2. Vials & Ampoules
    • 8.4.3. Blisters
    • 8.4.4. Trays
    • 8.4.5. Labels & Tags
    • 8.4.6. Tubes & Syringes
      • 8.4.6.1. Others
  • 8.5. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By End Use, 2025-2032
    • 8.5.1. Food & Beverages
    • 8.5.2. Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals
    • 8.5.3. Industrial & Automotive
    • 8.5.4. Consumer Electronics
    • 8.5.5. Others
  • 8.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. East Asia Anti-Counterfeiting Packaging Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 9.1.1. By Country
    • 9.1.2. By Technology Type
    • 9.1.3. By Packaging Type
    • 9.1.4. By End Use
  • 9.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 9.2.1. China
    • 9.2.2. Japan
    • 9.2.3. South Korea
  • 9.3. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Technology Type, 2025-2032
    • 9.3.1. Trace & Track
    • 9.3.2. Tamper-Evident
    • 9.3.3. Covert
    • 9.3.4. Overt
    • 9.3.5. Forensic Markers
  • 9.4. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Packaging Type, 2025-2032
    • 9.4.1. Bottles & Jars
    • 9.4.2. Vials & Ampoules
    • 9.4.3. Blisters
    • 9.4.4. Trays
    • 9.4.5. Labels & Tags
    • 9.4.6. Tubes & Syringes
      • 9.4.6.1. Others
  • 9.5. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By End Use, 2025-2032
    • 9.5.1. Food & Beverages
    • 9.5.2. Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals
    • 9.5.3. Industrial & Automotive
    • 9.5.4. Consumer Electronics
    • 9.5.5. Others
  • 9.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis

10. South Asia & Oceania Anti-Counterfeiting Packaging Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 10.1.1. By Country
    • 10.1.2. By Technology Type
    • 10.1.3. By Packaging Type
    • 10.1.4. By End Use
  • 10.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 10.2.1. India
    • 10.2.2. Indonesia
    • 10.2.3. Thailand
    • 10.2.4. Singapore
    • 10.2.5. ANZ
    • 10.2.6. Rest of South Asia & Oceania
  • 10.3. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Technology Type, 2025-2032
    • 10.3.1. Trace & Track
    • 10.3.2. Tamper-Evident
    • 10.3.3. Covert
    • 10.3.4. Overt
    • 10.3.5. Forensic Markers
  • 10.4. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Packaging Type, 2025-2032
    • 10.4.1. Bottles & Jars
    • 10.4.2. Vials & Ampoules
    • 10.4.3. Blisters
    • 10.4.4. Trays
    • 10.4.5. Labels & Tags
    • 10.4.6. Tubes & Syringes
      • 10.4.6.1. Others
  • 10.5. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By End Use, 2025-2032
    • 10.5.1. Food & Beverages
    • 10.5.2. Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals
    • 10.5.3. Industrial & Automotive
    • 10.5.4. Consumer Electronics
    • 10.5.5. Others
  • 10.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis

11. Latin America Anti-Counterfeiting Packaging Market Outlook

  • 11.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 11.1.1. By Country
    • 11.1.2. By Technology Type
    • 11.1.3. By Packaging Type
    • 11.1.4. By End Use
  • 11.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 11.2.1. Brazil
    • 11.2.2. Mexico
    • 11.2.3. Rest of Latin America
  • 11.3. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Technology Type, 2025-2032
    • 11.3.1. Trace & Track
    • 11.3.2. Tamper-Evident
    • 11.3.3. Covert
    • 11.3.4. Overt
    • 11.3.5. Forensic Markers
  • 11.4. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Packaging Type, 2025-2032
    • 11.4.1. Bottles & Jars
    • 11.4.2. Vials & Ampoules
    • 11.4.3. Blisters
    • 11.4.4. Trays
    • 11.4.5. Labels & Tags
    • 11.4.6. Tubes & Syringes
      • 11.4.6.1. Others
  • 11.5. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By End Use, 2025-2032
    • 11.5.1. Food & Beverages
    • 11.5.2. Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals
    • 11.5.3. Industrial & Automotive
    • 11.5.4. Consumer Electronics
    • 11.5.5. Others
  • 11.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis

12. Middle East & Africa Anti-Counterfeiting Packaging Market Outlook

  • 12.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 12.1.1. By Country
    • 12.1.2. By Technology Type
    • 12.1.3. By Packaging Type
    • 12.1.4. By End Use
  • 12.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 12.2.1. GCC Countries
    • 12.2.2. Egypt
    • 12.2.3. South Africa
    • 12.2.4. Northern Africa
    • 12.2.5. Rest of Middle East & Africa
  • 12.3. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Technology Type, 2025-2032
    • 12.3.1. Trace & Track
    • 12.3.2. Tamper-Evident
    • 12.3.3. Covert
    • 12.3.4. Overt
    • 12.3.5. Forensic Markers
  • 12.4. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Packaging Type, 2025-2032
    • 12.4.1. Bottles & Jars
    • 12.4.2. Vials & Ampoules
    • 12.4.3. Blisters
    • 12.4.4. Trays
    • 12.4.5. Labels & Tags
    • 12.4.6. Tubes & Syringes
      • 12.4.6.1. Others
  • 12.5. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By End Use, 2025-2032
    • 12.5.1. Food & Beverages
    • 12.5.2. Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals
    • 12.5.3. Industrial & Automotive
    • 12.5.4. Consumer Electronics
    • 12.5.5. Others
  • 12.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis

13. Competition Landscape

  • 13.1. Market Share Analysis, 2025
  • 13.2. Market Structure
    • 13.2.1. Competition Intensity Mapping By Market
    • 13.2.2. Competition Dashboard
  • 13.3. Company Profiles (Details - Overview, Financials, Strategy, Recent Developments)
    • 13.3.1. Great American Packaging
      • 13.3.1.1. Overview
      • 13.3.1.2. Segments and Technology Type
      • 13.3.1.3. Key Financials
      • 13.3.1.4. Market Developments
      • 13.3.1.5. Market Strategy
    • 13.3.2. Alpvision
    • 13.3.3. Amcor
    • 13.3.4. Atlantic Zeiser
    • 13.3.5. Avery Dennison
    • 13.3.6. Berry Global
    • 13.3.7. Constantia Flexibles
    • 13.3.8. Controltek
    • 13.3.9. Graphic Packaging
    • 13.3.10. Huhtamaki
    • 13.3.11. ITL Group
    • 13.3.12. Others

14. Appendix

  • 14.1. Research Methodology
  • 14.2. Research Assumptions
  • 14.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations