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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1697125

全球翻新和行動電話市場：行業分析、規模、佔有率、成長、趨勢和預測（2025-2032 年）

Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2025 - 2032
出版日期: | 出版商: Persistence Market Research | 英文 191 Pages | 商品交期: 2-5個工作天內

價格
簡介目錄

預計 2025 年全球翻新和行動電話市場價值將達到 597.7 億美元，到 2032 年將達到 1,121.1 億美元，預測期內（2025-2032 年）的複合年成長率為 9.4%。

翻新/二手行動電話是透過維修、更換零件和品質檢查恢復正常功能的二手設備。這個市場受到對經濟實惠的智慧型手機替代品日益成長的需求、對電子廢棄物日益成長的擔憂以及循環經濟模式日益普及的推動。這些設備迎合了注重成本的消費者、希望大量購買的企業以及有環保意識的買家的需求。該市場涵蓋了蘋果、三星和小米等主要智慧型手機品牌的各種設備，透過線上平台、零售店和認證翻新項目銷售。

全球翻新和二手行動電話市場受到幾個關鍵因素的推動，其中包括新智慧型手機價格上漲，導致許多消費者尋找經濟實惠的替代品。電子商務和線上市場的興起增加了經過認證的翻新設備的可用性，進一步促進了銷售。此外，政府推動永續消費和減少電子廢棄物的措施也鼓勵了智慧型手機的轉售和回收。帶有保固的翻新設備的出現增強了消費者信心並促進了市場採用。此外，翻新過程中的技術進步，例如基於人工智慧的品質檢查和先進的維修技術，使二手行動電話更具吸引力。

儘管翻新和行動電話市場成長前景看好，但它也面臨著品質不穩定、保固範圍有限以及假冒和篡改風險等挑戰。與新智慧型手機相比，消費者對該設備的使用壽命和性能的擔憂是採用該設備的障礙。此外，一些智慧型手機製造商實施了限制性維修和零件供應政策，這使得第三方翻新商難以維持高品質標準。此外，二手設備沒有標準化的分級系統，這給買家帶來了困惑。

隨著新興經濟體中數位包容性措施的不斷加強，價格實惠的智慧型手機使得網路存取更加廣泛，翻新和行動電話市場提供了巨大的成長機會。製造商、通訊業者和維護提供者之間的策略夥伴關係可以提高供應鏈效率並擴大市場範圍。知名品牌和零售商推出的認證翻新計畫可望增強消費者信任和市場信心。此外，人工智慧診斷和區塊鏈追蹤解決方案的整合提高了透明度，確保買家收到具有經過驗證歷史的高品質翻新產品。

本報告研究了全球翻新和行動電話市場，提供了按類型、價格分佈範圍、銷售管道和地區分類的趨勢見解，以及參與市場的公司概況。

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第2章 市場概況

  • 市場範圍和定義
  • 市場動態
  • 宏觀經濟因素
  • COVID-19影響分析
  • 預測因子－相關性和影響力

第 3 章 增值見解

  • 監管狀況
  • 價值鏈分析
  • PESTLE分析
  • 波特五力分析

第4章 價格趨勢分析

  • 主要亮點
  • 影響翻新機和行動電話價格的關鍵因素
  • 定價分析
    • 按類型

第 5 章。全球翻新和行動電話市場展望：實際（2019-2024 年）和預測（2025-2032 年）

  • 全球翻新和行動電話市場前景（按類型）
    • 簡介/主要發現
    • 2019 年至 2024 年按類型分類的歷史市場規模與分析
    • 2025 年至 2032 年按類型分類的當前市場規模、分析和預測
    • 翻新行動電話
    • 二手行動電話
  • 按類型分析市場吸引力
  • 全球翻新和行動電話市場價格分佈範圍的前景
    • 簡介/主要發現
    • 2019 年至 2024 年按價格分佈的歷史市場規模分析
    • 2025 年至 2032 年按價格分佈的當前市場規模分析和預測
    • 價格低廉（低於 200 美元）
    • 價格分佈（200-500 美元）
    • 高級版（500 美元以上）
  • 按價格分佈進行市場吸引力分析
  • 全球翻新及行動電話市場按銷售管道分類的前景
    • 簡介/主要發現
    • 2019 年至 2024 年按銷售管道分類的歷史市場規模分析
    • 2025 年至 2032 年按銷售管道分類的當前市場規模分析與預測
    • 網上/電子商務銷售
    • 實體店面
  • 按銷售管道進行的市場吸引力分析

6. 全球翻新及二手行動電話市場（按地區）展望

  • 主要亮點
  • 2019 年至 2024 年各地區歷史市場規模及分析
  • 2025 年至 2032 年各地區當前市場規模分析及預測
    • 北美洲
    • 歐洲
    • 東亞
    • 南亞和大洋洲
    • 拉丁美洲
    • 中東和非洲
  • 按地區分析市場吸引力

第 7 章。北美翻新和行動電話市場展望：實際（2019-2024 年）和預測（2025-2032 年）

第8章 歐洲翻新和行動電話市場展望：歷史（2019-2024）和預測（2025-2032）

第9章 東亞翻新及行動電話市場展望：實際結果（2019-2024）及預測（2025-2032）

第 10 章南亞和大洋洲翻新和二手行動電話市場展望：歷史（2019-2024 年）和預測（2025-2032 年）

第 11 章拉丁美洲翻新與行動電話市場展望：歷史（2019-2024 年）與預測（2025-2032 年）

第 12 章。中東和非洲翻新和行動電話市場展望：實際（2019-2024 年）和預測（2025-2032 年）

第13章 競爭格局

  • 2025年市場佔有率分析
  • 市場結構
    • 競賽實力圖譜
    • 競爭儀錶板
  • 公司簡介（詳情－概述、財務狀況、策略、最新發展）
    • Apple Inc.
    • Samsung
    • Lenovo
    • Huawei
    • Xiaomi
    • Yaantra
    • Cashify
    • Walmart
    • Amazon
    • eBay
    • Paytm
    • Mobiru India Private Limited
    • Alibaba
    • Chinarephone.com

第14章 附錄

簡介目錄
Product Code: PMRREP16867

Persistence Market Research has recently released a comprehensive report on the worldwide market for refurbished and used mobile phones. The report offers a thorough assessment of crucial market dynamics, including drivers, trends, opportunities, and challenges, providing detailed insights into the market structure. This research publication presents exclusive data and statistics outlining the anticipated growth trajectory of the global refurbished and used mobile phones market from 2025 to 2032.

Key Insights:

  • Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Market Size (2025E): US$ 59.77 Bn
  • Projected Market Value (2032F): US$ 112.11 Bn
  • Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2025 to 2032):9.4%

Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Market - Report Scope:

Refurbished and used mobile phones refer to pre-owned devices that have been restored to working condition through repairs, component replacements, and quality checks. The market is driven by the growing demand for affordable smartphone alternatives, increasing electronic waste concerns, and the rising popularity of circular economy models. These devices cater to cost-conscious consumers, businesses seeking bulk purchases, and environmentally conscious buyers. The market encompasses a wide range of devices from major smartphone brands, including Apple, Samsung, and Xiaomi, sold through online platforms, retail stores, and certified refurbishment programs.

Market Growth Drivers:

The global refurbished and used mobile phones market is propelled by several key factors, including the rising cost of new smartphones, which has led many consumers to seek budget-friendly alternatives. The increasing adoption of e-commerce and online marketplaces has facilitated the accessibility of certified refurbished devices, further boosting sales. Additionally, government initiatives promoting sustainable consumption and e-waste reduction have encouraged the resale and recycling of smartphones. The availability of warranty-backed refurbished devices has improved consumer trust, driving market adoption. Furthermore, technological advancements in refurbishment processes, such as AI-based quality checks and advanced repair techniques, have enhanced the appeal of used mobile phones.

Market Restraints:

Despite promising growth prospects, the refurbished and used mobile phones market faces challenges such as quality inconsistencies, limited warranty coverage, and the risk of counterfeit or tampered devices. Consumer concerns about device longevity and performance compared to new smartphones pose a barrier to wider adoption. Additionally, some smartphone manufacturers have implemented restrictive policies on repairs and parts availability, making it challenging for third-party refurbishers to maintain high-quality standards. The lack of standardization in grading systems for used devices also creates confusion among buyers.

Market Opportunities:

The refurbished and used mobile phones market presents significant growth opportunities driven by increasing digital inclusion initiatives in emerging economies, where affordable smartphones enable wider internet access. Strategic partnerships between manufacturers, telecom operators, and refurbishment companies can enhance supply chain efficiency and expand market reach. The introduction of certified refurbishment programs by leading brands and retailers is expected to boost consumer confidence and market credibility. Furthermore, the integration of AI-powered diagnostics and blockchain-based tracking solutions can improve transparency, ensuring buyers receive high-quality refurbished devices with verified histories.

Key Questions Answered in the Report:

  • What are the primary factors driving the growth of the refurbished and used mobile phones market globally?
  • How do warranty-backed refurbished devices influence consumer purchasing behavior?
  • Which distribution channels contribute most significantly to market expansion?
  • Who are the key players in the refurbished and used mobile phones market, and what strategies are they employing to gain a competitive edge?
  • What are the emerging trends shaping the future of the refurbished smartphone industry?

Competitive Intelligence and Business Strategy:

Leading players in the refurbished and used mobile phones market, including Apple Inc., Samsung Electronics, Amazon Renewed, Back Market, and Gazelle, focus on quality assurance, extended warranties, and certification programs to enhance consumer trust. Companies invest in AI-powered refurbishment technologies and sustainable sourcing practices to strengthen their market presence. Collaborations with telecom providers and online marketplaces enable expanded distribution networks. Additionally, industry leaders are leveraging circular economy principles to minimize e-waste while maximizing the value of pre-owned devices.

Key Companies Profiled:

  • Apple Inc.
  • Samsung Electronics
  • Amazon Renewed
  • Back Market
  • Gazelle
  • eBay Inc.
  • Walmart (Certified Pre-Owned Program)
  • Best Buy (Geek Squad Certified)
  • Verizon Certified Pre-Owned
  • AT&T Certified Restored

Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Market Segmentation

By Type

  • Refurbished Phones
  • Used Phones

By Pricing Range

  • Low-priced (Less than US$ 200)
  • Mid-priced (US$ 200-500)
  • Premium (More than US$ 500)

By Sales Channel

  • Online/ e-Commerce Sales
  • Physical Retail Stores

By Region

  • North America
  • Europe
  • East Asia
  • South Asia and Oceania
  • Latin America
  • The Middle East and Africa

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1. Global Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Market Snapshot, 2025-2032
  • 1.2. Market Opportunity Assessment, 2025-2032, US$ Bn
  • 1.3. Key Market Trends
  • 1.4. Future Market Projections
  • 1.5. Premium Market Insights
  • 1.6. Key Developments and Key Market Events
  • 1.7. PMR Analysis and Recommendations

2. Market Overview

  • 2.1. Market Scope and Definition
  • 2.2. Market Dynamics
    • 2.2.1. Drivers
    • 2.2.2. Restraints
    • 2.2.3. Opportunity
    • 2.2.4. Challenges
    • 2.2.5. Key Trends
  • 2.3. Macro-Economic Factors
    • 2.3.1. Global GDP Growth Outlook
    • 2.3.2. Global Urbanization Outlook
  • 2.4. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
  • 2.5. Forecast Factors - Relevance and Impact

3. Value Added Insights

  • 3.1. Regulatory Landscape
  • 3.2. Value Chain Analysis
  • 3.3. PESTLE Analysis
  • 3.4. Porter's Five Force Analysis

4. Price Trend Analysis

  • 4.1. Key Highlights
  • 4.2. Key Factors Impacting Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Prices
  • 4.3. Pricing Analysis
    • 4.3.1. By Type

5. Global Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 5.1. Global Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Market Outlook: Type
    • 5.1.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 5.1.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Analysis, By Type, 2019-2024
    • 5.1.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) and Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2025-2032
    • 5.1.4. Refurbished Phones
      • 5.1.4.1. Company-owned
      • 5.1.4.2. Consumer-owned
    • 5.1.5. Used Phones
      • 5.1.5.1. Trade-ins
      • 5.1.5.2. Buybacks
  • 5.2. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Type
  • 5.3. Global Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Market Outlook: Price Range
    • 5.3.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 5.3.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Price Range, 2019-2024
    • 5.3.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Price Range, 2025-2032
    • 5.3.4. Low-priced (Less than US$ 200)
    • 5.3.5. Mid-priced (US$ 200-500)
    • 5.3.6. Premium (More than US$ 500)
  • 5.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Price Range
  • 5.5. Global Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Market Outlook: Sales Channel
    • 5.5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 5.5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Sales Channel, 2019-2024
    • 5.5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Sales Channel, 2025-2032
    • 5.5.4. Online/ e-Commerce Sales
    • 5.5.5. Physical Retail Stores
  • 5.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Sales Channel

6. Global Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Market Outlook: Region

  • 6.1. Key Highlights
  • 6.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) and Analysis, By Region, 2019-2024
  • 6.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Region, 2025-2032
    • 6.3.1. North America
    • 6.3.2. Europe
    • 6.3.3. East Asia
    • 6.3.4. South Asia and Oceania
    • 6.3.5. Latin America
    • 6.3.6. Middle East & Africa
  • 6.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Region

7. North America Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 7.1. Key Highlights
  • 7.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 7.2.1. By Country
    • 7.2.2. By Type
    • 7.2.3. By Price Range
    • 7.2.4. By Sales Channel
  • 7.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 7.3.1. U.S.
    • 7.3.2. Canada
  • 7.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2025-2032
    • 7.4.1. Refurbished Phones
      • 7.4.1.1. Company-owned
      • 7.4.1.2. Consumer-owned
    • 7.4.2. Used Phones
      • 7.4.2.1. Trade-ins
      • 7.4.2.2. Buybacks
  • 7.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Price Range, 2025-2032
    • 7.5.1. Low-priced (Less than US$ 200)
    • 7.5.2. Mid-priced (US$ 200-500)
    • 7.5.3. Premium (More than US$ 500)
  • 7.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Sales Channel, 2025-2032
    • 7.6.1. Online/ e-Commerce Sales
    • 7.6.2. Physical Retail Stores
  • 7.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. Europe Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 8.1. Key Highlights
  • 8.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 8.2.1. By Country
    • 8.2.2. By Type
    • 8.2.3. By Price Range
    • 8.2.4. By Sales Channel
  • 8.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 8.3.1. Germany
    • 8.3.2. France
    • 8.3.3. U.K.
    • 8.3.4. Italy
    • 8.3.5. Spain
    • 8.3.6. Russia
    • 8.3.7. Rest of Europe
  • 8.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2025-2032
    • 8.4.1. Refurbished Phones
      • 8.4.1.1. Company-owned
      • 8.4.1.2. Consumer-owned
    • 8.4.2. Used Phones
      • 8.4.2.1. Trade-ins
      • 8.4.2.2. Buybacks
  • 8.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Price Range, 2025-2032
    • 8.5.1. Low-priced (Less than US$ 200)
    • 8.5.2. Mid-priced (US$ 200-500)
    • 8.5.3. Premium (More than US$ 500)
  • 8.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Sales Channel, 2025-2032
    • 8.6.1. Online/ e-Commerce Sales
    • 8.6.2. Physical Retail Stores
  • 8.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. East Asia Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 9.1. Key Highlights
  • 9.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 9.2.1. By Country
    • 9.2.2. By Type
    • 9.2.3. By Price Range
    • 9.2.4. By Sales Channel
  • 9.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 9.3.1. China
    • 9.3.2. Japan
    • 9.3.3. South Korea
  • 9.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2025-2032
    • 9.4.1. Refurbished Phones
      • 9.4.1.1. Company-owned
      • 9.4.1.2. Consumer-owned
    • 9.4.2. Used Phones
      • 9.4.2.1. Trade-ins
      • 9.4.2.2. Buybacks
  • 9.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Price Range, 2025-2032
    • 9.5.1. Low-priced (Less than US$ 200)
    • 9.5.2. Mid-priced (US$ 200-500)
    • 9.5.3. Premium (More than US$ 500)
  • 9.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Sales Channel, 2025-2032
    • 9.6.1. Online/ e-Commerce Sales
    • 9.6.2. Physical Retail Stores
  • 9.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

10. South Asia & Oceania Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 10.1. Key Highlights
  • 10.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 10.2.1. By Country
    • 10.2.2. By Type
    • 10.2.3. By Price Range
    • 10.2.4. By Sales Channel
  • 10.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 10.3.1. India
    • 10.3.2. Southeast Asia
    • 10.3.3. ANZ
    • 10.3.4. Rest of South Asia & Oceania
  • 10.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2025-2032
    • 10.4.1. Refurbished Phones
      • 10.4.1.1. Company-owned
      • 10.4.1.2. Consumer-owned
    • 10.4.2. Used Phones
      • 10.4.2.1. Trade-ins
      • 10.4.2.2. Buybacks
  • 10.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Price Range, 2025-2032
    • 10.5.1. Low-priced (Less than US$ 200)
    • 10.5.2. Mid-priced (US$ 200-500)
    • 10.5.3. Premium (More than US$ 500)
  • 10.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Sales Channel, 2025-2032
    • 10.6.1. Online/ e-Commerce Sales
    • 10.6.2. Physical Retail Stores
  • 10.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

11. Latin America Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 11.1. Key Highlights
  • 11.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 11.2.1. By Country
    • 11.2.2. By Type
    • 11.2.3. By Price Range
    • 11.2.4. By Sales Channel
  • 11.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 11.3.1. Brazil
    • 11.3.2. Mexico
    • 11.3.3. Rest of Latin America
  • 11.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2025-2032
    • 11.4.1. Refurbished Phones
      • 11.4.1.1. Company-owned
      • 11.4.1.2. Consumer-owned
    • 11.4.2. Used Phones
      • 11.4.2.1. Trade-ins
      • 11.4.2.2. Buybacks
  • 11.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Price Range, 2025-2032
    • 11.5.1. Low-priced (Less than US$ 200)
    • 11.5.2. Mid-priced (US$ 200-500)
    • 11.5.3. Premium (More than US$ 500)
  • 11.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Sales Channel, 2025-2032
    • 11.6.1. Online/ e-Commerce Sales
    • 11.6.2. Physical Retail Stores
  • 11.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

12. Middle East & Africa Refurbished and Used Mobile Phones Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 12.1. Key Highlights
  • 12.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 12.2.1. By Country
    • 12.2.2. By Type
    • 12.2.3. By Price Range
    • 12.2.4. By Sales Channel
  • 12.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 12.3.1. GCC Countries
    • 12.3.2. South Africa
    • 12.3.3. Northern Africa
    • 12.3.4. Rest of Middle East & Africa
  • 12.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Type, 2025-2032
    • 12.4.1. Refurbished Phones
      • 12.4.1.1. Company-owned
      • 12.4.1.2. Consumer-owned
    • 12.4.2. Used Phones
      • 12.4.2.1. Trade-ins
      • 12.4.2.2. Buybacks
  • 12.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Price Range, 2025-2032
    • 12.5.1. Low-priced (Less than US$ 200)
    • 12.5.2. Mid-priced (US$ 200-500)
    • 12.5.3. Premium (More than US$ 500)
  • 12.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Sales Channel, 2025-2032
    • 12.6.1. Online/ e-Commerce Sales
    • 12.6.2. Physical Retail Stores
  • 12.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

13. Competition Landscape

  • 13.1. Market Share Analysis, 2025
  • 13.2. Market Structure
    • 13.2.1. Competition Intensity Mapping
    • 13.2.2. Competition Dashboard
  • 13.3. Company Profiles (Details - Overview, Financials, Strategy, Recent Developments)
    • 13.3.1. Apple Inc.
      • 13.3.1.1. Overview
      • 13.3.1.2. Product Portfolio
      • 13.3.1.3. Key Financials
      • 13.3.1.4. Market Developments
      • 13.3.1.5. Market Strategy
    • 13.3.2. Samsung
    • 13.3.3. Lenovo
    • 13.3.4. Huawei
    • 13.3.5. Xiaomi
    • 13.3.6. Yaantra
    • 13.3.7. Cashify
    • 13.3.8. Walmart
    • 13.3.9. Amazon
    • 13.3.10. eBay
    • 13.3.11. Paytm
    • 13.3.12. Mobiru India Private Limited
    • 13.3.13. Alibaba
    • 13.3.14. Chinarephone.com

14. Appendix

  • 14.1. Research Methodology
  • 14.2. Research Assumptions
  • 14.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations