Product Code: CH 6796
The global pipe insulation market size is projected to reach USD 7,195.9 million in 2030 from USD 5,265.4 million in 2024, at a CAGR of 5.4% between 2025 and 2030. The growth of the pipe insulation market is benefiting from the growth of the green building movement, as energy efficiency and sustainability have grown priorities in the evolution of the construction industry. Green buildings operate to minimize energy use, decrease carbon footprint, and provide healthier indoor cradle-to-cradle spaces. Pipe insulation serves a key role in construction, creating reduced energy use, carbon footprint elimination, and an enhanced indoor environment. Insulation reduces heat loss or gain in plumbing, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and mechanical systems, depending on the temperature differential between component systems. Enhancing a component's thermal insulation affects energy use efficiency, temperature consistency, and heat/air conditioning loads, which lowers both energy bills and greenhouse gas emissions.
Scope of the Report |
Years Considered for the Study | 2020-2030 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2030 |
Units Considered | Value (USD Thousand) |
Segments | Material Type, Application, and Region |
Regions covered | Asia Pacific, North America, Western Europe, Central & Eastern Europe, the Middle East & Africa, and South America |
"The PU R/PIR foam material type segment is projected to register the third-highest CAGR of the pipe insulation market, in terms of value, during the forecast period."
The PU (polyurethane) and PIR (polyisocyanurate) foam material category is anticipated to experience the third-highest CAGR in the pipe insulation market during the forecast period because of its excellent thermal performance, high mechanical strength, and working range of applications. The foams have low thermal conductivity, meaning they are very effective in using them to insulate for hot and cold applications in industrial, commercial, and district energy contexts. Although PU does offer low thermal resistance, PIR foams offer an even greater level of fire resistance and higher thermal stability than standard PU, which gives them an advantage in high-temperature applications in markets such as oil & gas or chemicals processing facilities.
As the market focuses on energy efficiency and emission reduction, the demand for insulation that delivers performance capability with reduced thickness is increasing, and PU R/PIR foams lend themselves to these pursuits. Furthermore, technology improvements have created more durable foam formulations and improved moisture resistance. The lightweight properties of PU R/PIR foams also appeal to market demand as they are always easy to handle and transportation is cheaper, especially in large industrial and infrastructure applications.
"The gas application segment is projected to register the third-highest CAGR of the pipe insulation market, in terms of value, during the forecast period."
The gas application sector is predicted to grow at the third fastest rate in the pipe insulation market throughout the forecast period because of the increasing demand for natural gas worldwide and expanding gas infrastructure. Temperature stability in gas distribution and transmission systems is critical to avoid condensation or freeze, particularly in colder climates and high-pressure situations. Pipe insulation is key to operational efficiency, safety, and energy savings throughout the gas supply chain, from extraction to processing to transportation and distribution.
The increase in LNG (liquefied natural gas) projects in Asia Pacific, North America, and the Middle East and North Africa is also adding momentum for high-performance insulation material that can withstand very high temperatures while being cost-effective. Likewise, stringent regulations for emission control and pipeline safety are motivating gas companies to seek higher-performance insulation. With the growing investment in gas-based power generation and residential heating, the growth in this application segment will continue to grow steadily.
"South America is projected to register the third-highest CAGR during the forecast period in the pipe insulation market, in terms of value."
The pipe insulation market in South America is projected to have the third-largest CAGR during the forecast period, especially due to enhanced investments in infrastructure, energy, and industrial growth. Increased construction, urbanization, and energy demand in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile are driving the uptake of insulated piping systems. Growth in the oil & gas industry, particularly in offshore exploration and the growth of pipeline networks, is also stimulating demand for thermal insulation to improve operational efficiency and safety. Governments and regulatory bodies in South America are beginning to mandate energy efficiency standards and to promote sustainable development and construction practices. As there is an increased need for HVAC systems for residential and commercial buildings, driven by increasing temperatures and urban growth, there will be an increase in pipe insulation awareness and usage as part of energy performance values. With increased awareness of energy conservation and building performance efficiency, South America is quickly becoming a strategic area of demand for pipe insulation solutions.
- By Company Type: Tier 1 - 55%, Tier 2 - 25%, and Tier 3 - 20%
- By Designation: Directors - 50%, Managers - 30%, and Others - 20%
- By Region: North America - 40%, Europe - 35%, Asia Pacific - 20%, Rest of World - 5%
The report profiles key players including Saint-Gobain S.A. (France), BASF SE (Germany), Johns Manville (US), Owens Corning (US), Kingspan Group PLC (UK), Rockwool A/S (Denmark), Covestro AG (Germany), Huntsman Corporation (US), Armacell (Luxembourg), and Knauf Insulation (US).
Research Coverage
This report segments the market for pipe insulation based on component, barrier type, substrate, end-use industry, and region and provides market size by value (USD thousand) across various regions. It has also conducted a detailed analysis of key industry players to provide insights into their business overviews, services, and key strategies associated with the market for pipe insulation.
Reasons to Buy this Report
This research report is focused on various levels of analysis - industry analysis (industry trends), market share analysis of top players, and company profiles, which together provide an overall view of the competitive landscape, emerging and high-growth segments of the pipe insulation market; high-growth regions; and market drivers, restraints, and opportunities.
The report provides insights on the following pointers:
- Market Penetration: Comprehensive information on pipe insulation offered by top players in the global market
- Analysis of key drivers (growth in oil & gas demand, development of green buildings, stringent regulatory environment, and reduction in energy consumption and its related cost), restraints (Volatile prices of plastic foams), opportunities (Availability of green insulation material), and challenges (Corrosion under insulation leads to health and safety related incidents) influencing the growth of pipe insulation market.
- Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product & service launches in the pipe insulation market
- Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative emerging markets - the report analyzes the markets for pipe insulation across regions.
- Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products, untapped regions, and recent developments in the global pipe insulation market.
- Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, strategies, products, and manufacturing capabilities of leading players in the pipe insulation market.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES
- 1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
- 1.3 STUDY SCOPE
- 1.3.1 MARKETS COVERED AND REGIONAL SCOPE
- 1.3.2 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
- 1.3.3 YEARS CONSIDERED
- 1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED
- 1.5 STAKEHOLDERS
- 1.6 SUMMARY OF CHANGES
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- 2.1 RESEARCH DATA
- 2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA
- 2.1.1.1 Data from key secondary sources
- 2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA
- 2.1.2.1 Primary interviews - demand and supply sides
- 2.1.2.2 Key industry insights
- 2.1.2.3 Breakdown of primary interviews
- 2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION
- 2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
- 2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
- 2.3 DATA TRIANGULATION
- 2.4 GROWTH RATE ASSUMPTIONS/GROWTH FORECASTS
- 2.4.1 SUPPLY SIDE
- 2.4.2 DEMAND SIDE
- 2.5 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
- 2.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
- 2.7 RISK ASSESSMENT
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS
- 4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN PIPE INSULATION MARKET
- 4.2 PIPE INSULATION MARKET, BY REGION
- 4.3 ASIA PACIFIC PIPE INSULATION MARKET, BY MATERIAL TYPE AND COUNTRY
- 4.4 PIPE INSULATION MARKET, APPLICATION VS. REGION
- 4.5 PIPE INSULATION MARKET, BY KEY COUNTRY
5 MARKET OVERVIEW
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS
- 5.2.1 DRIVERS
- 5.2.1.1 Growth in oil & gas demand
- 5.2.1.2 Development of green buildings
- 5.2.1.3 Stringent regulatory framework regarding insulation of piping systems
- 5.2.1.4 Reduction in energy consumption and related costs
- 5.2.2 RESTRAINTS
- 5.2.2.1 Volatile prices of plastic foams
- 5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES
- 5.2.3.1 Availability of green insulation materials
- 5.2.4 CHALLENGES
- 5.2.4.1 Health- and safety-related incidents due to Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)
- 5.3 PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
- 5.3.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
- 5.3.2 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
- 5.3.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
- 5.3.4 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
- 5.3.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
- 5.4 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA
- 5.4.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS
- 5.4.2 BUYING CRITERIA
- 5.5 MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS
- 5.5.1 GDP TRENDS AND FORECAST FOR MAJOR ECONOMIES
6 INDUSTRY TRENDS
- 6.1 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS
- 6.2 PRICING ANALYSIS
- 6.2.1 INDICATIVE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION, 2022-2030
- 6.3 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS
- 6.4 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
- 6.5 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS
- 6.5.1 KEY TECHNOLOGIES
- 6.5.1.1 ECOSE technology
- 6.5.1.2 XPS foam technology
- 6.5.2 COMPLIMENTARY TECHNOLOGIES
- 6.5.2.1 Syntactic foam technology
- 6.6 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
- 6.6.1 CASE STUDY ON ROCKWOOL INTERNATIONAL A/S
- 6.6.2 CASE STUDY ON KNAUF GIPS KG
- 6.7 TRADE ANALYSIS
- 6.7.1 IMPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 392119)
- 6.7.2 EXPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 392119)
- 6.8 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE
- 6.8.1 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
- 6.8.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
- 6.8.2.1 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
- 6.9 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2025-2026
- 6.10 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO
- 6.11 PATENT ANALYSIS
- 6.11.1 APPROACH
- 6.11.2 DOCUMENT TYPES
- 6.11.3 TOP APPLICANTS
- 6.11.4 JURISDICTION ANALYSIS
- 6.12 IMPACT OF 2025 US TARIFF - OVERVIEW
- 6.12.1 INTRODUCTION
- 6.12.2 KEY TARIFF RATES
- 6.12.3 PRICE IMPACT ANALYSIS
- 6.12.4 IMPACT ON COUNTRY/REGION
- 6.12.4.1 US
- 6.12.4.2 Europe
- 6.12.4.3 Asia Pacific
- 6.12.5 IMPACT ON END-USE INDUSTRIES
- 6.13 IMPACT OF AI/GEN AI ON PIPE INSULATION MARKET
7 PIPE INSULATION MARKET, BY MATERIAL TYPE
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.2 GLASS WOOL
- 7.2.1 HIGH USE IN COLD PIPE INSULATION APPLICATIONS TO DRIVE MARKET
- 7.3 ROCKWOOL
- 7.3.1 GROWING ADOPTION AS SUSTAINABLE INSULATION MATERIAL TO PROPEL MARKET
- 7.4 POLYURETHANE (PUR) & POLYISOCYANURATE (PIR) FOAM
- 7.4.1 INCREASING USE IN COLD INSULATION APPLICATIONS TO BOOST MARKET GROWTH
- 7.5 PHENOLIC FOAM
- 7.5.1 EXCELLENT THERMAL INSULATION, MOISTURE RESISTANCE, AND FIRE-RETARDANT PROPERTIES TO DRIVE DEMAND
- 7.6 ELASTOMERIC FOAM
- 7.6.1 HIGH ADOPTION IN BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY TO DRIVE MARKET
- 7.7 OTHER PLASTIC FOAMS
- 7.8 OTHER MATERIAL TYPES
8 PIPE INSULATION MARKET, BY APPLICATION
- 8.1 INTRODUCTION
- 8.2 BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION
- 8.2.1 NEED TO SAVE COSTS AND PROVIDE THERMAL COMFORT TO DRIVE DEMAND
- 8.3 INDUSTRIAL
- 8.3.1 NEED FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES TO FUEL DEMAND
- 8.4 OIL
- 8.4.1 HIGH OIL PRODUCTION IN MIDDLE EAST TO BOOST DEMAND
- 8.5 DISTRICT ENERGY SYSTEMS (DES)
- 8.5.1 NEED TO TRANSPORT THERMAL ENERGY ECONOMICALLY AND EFFICIENTLY TO END USERS TO DRIVE DEMAND
- 8.6 GAS
- 8.6.1 INCREASING SHALE GAS EXPLORATION IN NORTH AMERICA TO PROPEL DEMAND
- 8.7 OTHER APPLICATIONS
9 PIPE INSULATION MARKET, BY REGION
- 9.1 INTRODUCTION
- 9.2 NORTH AMERICA
- 9.2.1 US
- 9.2.1.1 High economic growth and regulatory framework to fuel demand
- 9.2.2 CANADA
- 9.2.2.1 Growing commercial and residential construction to fuel demand
- 9.2.3 MEXICO
- 9.2.3.1 Mandatory energy efficiency standards to drive market
- 9.3 WESTERN EUROPE
- 9.3.1 GERMANY
- 9.3.1.1 Large industrial base and green building labeling systems to drive demand
- 9.3.2 UK
- 9.3.2.1 Rising investments in construction activities to drive demand
- 9.3.3 FRANCE
- 9.3.3.1 Government-led regulations and investment in public infrastructure development to fuel demand
- 9.3.4 ITALY
- 9.3.4.1 New project finance rules and investment policies to propel market
- 9.3.5 SPAIN
- 9.3.5.1 Booming industrial and manufacturing sectors to drive demand
- 9.3.6 NETHERLANDS
- 9.3.6.1 Growing industrial sector to drive market
- 9.3.7 SWEDEN
- 9.3.7.1 Increased investments in residential sector to propel market
- 9.3.8 SWITZERLAND
- 9.3.8.1 Increasing need for energy efficiency driven by rising energy costs to propel market
- 9.3.9 NORWAY
- 9.3.9.1 High growth of oil & gas industry to drive market
- 9.4 CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE
- 9.4.1 RUSSIA
- 9.4.1.1 Building code enforcement and infrastructure modernization to drive market
- 9.4.2 TURKEY
- 9.4.2.1 Presence of building codes and FDI in various sectors to fuel demand
- 9.4.3 POLAND
- 9.4.3.1 Increasing green construction trend to drive demand
- 9.4.4 CZECHIA
- 9.4.4.1 High focus on renovation and retrofitting existing buildings to propel market
- 9.5 ASIA PACIFIC
- 9.5.1 CHINA
- 9.5.1.1 Mandatory building energy codes for commercial and residential buildings to drive market
- 9.5.2 JAPAN
- 9.5.2.1 Focus on improving energy consumption performance of buildings to boost market
- 9.5.3 INDIA
- 9.5.3.1 Increasing government spending on public infrastructure development to drive market
- 9.5.4 SOUTH KOREA
- 9.5.4.1 Growing construction industry and demand for DES to propel market
- 9.5.5 INDONESIA
- 9.5.5.1 Rise in oil production and construction codes to fuel market growth
- 9.5.6 VIETNAM
- 9.5.6.1 High industrial output and regulatory framework to boost market
- 9.6 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
- 9.6.1 SAUDI ARABIA
- 9.6.1.1 Presence of various energy efficiency programs and increased government spending to drive market
- 9.6.2 UAE
- 9.6.2.1 Existence of mandatory building codes to propel demand
- 9.6.3 EGYPT
- 9.6.3.1 New construction projects to drive demand
- 9.6.4 SOUTH AFRICA
- 9.6.4.1 Oil production to drive demand
- 9.7 SOUTH AMERICA
- 9.7.1 BRAZIL
- 9.7.1.1 Growth of oil industry to drive market
- 9.7.2 ARGENTINA
- 9.7.2.1 Rising demand from building & construction industry to drive market
- 9.7.3 COLUMBIA
- 9.7.3.1 Demand from industrial and mining sectors to drive market
10 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
- 10.1 INTRODUCTION
- 10.2 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN
- 10.3 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS
- 10.3.1 SAINT-GOBAIN S.A.
- 10.3.2 BASF SE
- 10.3.3 JOHNS MANVILLE
- 10.3.4 OWENS CORNING
- 10.3.5 KINGSPAN GROUP PLC
- 10.4 REVENUE ANALYSIS
- 10.5 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2024
- 10.5.1 STARS
- 10.5.2 EMERGING LEADERS
- 10.5.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS
- 10.5.4 PARTICIPANTS
- 10.5.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2024
- 10.5.5.1 Company footprint
- 10.5.5.2 Region footprint
- 10.5.5.3 Material type footprint
- 10.5.5.4 Application footprint
- 10.6 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: STARTUPS/SMES, 2024
- 10.6.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES
- 10.6.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES
- 10.6.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES
- 10.6.4 STARTING BLOCKS
- 10.6.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING: STARTUPS/SMES, 2024
- 10.6.5.1 Detailed list of key startups/SMEs
- 10.6.5.2 Competitive benchmarking of key startups/SMEs
- 10.7 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS
- 10.8 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON
- 10.9 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO
- 10.9.1 DEALS
- 10.9.2 EXPANSIONS
- 10.9.3 OTHER DEVELOPMENT
11 COMPANY PROFILES
- 11.1 KEY PLAYERS
- 11.1.1 SAINT-GOBAIN S.A.
- 11.1.1.1 Business overview
- 11.1.1.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 11.1.1.3 Recent developments
- 11.1.1.3.1 Deals
- 11.1.1.3.2 Expansions
- 11.1.1.3.3 Other development
- 11.1.1.4 MnM view
- 11.1.1.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 11.1.1.4.2 Strategic choices
- 11.1.1.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 11.1.2 BASF SE
- 11.1.2.1 Business overview
- 11.1.2.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 11.1.2.3 Recent developments
- 11.1.2.4 MnM view
- 11.1.2.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 11.1.2.4.2 Strategic choices
- 11.1.2.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 11.1.3 ROCKWOOL A/S
- 11.1.3.1 Business overview
- 11.1.3.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 11.1.3.3 Recent developments
- 11.1.3.3.1 Deals
- 11.1.3.3.2 Expansions
- 11.1.3.4 MnM view
- 11.1.3.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 11.1.3.4.2 Strategic choices
- 11.1.3.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 11.1.4 COVESTRO AG
- 11.1.4.1 Business overview
- 11.1.4.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 11.1.4.3 Recent developments
- 11.1.4.4 MnM view
- 11.1.4.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 11.1.4.4.2 Strategic choices
- 11.1.4.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 11.1.5 OWENS CORNING
- 11.1.5.1 Business overview
- 11.1.5.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 11.1.5.3 Recent developments
- 11.1.5.4 MnM view
- 11.1.5.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 11.1.5.4.2 Strategic choices
- 11.1.5.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 11.1.6 HUNTSMAN CORPORATION
- 11.1.6.1 Business overview
- 11.1.6.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 11.1.6.3 Recent developments
- 11.1.6.4 MnM view
- 11.1.6.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 11.1.6.4.2 Strategic choices
- 11.1.6.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 11.1.7 KINGSPAN GROUP PLC
- 11.1.7.1 Business overview
- 11.1.7.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 11.1.7.3 Recent developments
- 11.1.7.4 MnM view
- 11.1.7.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 11.1.7.4.2 Strategic choices
- 11.1.7.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 11.1.8 ARMACELL
- 11.1.8.1 Business overview
- 11.1.8.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 11.1.8.3 Recent developments
- 11.1.8.3.1 Deals
- 11.1.8.3.2 Expansions
- 11.1.8.4 MnM view
- 11.1.8.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
- 11.1.8.4.2 Strategic choices
- 11.1.8.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
- 11.1.9 JOHNS MANVILLE
- 11.1.9.1 Business overview
- 11.1.9.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 11.1.9.3 Recent developments
- 11.1.10 KNAUF INSULATION
- 11.1.10.1 Business overview
- 11.1.10.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
- 11.1.10.3 Recent developments
- 11.2 OTHER PLAYERS
- 11.2.1 L'ISOLANTE K-FLEX S.P.A.
- 11.2.2 MORGAN ADVANCED MATERIALS LLC
- 11.2.3 NUTEC FIBRATEC
- 11.2.4 WINCELL INSULATION CO., LTD.
- 11.2.5 NMC INTERNATIONAL SA
- 11.2.6 ODE INSULATION
- 11.2.7 GILSULATE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
- 11.2.8 SEKISUI FOAM AUSTRALIA
- 11.2.9 HUAMEI ENERGY-SAVING TECHNOLOGY GROUP CO., LTD
- 11.2.10 DOW IZOLAN
- 11.2.11 CELLOFOAM INTERNATIONAL GMBH & CO. KG
- 11.2.12 GREAT LAKES TEXTILES
- 11.2.13 GULF COOL THERM FACTORY LLC
- 11.2.14 NOMACO INSULATION
- 11.2.15 THERMAFLEX INSULATION
12 ADJACENT AND RELATED MARKETS
- 12.1 INTRODUCTION
- 12.2 LIMITATIONS
- 12.3 INSULATION PRODUCTS MARKET
- 12.3.1 MARKET DEFINITION
- 12.3.2 MARKET OVERVIEW
- 12.4 INSULATION PRODUCTS MARKET, BY REGION
- 12.4.1 NORTH AMERICA
- 12.4.2 EUROPE
- 12.4.3 ASIA PACIFIC
- 12.4.4 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
- 12.4.5 SOUTH AMERICA
13 APPENDIX
- 13.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE
- 13.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS' SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL
- 13.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS
- 13.4 RELATED REPORTS
- 13.5 AUTHOR DETAILS