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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1848533
實機雲端市場按服務類型、部署模式、工作負載類型、組織規模和垂直行業分類 - 全球預測 2025-2032Bare Metal Cloud Market by Service Type, Deployment Model, Workload Type, Organization Size, Industry Vertical - Global Forecast 2025-2032 |
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預計到 2032 年,實機雲端市場規模將成長至 444.9 億美元,複合年成長率為 17.25%。
| 主要市場統計數據 | |
|---|---|
| 基準年2024年 | 124.5億美元 |
| 預計2025年 | 145.7億美元 |
| 預測年份:2032年 | 444.9億美元 |
| 複合年成長率(%) | 17.25% |
對於尋求確定性效能、精細控制和降低虛擬化開銷的企業來說,實機雲端已從一種利基產品發展成為策略性基礎架構替代方案。當今企業面臨的壓力使得裸機成為某些應用的誘人選擇,包括人工智慧和高效能工作負載的成長、資料本地化和安全相關法規的日益嚴格,以及對經濟高效的規模化需求。本簡介概述了影響部署、採購和營運設計的關鍵促進因素和策略考量,為深入探討技術趨勢和市場促進因素奠定了基礎。
隨著企業重新評估其雲端架構,他們擴大區分商用多租戶雲端服務和單一租戶專用硬體環境。裸機部署對於無法容忍多租戶變更的工作負載、需要專用硬體加速器的工作負載以及受嚴格合規性和效能 SLA 約束的用例具有獨特的優勢。因此,決策者必須在傳統雲端的靈活性和生態系統豐富性與裸機模型提供的控制力、可預測性和潛在的簡化合規性之間取得平衡。本摘要說明了實用見解,探討了這些權衡如何影響籌資策略、供應商選擇和營運設計。
資料密集型工作負載的興起、平台服務的日趨成熟以及硬體專業化的不斷提升,正在變革時期基礎設施格局。首先,人工智慧和機器學習工作負載不再局限於實驗階段,它們需要對底層硬體進行可預測的低延遲訪問,以及對加速器和互連的直接控制。這一趨勢正在推動企業轉向採用專用伺服器和最佳化網路的架構,從而實現可衡量的效能提升以及更一致的模型訓練和推理週期。
同時,軟體定義硬體編排的出現正在減少與專用基礎設施相關的摩擦。快速配置裸機實例的編配層,結合用於硬體遠端檢測和生命週期管理的 API,正在實現一種既能反映公共雲端敏捷性,又能保持單一租戶環境效能優勢的營運模式。邊緣整合也是一個關鍵因素。隨著對延遲敏感的應用程式將運算分佈到更靠近最終用戶的位置,主機託管設施或邊緣站點中的裸機節點將成為混合拓撲的關鍵要素。
安全性和合規性考量正在強化這項技術轉變。越來越多的法規強調資料本地性和審核,這使得許多受監管的組織更傾向於選擇隔離的基礎架構,因為這些架構更容易實現硬體認證和實體控制。同時,生態系統的轉變,例如仍需要高 I/O 和原始 CPU 吞吐量的容器原生工作負載的興起,正在創造混合模式,其中編配和容器工具可以在虛擬化雲端和裸機層上運行。總而言之,這些轉變正在改變企業設計應用程式架構、協商供應商關係以及配置營運團隊以管理異質基礎架構的方式。
2025年美國加徵關稅,為實機雲端供應商及其企業客戶的硬體採購、供應鏈策略和供應商定價帶來了新的複雜性。某些類別的伺服器、網路設備和半導體封裝的關稅導致零件成本上漲,並延長了某些SKU的前置作業時間。因此,採購團隊調整了籌資策略,重點在於供應商多元化、地理庫存多元化和多供應商認證,以降低集中度風險。
為了因應關稅主導的成本動態,供應商和客戶採取了多項調整措施。一些供應商已將製造和組裝轉移到關稅豁免地區,而另一些供應商則重新協商契約,納入關稅轉嫁條款和價格調整機制。這些調整不僅影響短期單價,還會影響總採購週期、保固和支援安排以及備件物流的可預測性。企業的戰術性措施包括在風險接受度允許的範圍內延長硬體更新周期,優先將工作負載遷移到進口政策更優惠的地區,以及修改服務等級協定以確保在更長的採購週期內保持連續性。
這些政策轉變的累積影響也加速了圍繞在地化和庫存模型的策略對話。企業擴大審視與關稅相關的短期成本成長與區域採購和策略性庫存緩衝帶來的長期彈性效益之間的權衡。這推動了採購、財務和技術團隊之間更緊密的合作,以製定應對關稅波動、供應商集中度以及延遲敏感型工作負載營運需求的採購方案。整體而言,關稅環境將供應鏈策略提升為裸機部署計畫的核心要素,而非輔助採購環節。
細分感知觀點揭示了需求促進因素和營運要求如何因服務類型、部署模式、工作負載需求、組織規模和行業垂直領域而異。在評估服務類型時,基礎設施即服務和平台即服務各自具有不同的購買特徵:IaaS 面向需要即時控制硬體和網路拓撲的團隊,可實現客製化調優和專業加速;而 PaaS提案則專注於開發人員生產力和基於專用基礎設施的託管服務,從而降低應用程式團隊的營運開銷。
配置模型偏好進一步影響了供應商和設計選擇。採用混合雲的企業將私有專用硬體與公有服務結合,以平衡控制力和敏捷性。另一方面,私有雲部署優先考慮隔離和合規性,並且通常與本地系統整合。面向公共雲端的裸機產品旨在以最小的管理開銷提供可擴展且互聯的生態系統。工作負載特性是最重要的細分軸之一:人工智慧和機器學習工作負載、巨量資料分析、DevOps 和測試管道、高效能運算、Web 託管和電子商務對 CPU、記憶體、儲存 I/O 和網路延遲的要求各不相同。例如,模型訓練工作負載可能優先考慮加速器存取和高吞吐量互連,而 Web 託管則重視可預測的網路入口和內容傳送整合。
組織規模決定了採購模式和營運模式。大型企業傾向於集中採購、整合專用服務契約,並利用長期夥伴關係關係來確保容量和客製化的 SLA。中小型企業通常尋求託管的裸機 PaaS 選項或主機託管服務,以降低營運複雜性並保持效能。垂直細分進一步加劇了這種情況:金融服務業 (BFSI)需要強大的審核追蹤和合規性映射,從而導致銀行、金融服務和保險等細分領域在延遲和監管優先級上存在差異;聯邦、地方和州級政府採購商優先考慮數據主權和採購合規性;醫院、實驗室和製藥行業的醫療保健相關人員優先考慮檢驗的系統和受控的數據生命週期管理;汽車和電子等製造業優先考慮用於模擬和設計工作負載的確定性計算;遊戲和串流媒體等媒體和娛樂採購商要求高吞吐量和一致的交付;電子商務和實體零售連鎖零售商需要可擴展、安全的網路託管和交易彈性。透過整合這些細分市場,供應商和買家可以將產品特性、商業模式和營運支援與每個採用細分市場的特定需求相匹配。
區域促進因素正在塑造需求格局和供應面策略,在美洲、歐洲、中東和非洲以及亞太地區形成了獨特的商業性和營運重點。在美洲,雲端原生的採用以及超大規模和主機託管設施的大量集中,正在推動對高效能裸機產品的需求,尤其是對於專注於資料密集型分析和人工智慧工作負載的企業而言。某些產業的法規環境和資料主權爭議也在推動混合架構的發展,其中專用硬體可以補充公共雲端的彈性。
在歐洲、中東和非洲,買家專注於合規性、資料保護和區域佈局,這推動了對特定區域基礎設施和區域夥伴關係關係的投資。國家和超國家法律規範強化了對資料流和硬體來源的明確控制,從而支持了對私有和混合部署的需求。亞太地區展現出多樣化的市場成熟度,有些市場呈現快速數位轉型,而有些市場則採取保守的採購慣例。遊戲、行動優先商務和人工智慧研究等高成長應用領域尤其突出,通常需要地理位置相近的基礎設施來滿足延遲和體驗預期。因此,供應商正在透過提供區域最佳化的產品組合、本地支援能力和靈活的商業條款來適應區域客戶的優先事項。
競爭格局的特點是參與企業,包括大型資料中心營運商、雲端原生裸機服務供應商、硬體原始設備製造商 (OEM) 和託管服務供應商,每家公司都奉行各自獨特的市場策略。現有的資料中心營運商正在利用其現有的主機託管業務、營運商關係和互連生態系統,提供整合式裸機服務,以吸引那些尋求接近性網路和雲端夥伴的企業。雲端原生專家透過自動化、開發人員友好的 API 以及針對突發性或特殊工作負載量身定做的定價模型來脫穎而出,而硬體原始設備製造商則專注於經過檢驗的配置、生命週期支援和通路夥伴關係關係,以簡化提供者整合。
此外,超越原始運算能力的服務差異化,例如對加速器和專用互連的支援、與容器和編配工具的深度整合、可公開硬體級指標的遙測和可觀察性功能,以及針對受監管行業的打包合規性管理,也將成為競爭態勢的核心。基礎設施供應商和軟體生態系統供應商之間的策略夥伴關係可以減少整合摩擦並縮短客戶的價值實現時間,從而加速採用。此外,選擇性收購和聯盟整合持續重塑供應商的能力和地理覆蓋範圍。同時,定價策略和合約彈性(例如,基於期限的承諾、硬體租賃選項和託管服務層級)在客戶選擇中起著決定性的作用。在評估潛在供應商時,買家應仔細審查營運成熟度、支援流程以及供應商藍圖與不斷發展的硬體和工作負載軌蹟的契合程度。
管理裸機環境的領導者應優先考慮一系列切實可行的措施,以降低風險、加速採用並使基礎設施選擇與業務成果保持一致。首先,應根據目標效能和合規性標準調整工作負載的配置。透過嚴格的設定檔應用程式,確定專用硬體是否能夠顯著改善延遲、吞吐量、成本效益和合規性。這種以證據為基礎的方法使採購團隊能夠在可衡量效益的情況下論證專用基礎設施的合理性,同時在條件允許的情況下維持公共雲端或虛擬化方案。
其次,透過供應商多元化、區域採購和靈活的庫存策略來增強供應鏈彈性。鑑於近期政策和關稅波動,企業應制定替代供應路徑,並在供應商合約中加入關稅應急條款。投資一個業務流程編排層,該層能夠以程式設計方式配置裸機、提供硬體遙測並與現有的CI/CD管道整合,以保持開發人員的速度。第四,將安全性和合規性視為架構的內建元素。透過實施硬體認證、加密靜態資料工作流程和嚴格的變更管理流程,滿足審核要求並降低編配風險。第五,尋求協作型供應商關係,包括效能SLA、清晰的升級路徑和聯合藍圖規劃。優先考慮那些願意支援自訂配置並提供透明生命週期和更換計劃的供應商。最後,在基礎設施、安全、採購和財務團隊之間建立跨職能管治,以確保採購決策反映總成本、營運風險和策略一致性,而不是孤立的優先事項。
本分析整合了主要和次要研究方法,旨在為實機雲端市場格局提供穩健有效的觀點。主要研究包括對企業和服務供應商的技術決策者、採購主管和營運經理進行結構化訪談,以收集有關工作負載需求、採購行為和供應商評估標準的定性見解。除了訪談之外,技術研討會和架構評審還提供了關於整合挑戰、效能分析、編配模式以及其他影響實際部署決策的方面的實用觀點。
我們的二次研究系統地審查了公開的技術文件、監管指南、供應商白皮書和行業出版物,以了解趨勢並識別新興技術模式。我們運用交叉檢驗來協調不同的觀點,將供應商聲明、客戶體驗和獨立技術評估進行三角測量。我們運用情境分析和敏感性測試來探索供應鏈中斷和政策變化對營運的影響,並透過反覆的相關人員檢驗會議檢驗我們的研究結果,以確保其實際相關性和準確性。
最後,實機雲端提案佔據著一個策略性利基市場,其效能、控制和合規性將融合在一起,以滿足資料密集和受監管工作負載的需求。決策者必須平衡專用硬體的直接優勢與營運影響,例如採購、供應鏈彈性和平台整合。編配技術的進步、人工智慧等專用工作負載的興起以及區域政策差異,為企業和供應商帶來了機會和複雜性。
領導者接下來的實際步驟包括嚴格分析工作負載、加強供應商關係、投資於跨裸機和虛擬化環境的編配和可觀察性工具,以及將供應鏈考量納入基礎設施管治。採用結構化、跨職能的裸機部署方法,使企業能夠充分利用專用硬體的效能和安全優勢,同時保持現代雲端原生實踐所需的靈活性和開發速度。
The Bare Metal Cloud Market is projected to grow by USD 44.49 billion at a CAGR of 17.25% by 2032.
| KEY MARKET STATISTICS | |
|---|---|
| Base Year [2024] | USD 12.45 billion |
| Estimated Year [2025] | USD 14.57 billion |
| Forecast Year [2032] | USD 44.49 billion |
| CAGR (%) | 17.25% |
Bare metal cloud has evolved from a niche offering to a strategic infrastructure alternative for organizations that demand deterministic performance, granular control, and reduced virtualization overhead. Today's enterprises face a confluence of pressures-intensifying AI and high-performance workloads, tightened regulatory controls around data locality and security, and the need for cost-efficient scale-that make bare metal a compelling choice for specific applications. This introduction frames the key drivers and strategic considerations that influence adoption, procurement, and operational design, setting the stage for a deeper exploration of technological trends and market dynamics.
As organizations reassess cloud architectures, they increasingly differentiate between commodity, multi-tenant cloud services and dedicated, single-tenant hardware environments. Bare metal deployments offer unique benefits for workloads that cannot tolerate multi-tenant variability, those that require specialized hardware accelerators, and use cases bound by strict compliance or performance SLAs. Consequently, decision-makers are balancing traditional cloud advantages-agility and ecosystem richness-against the control, predictability, and sometimes simplified compliance afforded by bare metal models. Throughout this summary, we maintain a practical focus on how these trade-offs shape procurement strategies, vendor selection, and operational design.
The infrastructure landscape is undergoing transformative shifts driven by the ascendancy of data-intensive workloads, the maturation of platform services, and the proliferation of hardware specialization. First, AI and machine learning workloads are no longer experimental; they now demand predictable, low-latency access to underlying hardware and direct control over accelerators and interconnects. This trend has pushed organizations toward architectures where dedicated servers and optimized networking deliver measurable performance uplifts and more consistent model training and inference cycles.
Concurrently, the emergence of software-defined hardware orchestration is reducing the friction historically associated with dedicated infrastructure. Orchestration layers that provision bare metal instances rapidly, combined with APIs for hardware telemetry and lifecycle management, are enabling operational models that mirror public cloud agility while preserving the performance advantages of single-tenant environments. Edge integration is another critical force: as latency-sensitive applications distribute compute closer to end users, bare metal nodes at colocation facilities and edge sites become important elements of hybrid topologies.
Security and compliance considerations are reinforcing these technological changes. Increasing regulatory emphasis on data locality and auditability has prompted many regulated organizations to prefer isolated infrastructure where hardware provenance and physical control can be more easily demonstrated. At the same time, ecosystem shifts-such as the rise of container-native workloads that still require high I/O and raw CPU throughput-are creating hybrid patterns in which orchestration and container tooling operate across both virtualized cloud and bare metal layers. Taken together, these shifts are changing how enterprises design application architectures, negotiate vendor relationships, and structure operational teams to manage heterogenous infrastructure estates.
United States tariff measures introduced in 2025 have introduced new complexity into hardware procurement, supply chain strategy, and vendor pricing for bare metal cloud providers and their enterprise customers. Tariffs on specific classes of servers, networking equipment, and semiconductor packages have created upward pressure on component costs and extended lead times for select SKUs. As a result, procurement teams have adjusted sourcing strategies, placing greater emphasis on supplier diversity, regional distribution of inventory, and multi-vendor qualification to mitigate concentration risk.
In response to tariff-driven cost dynamics, providers and customers have pursued several adaptive behaviors. Some vendors have shifted manufacturing or assembly to jurisdictions outside tariff scope, while others have renegotiated contracts to incorporate tariff pass-through clauses or price adjustment mechanisms. These adaptations have implications beyond immediate unit costs; they affect total procurement cycle times, warranty and support structures, and the predictability of replacement part logistics. For enterprises, tactical moves include extending hardware refresh cycles where risk tolerances permit, prioritizing workload migrations to regions with more favorable import regimes, and revisiting service-level agreements to ensure continuity amidst longer procurement windows.
The cumulative impact of these policy shifts is also accelerating strategic conversations about localization and inventory models. Organizations are increasingly weighing the trade-offs between the near-term cost increases associated with tariffs and the longer-term resilience benefits of regional sourcing and strategic inventory buffers. This has encouraged closer collaboration between procurement, finance, and technical teams to develop procurement playbooks that address tariff volatility, supplier concentration, and the operational requirements of latency-sensitive workloads. In sum, the tariff environment has elevated supply chain strategy to a core element of bare metal deployment planning rather than an ancillary procurement concern.
A segmentation-aware perspective reveals how demand drivers and operational requirements diverge across service types, deployment models, workload demands, organizational scale, and industry verticals. When evaluating service type, Infrastructure as a Service and Platform as a Service attract distinct buyer profiles: IaaS appeals to teams that require raw control over hardware and network topology, enabling bespoke tuning and specialized acceleration, whereas PaaS propositions emphasize developer productivity and managed services layered atop dedicated infrastructure, reducing operational overhead for application teams.
Deployment model preferences further nuance supplier and design choices. Hybrid cloud adopters blend private dedicated hardware with public services to balance control and agility, while private cloud deployments prioritize isolation and compliance, often integrating with on-premises systems. Public cloud oriented bare metal offerings are designed to deliver scale and interconnected ecosystems with minimal management burden. Workload characteristics are among the most decisive segmentation axes: AI and machine learning workloads, big data analytics, DevOps and testing pipelines, high performance computing, and web hosting and e-commerce each impose different demands on CPU, memory, storage I/O, and network latency. For example, model training workloads may prioritize accelerator access and high-throughput interconnects, whereas web hosting emphasizes predictable network ingress and content delivery integrations.
Organizational size shapes buying patterns and operating models. Large enterprises tend to centralize procurement, integrate dedicated service contracts, and leverage long-term partnerships to secure capacity and tailored SLAs. Small and medium enterprises often seek managed bare metal PaaS options or co-located services that lower operational complexity while preserving performance. Industry vertical segmentation further complicates the picture: BFSI requires robust audit trails and compliance mappings with subsegments across banking, financial services, and insurance driving different latency and regulatory priorities; government buyers at federal, local, and state levels emphasize data sovereignty and procurement compliance; healthcare stakeholders in hospitals, laboratories, and pharmaceuticals focus on validated systems and controlled data lifecycle management; IT and telecom operators look for scale and carrier-grade networking; manufacturing sectors like automotive and electronics value deterministic compute for simulation and design workloads; media and entertainment buyers in gaming and streaming demand high throughput and consistent delivery; retail participants across e-commerce and physical retail chains require scalable, secure web hosting and transactional resilience. Integrating these segmentation layers enables suppliers and buyers to match product features, commercial models, and operational support to the specialized needs of each adoption cohort.
Regional dynamics shape both demand characteristics and supply-side strategies, creating differentiated commercial and operational priorities across the Americas, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and Asia-Pacific. In the Americas, cloud-native adoption and a significant density of hyperscale and colocation facilities drive demand for high-performance bare metal offerings, particularly for enterprises focused on data-intensive analytics and AI workloads. Regulatory environments and data sovereignty discussions in certain sectors also encourage hybrid architectures where dedicated hardware complements public cloud elasticity.
Across Europe, the Middle East & Africa, buyers place a strong emphasis on compliance, data protection, and regional presence, which in turn motivates investments in localized infrastructure and regional partnerships. National and supranational regulatory frameworks reinforce the need for demonstrable control over data flows and hardware provenance, which supports demand for private and hybrid deployments. The Asia-Pacific region exhibits a diverse set of market maturities and a mix of rapid digital transformation in some markets alongside conservative procurement practices in others. High-growth application areas such as gaming, mobile-first commerce, and AI research are particularly prominent, and they often require geographically proximate infrastructure to meet latency and experience expectations. Consequently, providers adapt by offering regionally optimized portfolios, local support capabilities, and flexible commercial terms that reflect distinct customer priorities in each geography.
The competitive landscape is characterized by a range of participant types-large datacenter operators, cloud-native bare metal specialists, hardware original equipment manufacturers, and managed service providers-each advancing distinct go-to-market strategies. Incumbent datacenter operators leverage existing colocation footprints, carrier relationships, and interconnection ecosystems to offer integrated bare metal services that appeal to enterprises seeking proximity to network and cloud peers. Cloud-native specialists differentiate through automation, developer-friendly APIs, and pricing models tailored to bursty or specialized workloads, while hardware OEMs focus on enabling validated configurations, lifecycle support, and channel partnerships that simplify integration for providers.
Competitive dynamics also center on service differentiation beyond raw compute: support for accelerators and specialized interconnects, tight integration with container and orchestration tooling, telemetry and observability capabilities that expose hardware-level metrics, and packaged compliance controls for regulated industries. Collaborative behaviors are equally important; strategic partnerships between infrastructure providers and software ecosystem vendors can accelerate adoption by reducing integration friction and shortening time-to-value for customers. In addition, consolidation through selective acquisitions and alliances continues to reshape provider capabilities and regional footprints, while pricing strategies and contractual flexibility-such as term-based commitments, hardware leasing options, and managed service tiers-play a decisive role in customer selection. For buyers, evaluating prospective suppliers requires scrutiny of operational maturity, support processes, and the degree to which a vendor's roadmap aligns with evolving hardware and workload trajectories.
Leaders navigating the bare metal landscape should prioritize a set of actionable measures that reduce risk, accelerate deployment, and align infrastructure choices with business outcomes. First, align workload placement with objective performance and compliance criteria; rigorously profile applications to determine whether dedicated hardware materially improves latency, throughput, cost-efficiency, or compliance posture. This evidence-based approach enables procurement teams to justify dedicated infrastructure where it provides measurable benefits and to retain public cloud or virtualized approaches where they suffice.
Second, strengthen supply chain resilience through supplier diversification, regional sourcing, and flexible inventory strategies. Given recent policy and tariff volatility, organizations should codify alternate supply paths and include tariff contingency clauses in vendor agreements. Third, adopt platform and tooling investments that abstract hardware complexity while preserving control: invest in orchestration layers that provision bare metal programmatically, provide hardware telemetry, and integrate with existing CI/CD pipelines to maintain developer velocity. Fourth, treat security and compliance as built-in aspects of architecture: implement hardware attestation, encrypted data-at-rest workflows, and rigorous change management processes to satisfy audit requirements and reduce operational risk. Fifth, pursue collaborative vendor relationships that include performance SLAs, clear escalation paths, and joint roadmap planning; prioritize vendors that demonstrate a willingness to support custom configurations and provide transparent lifecycle and replacement plans. Finally, cultivate cross-functional governance between infrastructure, security, procurement, and finance teams to ensure procurement decisions reflect total cost, operational risk, and strategic alignment rather than siloed priorities.
This analysis synthesizes primary and secondary research methodologies designed to deliver a robust, validated perspective on the bare metal cloud landscape. Primary research included structured interviews with technical decision-makers, procurement leads, and operations managers across enterprise and service provider cohorts, capturing qualitative insights on workload requirements, procurement behaviors, and vendor evaluation criteria. Supplementing interviews, technical workshops and architecture reviews provided hands-on perspectives on integration challenges, performance profiling, and orchestration patterns that influence real-world deployment decisions.
Secondary research encompassed a systematic review of publicly available technical documentation, regulatory guidance, vendor white papers, and industry press to contextualize trends and identify emergent technology patterns. The study applied cross-validation to reconcile differing viewpoints, using triangulation between vendor claims, customer experiences, and independent technical assessments. Scenario analysis and sensitivity testing were used to explore the operational implications of supply chain disruptions and policy changes, and findings were validated through iterative stakeholder feedback sessions to ensure practical relevance and accuracy.
In closing, the bare metal cloud proposition occupies a strategic niche where performance, control, and compliance converge to meet the needs of data-intensive and regulated workloads. Decision-makers must balance the immediate benefits of dedicated hardware with the operational implications of procurement, supply chain resilience, and platform integration. The interplay of technological advances in orchestration, the rise of specialized workloads such as AI, and regional policy variations create both opportunity and complexity for enterprises and providers alike.
Practical next steps for leaders include rigorous workload profiling, strengthening supplier relationships, investing in orchestration and observability tools that span bare metal and virtualized environments, and embedding supply chain considerations into infrastructure governance. By taking a structured, cross-functional approach to bare metal adoption, organizations can harness the performance and security advantages of dedicated hardware while preserving the flexibility and developer velocity that modern cloud-native practices require.