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1837370

熱處理鋼市場:2025-2032年全球預測(按最終用途、鋼種、鋼板厚度、加工類型、應用和分銷管道分類)

Heat-treated Steel Plate Market by End Use, Steel Grade, Thickness, Process Type, Application, Distribution Channel - Global Forecast 2025-2032

出版日期: | 出版商: 360iResearch | 英文 191 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

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簡介目錄

預計到 2032 年,熱處理鋼板市場規模將達到 2,031 億美元,複合年成長率為 6.61%。

關鍵市場統計數據
基準年 2024 1216.6億美元
預計年份:2025年 1298.1億美元
預測年份 2032 2031億美元
複合年成長率 (%) 6.61%

本文積極介紹熱處理鋼作為策略工程材料,在塑造基礎設施和工業供應方案方面發揮重要作用。

熱處理鋼材仍然是現代工業能力的基石,它兼具雄心勃勃的基礎設施、交通運輸和能源計劃所需的機械性能和生產靈活性。諸如退火、正火和淬火回火等改變微觀結構的處理過程不僅是冶金步驟,更是決定產品是否適用於嚴苛最終用途的戰略槓桿。因此,對此產品領域的介紹必須重點闡述影響建築、汽車、機械、石油天然氣和發電等行業應用和規範的技術路徑和商業性促進因素。

在這些最終用途中,鋼材牌號和厚度的變化造就了頻譜的性能特徵。合金成分和熱處理制度的選擇旨在平衡抗張強度、韌性、可加工性和抗環境劣化。同時,採購團隊和設計工程師必須考慮與製程相關的權衡,包括成本、前置作業時間和下游製造的可行性。因此,本導言將熱處理鋼定位為一種跨領域的賦能材料——它體現了工程優先事項、供應鏈韌性以及不斷變化的監管和永續性期望。後續章節將進一步闡述這些主題,探討不斷變化的市場格局、政策影響、競爭格局的細微差別、區域行動以及為尋求將冶金能力轉化為競爭優勢的相關人員提供的戰略建議。

深入剖析技術進步、監管壓力和不斷變化的需求如何重新定義供應商優勢和買家期望。

熱處理鋼材市場格局正受到技術、監管和需求面因素的共同影響,這些因素正在重塑供應商和買家的行為。冶金建模、製程自動化和非破壞性檢測技術的進步,使製造商能夠提供更嚴格的公差和更穩定的機械性能,從而提高了原始設備製造商 (OEM) 和加工商的期望。同時,從製程監控到庫存分析,貫穿整個價值鏈的數位化整合正在縮短規格、生產和品質保證之間的回饋週期,加快新型鋼材牌號和製程組合在關鍵應用中的檢驗速度。

監管和永續性壓力正在重塑原料採購和熱加工的能源結構,促使製造商尋求更高效的爐窯、廢熱回收以及能夠降低碳排放強度而不犧牲性能的替代合金策略。在需求方面,交通運輸和能源等產業提出了更複雜的要求,包括抗疲勞性、斷裂韌性和尺寸穩定性,這使得先進的熱處理鋼板更受青睞。此外,專業供應商的整合,以及大型鋼鐵生產商和加工商的垂直整合,正在改變談判動態和服務預期。這些因素共同作用,使得能夠整合冶金技術、敏捷的製程控制和靈活的物流服務,從而提案持續價值主張的供應商,正在贏得競爭優勢。

對關稅動態將如何重塑鋼鐵加工價值鏈的採購、生產準備和認證時間表進行全面分析

美國關稅的實施和演變對熱處理鋼的製造商、加工商和最終用戶產生了顯著的商業和營運影響。關稅改變了相對成本結構和採購獎勵,進而影響籌資策略和供應鏈配置。面對不斷上漲的關稅,買家不再只關注單價,而是會綜合評估總到岸成本、前置作業時間和供應商可靠性。因此,供應鏈往往更加區域化,有些企業會尋求與供應商簽訂長期協議,並建立本地能力合作夥伴關係,以降低貿易政策波動的影響。

受關稅影響的生產商通常會調整產品組合、檢驗國內生產線,或尋求透過重新分類、加工安排以及(在適用情況下)利用自由貿易協定來降低關稅影響。這些策略性因應措施可能會對關鍵應用所需的特定熱處理等級和厚度的供應產生下游影響。此外,關稅往往會加速供應商差異化:能夠證明其擁有安全、合規且高效的國內生產能力的公司,會受到規避風險的採購團隊的青睞。同時,工程團隊必須協調材料採購的變化與合格認證的時間安排,這凸顯了在貿易政策變革過程中跨職能協作規劃的重要性。

透過細緻入微的細分洞察,將技術等級、厚度和工藝選項與特定的最終用途需求和行業範圍內的分銷偏好聯繫起來。

細分市場分析揭示了技術要求和商業性偏好如何在多個維度上相互交織,從而塑造對特定熱處理板材及其服務模式的需求。根據最終用途的不同,汽車應用(包括商用車和乘用車)、商業、基礎設施和住宅領域的建築計劃、農業、工業和採礦設備的機械需求、涵蓋下游、中游和上游營運的石油和天然氣需求,以及核能、可再生能源和火電廠的發電應用,每種應用都提出了不同的冶金和認證要求。這些差異化的要求驅動著有關牌號選擇、製程路線和表面處理流程的決策。

目錄

第1章:序言

第2章調查方法

第3章執行摘要

第4章 市場概覽

第5章 市場洞察

  • 汽車結構鋼零件感應淬火技術的應用日益廣泛
  • 離岸風力發電機基礎對高強度淬火回火鋼板的需求不斷成長
  • 整合式人工智慧驅動的製程控制最佳化了淬火參數和材料性能
  • 利用氫基治療爐減少鋼鐵加工過程中的碳排放此創新方法
  • 由於原料價格波動,淬火回火鋼板製造業的供應鏈正在重組。
  • 採礦業用超耐磨鋼板低溫處理製程的進展

第6章美國關稅的累積影響,2025年

第7章:人工智慧的累積影響,2025年

第8章 熱處理鋼市場依最終用途分類

    • 商用車輛
    • 搭乘用車
  • 建造
    • 商業的
    • 基礎設施
    • 住宅
  • 機器
    • 農業
    • 產業
    • 礦業
  • 石油和天然氣
    • 下游
    • 中產階級
    • 上游
  • 發電
    • 可再生
    • 熱感的

第9章 熱處理鋼板市場:依鋼材類型分類

  • 合金鋼
    • 高合金
    • 低合金
  • 碳鋼
    • 高碳
    • 低碳
    • 中碳
  • 不銹鋼
    • 奧氏體
    • 鐵氧體
    • 馬氏體

第10章 依板材厚度分類的熱處理鋼板市場

  • 2至5毫米
  • 5至10毫米
  • 10毫米或以上
  • 小於2毫米

第11章 依加工類型分類的熱處理鋼板市場

  • 退火
  • 回火
  • 淬火和回火

第12章 熱處理鋼板市場依應用領域分類

  • 套管和管材
  • 法蘭和閥門
  • 壓力容器
  • 造船
  • 結構部件

第13章 熱處理鋼板市場依通路分類

  • 直銷
  • 經銷商
  • 線上銷售

第14章 熱處理鋼板市場(依地區分類)

  • 美洲
    • 北美洲
    • 拉丁美洲
  • 歐洲、中東和非洲
    • 歐洲
    • 中東
    • 非洲
  • 亞太地區

第15章 熱處理鋼板市場(依組別分類)

  • ASEAN
  • GCC
  • EU
  • BRICS
  • G7
  • NATO

第16章 各國熱處理鋼板市場

  • 美國
  • 加拿大
  • 墨西哥
  • 巴西
  • 英國
  • 德國
  • 法國
  • 俄羅斯
  • 義大利
  • 西班牙
  • 中國
  • 印度
  • 日本
  • 澳洲
  • 韓國

第17章 競爭格局

  • 2024年市佔率分析
  • FPNV定位矩陣,2024
  • 競爭分析
    • China Baowu Steel Group Co., Ltd.
    • ArcelorMittal SA
    • HBIS Group Co., Ltd.
    • Ansteel Group Co., Ltd.
    • POSCO Co., Ltd.
    • Nippon Steel Corporation
    • JSW Steel Limited
    • Nucor Corporation
    • JFE Steel Corporation
    • ThyssenKrupp AG
簡介目錄
Product Code: MRR-0355054AC4A5

The Heat-treated Steel Plate Market is projected to grow by USD 203.10 billion at a CAGR of 6.61% by 2032.

KEY MARKET STATISTICS
Base Year [2024] USD 121.66 billion
Estimated Year [2025] USD 129.81 billion
Forecast Year [2032] USD 203.10 billion
CAGR (%) 6.61%

A forward-looking introduction that frames heat treated steel plate as a strategic engineering material shaping infrastructure and industrial supply choices

Heat-treated steel plate remains a cornerstone of modern industrial capability, delivering the combination of mechanical performance and production flexibility demanded by ambitious infrastructure, transportation, and energy projects. The treatment processes that alter microstructure, such as annealing, normalizing, and quenching and tempering, are not merely metallurgical steps but strategic levers that define product fit across demanding end uses. As such, an introduction to this product space must emphasize both the technical pathways and the commercial dynamics that shape adoption and specification in construction, automotive, machinery, oil and gas, and power generation sectors.

Across these end uses, variations in steel grade and thickness create a spectrum of performance profiles. Alloy compositions and heat-treatment regimes are selected to balance tensile strength, toughness, machinability, and resistance to environmental degradation. Concurrently, procurement teams and design engineers must weigh process-related trade-offs such as cost, lead time, and downstream manufacturability. Therefore, this introduction frames heat-treated steel plate as a cross-disciplinary enabler: a material whose selection reflects engineering priorities, supply chain resilience, and evolving regulatory and sustainability expectations. The subsequent sections will expand on these themes, exploring landscape shifts, policy impacts, segmentation nuances, regional behaviors, and strategic recommendations for stakeholders seeking to convert metallurgical capability into competitive advantage

An in-depth exploration of how technological advances, regulatory pressures, and evolving demand are redefining supplier strengths and buyer expectations

The landscape for heat-treated steel plate is undergoing transformative shifts driven by technological, regulatory, and demand-side forces that together reconfigure supplier and buyer behaviors. Advances in metallurgical modeling, process automation, and non-destructive evaluation are allowing producers to deliver tighter tolerances and more consistent mechanical properties, which in turn raises expectations among OEMs and fabricators. At the same time, digital integration across the value chain-ranging from process monitoring to inventory analytics-has shortened feedback loops between specification, production, and quality assurance, accelerating the pace at which new grades and process combinations are validated for critical applications.

Regulatory and sustainability pressures are reshaping raw material sourcing and thermal processing energy profiles, prompting manufacturers to pursue higher-efficiency furnaces, waste-heat recovery, and alternate alloy strategies that reduce carbon intensity without sacrificing performance. On the demand side, sectors such as transportation and energy are driving more complex requirements for fatigue resistance, fracture toughness, and dimensional stability, which favor advanced heat-treated plates. Finally, consolidation among specialty suppliers, coupled with vertical integration by large steelmakers and fabricators, alters negotiation dynamics and service expectations. Together, these forces are shifting competitive advantage toward players who can integrate metallurgical excellence, rapid process control, and responsive logistical services into a cohesive value proposition

A comprehensive analysis of how tariff dynamics reconfigure sourcing, production responses, and qualification timelines across the steel processing value chain

The imposition and evolution of tariffs in the United States introduce a distinct set of commercial and operational consequences for manufacturers, fabricators, and end users of heat-treated steel plate. Tariff measures change relative cost structures and sourcing incentives, which then influence procurement strategies and supply chain configurations. Buyers facing elevated duty exposure increasingly evaluate total landed cost, lead times, and supplier reliability rather than focusing solely on unit price. As a result, supply chains become more regionally oriented in many instances, while some organizations pursue long-term supplier agreements or local capacity partnerships to mitigate trade policy volatility.

Producers exposed to tariff impacts often respond by adjusting product mix, revalidating domestic production lines, or seeking tariff mitigation pathways through reclassification, processing arrangements, or free trade agreement utilization where applicable. Those strategic responses can have downstream effects on availability of specific heat-treated grades and thicknesses for critical applications. Moreover, tariffs tend to accelerate supplier differentiation: firms that can demonstrate secure, compliant, and efficient domestic production capabilities gain preference among risk-averse procurement teams. In parallel, engineering teams must reconcile any shifts in material sourcing with qualification and certification timelines, which emphasizes the importance of coordinated cross-functional planning when trade policies shift

A nuanced segmentation insight that ties technical grade, thickness, and process choices to specific end use demands and distribution preferences across industries

Segmentation analysis reveals how technical requirements and commercial preferences intersect across multiple dimensions, shaping demand for specific heat-treated plate variants and service models. Based on End Use, the material must cater to Automotive applications that include both Commercial Vehicles and Passenger Vehicles, Construction projects spanning Commercial, Infrastructure, and Residential segments, Machinery requirements across Agricultural, Industrial, and Mining equipment, Oil And Gas needs that encompass Downstream, Midstream, and Upstream operations, and Power Generation uses in Nuclear, Renewable, and Thermal installations, each imposing distinct metallurgical and certification demands. These differentiated requirements drive decisions on grade selection, process routes, and finishing operations.

Based on Steel Grade, selection choices range across Alloy Steel, Carbon Steel, and Stainless Steel, with further nuances such as High Alloy and Low Alloy within Alloy Steel, High Carbon, Low Carbon, and Medium Carbon variants within Carbon Steel, and Austenitic, Ferritic, and Martensitic families within Stainless Steel. Each family presents trade-offs in hardness, corrosion resistance, and weldability that determine suitability for specific applications. Based on Thickness, procurement and fabrication constraints create distinct value propositions for plates in Less Than 2 Millimeters, 2 To 5 Millimeters, 5 To 10 Millimeters, and Greater Than 10 Millimeters categories, affecting forming, joining, and heat-treatment choices.

Based on Process Type, production strategies hinge on annealing, normalizing, and quenching and tempering routes, each delivering a characteristic microstructure and mechanical profile that match application-driven requirements. Based on Application, the product must satisfy functional demands for Casing And Tubing, Flanges And Valves, Pressure Vessels, Shipbuilding, and Structural Components, and these uses often carry distinct testing, certification, and traceability expectations. Finally, based on Distribution Channel, buyers interact with the supply base through Direct Sales, Distributors, and Online Sales channels, which influence lead times, packaging standards, and after-sales support. Taken together, this segmentation framework clarifies why suppliers emphasize tailored process control, grade certification, and channel-specific service capabilities to address the diverse needs of end users

An actionable regional synthesis that aligns production footprint, regulatory priorities, and procurement behaviors across principal global regions to inform strategic positioning

Regional behavior in demand, supply chain configuration, and regulatory priorities materially affects how heat-treated steel plate is produced, specified, and distributed. In the Americas, proximity to key automotive hubs and energy infrastructure projects places a premium on consistent domestic throughput, quick qualification cycles, and logistical reliability, while regulatory and sustainability mandates push manufacturers to improve energy efficiency and emissions performance in heat-treatment operations. Regional capital allocation tends to favor upgrades to processing assets that shorten cycle times and improve metallurgical consistency.

Across Europe, Middle East & Africa, the interplay between stringent standards, infrastructure modernization, and resource constraints leads to a heterogeneous landscape. Western and Northern European markets emphasize lifecycle performance and compliance with strict material and environmental standards, while parts of the Middle East and Africa prioritize large-scale infrastructure capacity and durability under challenging operating conditions. In the Asia-Pacific region, high manufacturing density, integrated supply chains, and rapid industrial modernization drive demand for a broad spectrum of grades and thicknesses, with a strong emphasis on cost-effective process innovation and scale. These regional distinctions create differing procurement priorities and supplier selection criteria, underscoring the value of geographically nuanced strategies that align production footprint and service models with local engineering, regulatory, and commercial realities

Insightful corporate analysis showing how metallurgical precision, process modernization, and downstream services create durable competitive advantage for producers

Key company insights highlight how competitive advantage in the heat-treated steel plate arena is increasingly determined by the integration of metallurgical expertise, process control, and value-added services. Leading producers concentrate on continuous improvement in heat-treatment furnaces, atmosphere control, and quench media management to deliver reproducible mechanical properties at scale. These technical investments are complemented by certifications, qualification programs, and cross-functional teams that shorten the time from specification to delivery for critical applications.

At the same time, successful firms are building capabilities around downstream services such as laser cutting, precision machining, and traceability systems that simplify integration for OEMs and fabricators. Strategic partnerships with logistics providers and local service centers enhance responsiveness, particularly for large or time-sensitive projects. Commercially, differentiated pricing models, long-term service agreements, and inventory consignment programs help stabilize demand and improve cash flow predictability. Finally, innovation-focused players leverage advanced simulation, digital twins, and in-line nondestructive testing to reduce scrap and rework, translating metallurgical performance into lower total project risk for customers

Practical and high-impact recommendations to elevate process capability, accelerate qualification, and shape differentiated channel and sustainability strategies for suppliers

Industry leaders can translate technical mastery into commercial strength by pursuing a set of focused, actionable initiatives that balance short-term responsiveness with long-term capability building. First, invest in process modernization that targets furnace efficiency, atmosphere control, and quench uniformity to improve output consistency and reduce energy intensity. Coupling these upgrades with advanced process monitoring and analytics will enable tighter tolerances and faster root-cause analysis when deviations occur. Second, prioritize grade and application qualification programs that reduce lead times for critical sectors; coordinate engineering, quality, and commercial teams to streamline testing, certification, and documentation workflows.

Third, develop channel strategies that reflect buyer preferences: strengthen direct sales capabilities for large OEM accounts, optimize distributor relationships for regional reach, and augment digital channels to serve smaller fabricators with rapid quoting and traceability assurances. Fourth, adopt sustainability and procurement practices that address regulatory and customer expectations, such as sourcing lower-carbon inputs, implementing energy recovery in thermal processes, and providing transparent lifecycle data. Finally, pursue service differentiation through integrated downstream capabilities-precision cutting, machining, and package customization-and offer flexible commercial terms like inventory consignment or long-term supply partnerships. These coordinated actions will help organizations improve technical credibility, reduce procurement friction, and capture higher-value opportunities across sectors

A rigorous and multi-source research methodology combining technical review, practitioner interviews, and process comparative analysis to ensure practical and validated insights

The research methodology underpinning this executive summary integrates technical review, stakeholder interviews, and comparative process analysis to produce insights that are both empirically grounded and operationally relevant. Primary inputs included structured conversations with metallurgists, process engineers, procurement leaders, and fabrication specialists who provided firsthand perspectives on grade performance, qualification timelines, and supply chain constraints. These interviews were synthesized with secondary sources such as peer-reviewed metallurgical literature, industry standards, regulatory documents, and process equipment specifications to ensure technical accuracy and normative alignment.

Analytical approaches combined material property mapping with process-route comparison to discern which heat-treatment strategies best align with specific end uses. Supply chain analysis considered lead-time variability, channel economics, and tariff-related trade dynamics to identify the commercial implications of sourcing decisions. Throughout the methodology, care was taken to triangulate findings across multiple stakeholders and evidence streams to reduce bias and improve practical applicability. The result is a set of insights designed to inform engineering specification, procurement strategy, and capital investment decisions in a manner that respects operational realities and the technical constraints of heat-treated steel plate production

A concise conclusion that synthesizes technical, commercial, and regional dynamics to guide stakeholders toward coordinated action and competitive differentiation

In conclusion, heat-treated steel plate occupies a strategically significant position at the intersection of engineering performance and commercial decision making, with its role shaped by process capability, grade selection, and supply chain design. Technical evolution in heat-treatment techniques and digital process management is enabling higher consistency and expanded application suitability, while regulatory and sustainability pressures are driving investments in energy efficiency and traceability. Trade measures and regional dynamics continue to influence sourcing patterns, underscoring the need for adaptive procurement strategies and localized service networks.

For stakeholders across the value chain, the path forward requires coordinated action: producers must invest in process fidelity and downstream services to meet increasingly exacting specifications; buyers and OEMs should integrate qualification planning into procurement cycles to reduce project risk; and cross-functional teams need to align on sustainability and compliance objectives. By focusing on these priorities, organizations can convert metallurgical capability into tangible commercial outcomes, securing material performance, supply reliability, and competitive differentiation in demanding applications

Table of Contents

1. Preface

  • 1.1. Objectives of the Study
  • 1.2. Market Segmentation & Coverage
  • 1.3. Years Considered for the Study
  • 1.4. Currency & Pricing
  • 1.5. Language
  • 1.6. Stakeholders

2. Research Methodology

3. Executive Summary

4. Market Overview

5. Market Insights

  • 5.1. Increasing adoption of induction hardening for automotive structural steel components
  • 5.2. Rising demand for high strength quenched and tempered plates in offshore wind turbine foundations
  • 5.3. Integration of AI driven process control to optimize quenching parameters and material performance
  • 5.4. Emerging use of hydrogen based heat treatment furnaces to reduce carbon emissions in steel processing
  • 5.5. Supply chain realignment in quenched and tempered steel plate manufacturing due to raw material price volatility
  • 5.6. Advancements in cryogenic heat treatment processes for ultra wear resistant steel plates used in mining

6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025

7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025

8. Heat-treated Steel Plate Market, by End Use

  • 8.1. Automotive
    • 8.1.1. Commercial Vehicles
    • 8.1.2. Passenger Vehicles
  • 8.2. Construction
    • 8.2.1. Commercial
    • 8.2.2. Infrastructure
    • 8.2.3. Residential
  • 8.3. Machinery
    • 8.3.1. Agricultural
    • 8.3.2. Industrial
    • 8.3.3. Mining
  • 8.4. Oil And Gas
    • 8.4.1. Downstream
    • 8.4.2. Midstream
    • 8.4.3. Upstream
  • 8.5. Power Generation
    • 8.5.1. Nuclear
    • 8.5.2. Renewable
    • 8.5.3. Thermal

9. Heat-treated Steel Plate Market, by Steel Grade

  • 9.1. Alloy Steel
    • 9.1.1. High Alloy
    • 9.1.2. Low Alloy
  • 9.2. Carbon Steel
    • 9.2.1. High Carbon
    • 9.2.2. Low Carbon
    • 9.2.3. Medium Carbon
  • 9.3. Stainless Steel
    • 9.3.1. Austenitic
    • 9.3.2. Ferritic
    • 9.3.3. Martensitic

10. Heat-treated Steel Plate Market, by Thickness

  • 10.1. 2 To 5 Millimeters
  • 10.2. 5 To 10 Millimeters
  • 10.3. Greater Than 10 Millimeters
  • 10.4. Less Than 2 Millimeters

11. Heat-treated Steel Plate Market, by Process Type

  • 11.1. Annealing
  • 11.2. Normalizing
  • 11.3. Quenching And Tempering

12. Heat-treated Steel Plate Market, by Application

  • 12.1. Casing And Tubing
  • 12.2. Flanges And Valves
  • 12.3. Pressure Vessels
  • 12.4. Shipbuilding
  • 12.5. Structural Components

13. Heat-treated Steel Plate Market, by Distribution Channel

  • 13.1. Direct Sales
  • 13.2. Distributors
  • 13.3. Online Sales

14. Heat-treated Steel Plate Market, by Region

  • 14.1. Americas
    • 14.1.1. North America
    • 14.1.2. Latin America
  • 14.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
    • 14.2.1. Europe
    • 14.2.2. Middle East
    • 14.2.3. Africa
  • 14.3. Asia-Pacific

15. Heat-treated Steel Plate Market, by Group

  • 15.1. ASEAN
  • 15.2. GCC
  • 15.3. European Union
  • 15.4. BRICS
  • 15.5. G7
  • 15.6. NATO

16. Heat-treated Steel Plate Market, by Country

  • 16.1. United States
  • 16.2. Canada
  • 16.3. Mexico
  • 16.4. Brazil
  • 16.5. United Kingdom
  • 16.6. Germany
  • 16.7. France
  • 16.8. Russia
  • 16.9. Italy
  • 16.10. Spain
  • 16.11. China
  • 16.12. India
  • 16.13. Japan
  • 16.14. Australia
  • 16.15. South Korea

17. Competitive Landscape

  • 17.1. Market Share Analysis, 2024
  • 17.2. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2024
  • 17.3. Competitive Analysis
    • 17.3.1. China Baowu Steel Group Co., Ltd.
    • 17.3.2. ArcelorMittal S.A.
    • 17.3.3. HBIS Group Co., Ltd.
    • 17.3.4. Ansteel Group Co., Ltd.
    • 17.3.5. POSCO Co., Ltd.
    • 17.3.6. Nippon Steel Corporation
    • 17.3.7. JSW Steel Limited
    • 17.3.8. Nucor Corporation
    • 17.3.9. JFE Steel Corporation
    • 17.3.10. ThyssenKrupp AG