查看購物車
  • Simplified Chinese
  • English
  • Japanese
封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1800886

2025 年至 2033 年機器翻譯市場報告（按技術類型（統計機器翻譯、基於規則的機器翻譯、神經機器翻譯等）、部署類型、應用和地區分類）

Machine Translation Market Report by Technology Type (Statistical Machine Translation, Rule-Based Machine Translation, Neural Machine Translation, and Others), Deployment Type, Application, and Region 2025-2033
出版日期: | 出版商: IMARC | 英文 147 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格

2024 年全球機器翻譯市場規模達 2.188 億美元。展望未來， IMARC Group預計到 2033 年市場規模將達到 5.087 億美元，2025-2033 年期間的成長率 (CAGR) 為 9.34%。

機器翻譯 (MT) 是計算語言學的一個分支領域，旨在將來源內容翻譯成目標語言。它是一款全自動軟體，允許客製化，並透過限制允許的替換範圍來提升整體輸出效果。它適用於使用正式或公式化語言的領域。機器翻譯無需人工干預，即可翻譯大量傳統翻譯無法翻譯的訊息。目前，自適應機器翻譯的發展以及電腦輔助翻譯工具的革新，為行業領導者提供了豐厚的機會。

雲端應用的日益普及是推動市場成長的關鍵因素之一。雲端技術透過雲端伺服器提供對各種服務的訪問，從而無需投資內部硬體開發或安裝。此外，各組織日益成長的需求，使其內容在地化為不同的語言，並搶佔國際市場，這對全球機器翻譯解決方案的銷售產生了積極影響。此外，主要參與者正致力於開發先進的機器翻譯解決方案，以擴展其產品組合。例如，人工智慧 (AI) 語言服務供應商 Lilt Inc. 最近推出了自適應神經機器翻譯系統，利用即時回饋迴路來提高人工翻譯的效率。此外，機器翻譯服務也正在開發中，以便以各種地區語言傳播與正在發生的新冠病毒 (COVID-19) 疫情相關的醫療保健資訊。

本報告回答的關鍵問題

  • 2024年全球機器翻譯市場規模？ 2025-2033年全球機器翻譯市場預計成長率是多少？
  • 推動全球機器翻譯市場發展的關鍵因素有哪些？
  • COVID-19 對全球機器翻譯市場有何影響？
  • 根據技術類型，全球機器翻譯市場如何分類？
  • 根據部署類型，全球機器翻譯市場如何分類？
  • 全球機器翻譯市場按應用分類的分佈如何？
  • 全球機器翻譯市場的主要區域有哪些？
  • 全球機器翻譯市場的主要參與者/公司有哪些？

目錄

第1章：前言

第2章：範圍與方法

  • 研究目標
  • 利害關係人
  • 資料來源
    • 主要來源
    • 次要來源
  • 市場評估
    • 自下而上的方法
    • 自上而下的方法
  • 預測方法

第3章：執行摘要

第4章：簡介

第5章：全球機器翻譯市場

  • 市場概覽
  • 市場表現
  • COVID-19的影響
  • 市場預測

第6章：市場細分：依技術類型

  • 統計機器翻譯（SMT）
  • 基於規則的機器翻譯（RBMT）
  • 神經機器翻譯
  • 其他

第7章：市場區隔：依部署類型

  • 本地
  • 基於雲端

第 8 章：市場區隔：按應用

  • 金融服務業
  • 汽車
  • 電子產品
  • 衛生保健
  • 資訊科技和電信
  • 軍事和國防
  • 其他

第9章：市場細分：依地區

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
  • 亞太
    • 中國
    • 日本
    • 印度
    • 韓國
    • 澳洲
    • 印尼
    • 其他
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 法國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 西班牙
    • 俄羅斯
    • 其他
  • 拉丁美洲
    • 巴西
    • 墨西哥
    • 其他
  • 中東和非洲

第10章：SWOT分析

第 11 章：價值鏈分析

第 12 章：波特五力分析

第13章：價格分析

第 14 章：競爭格局

  • 市場結構
  • 關鍵參與者
  • 關鍵參與者簡介
    • Applications Technology Inc.
    • Asia Online Pte Ltd.
    • Cloudwords Inc.
    • International Business Machines Corporation
    • Lionbridge Technologies Inc.
    • Pangeanic
    • Raytheon Technologies Corporation
    • SDL Plc (RWS Holdings Plc)
    • Smart Communications Inc. (PLDT Inc.)
    • Systran
    • Welocalize Inc.
Product Code: SR112025A3099

The global machine translation market size reached USD 218.8 Million in 2024. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach USD 508.7 Million by 2033, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 9.34% during 2025-2033.

Machine translation (MT) refers to a sub-field of computational linguistics that translates source content into target languages. It is a fully automated software, which allows customization and enhances the overall output by limiting the scope of permissible substitutions. It is useful in domains wherein formal or formulaic language is employed. MT can work without human intervention to translate considerable amounts of information that cannot be translated conventionally. At present, the growth of adaptive machine translation, along with the reinvention of computer-aided translational tools, is offering lucrative opportunities to leading players in the industry.

The rising popularity of cloud-based applications represents one of the key factors strengthening the growth of the market. Cloud technology provides access to different services via cloud servers, thereby eliminating the need to invest in in-house hardware development or installations. Moreover, the increasing requirement of organizations to localize their content in different languages and capture international markets is positively influencing the sales of MT solutions across the globe. Furthermore, key players are focusing on the development of advanced MT solutions to expand their product portfolio. For instance, Lilt Inc., an Artificial Intelligence (AI) powered language service provider, recently launched an adaptive neural machine translation system to utilize a real-time feedback loop and enhance the productivity of a human translator. Besides this, machine translation services are being developed to disseminate healthcare information regarding the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in various regional languages.

Key Market Segmentation:

Breakup by Technology Type:

  • Statistical Machine Translation (SMT)
  • Rule-Based Machine Translation (RBMT)
  • Neural Machine Translation
  • Others

Breakup by Deployment Type:

  • On-Premises
  • Cloud-Based

Breakup by Application:

  • BFSI
  • Automotive
  • Electronics
  • Healthcare
  • IT and Telecommunications
  • Military and Defense
  • Others

Breakup by Region:

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • Japan
    • India
    • South Korea
    • Australia
    • Indonesia
    • Others
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Spain
    • Russia
    • Others
  • Latin America
    • Brazil
    • Mexico
    • Others
  • Middle East and Africa

Competitive Landscape:

The competitive landscape of the industry has also been examined along with the profiles of the key players being Applications Technology Inc., Asia Online Pte Ltd., Cloudwords Inc., International Business Machines Corporation, Lionbridge Technologies Inc., Pangeanic, Raytheon Technologies Corporation, SDL Plc (RWS Holdings Plc), Smart Communications Inc. (PLDT Inc.), Systran and Welocalize Inc.

Key Questions Answered in This Report

  • 1.What was the size of the global machine translation market in 2024?
  • 2.What is the expected growth rate of the global machine translation market during 2025-2033?
  • 3.What are the key factors driving the global machine translation market?
  • 4.What has been the impact of COVID-19 on the global machine translation market?
  • 5.What is the breakup of the global machine translation market based on the technology type?
  • 6.What is the breakup of the global machine translation market based on the deployment type?
  • 7.What is the breakup of the global machine translation market based on the application?
  • 8.What are the key regions in the global machine translation market?
  • 9.Who are the key players/companies in the global machine translation market?

Table of Contents

1 Preface

2 Scope and Methodology

  • 2.1 Objectives of the Study
  • 2.2 Stakeholders
  • 2.3 Data Sources
    • 2.3.1 Primary Sources
    • 2.3.2 Secondary Sources
  • 2.4 Market Estimation
    • 2.4.1 Bottom-Up Approach
    • 2.4.2 Top-Down Approach
  • 2.5 Forecasting Methodology

3 Executive Summary

4 Introduction

  • 4.1 Overview
  • 4.2 Key Industry Trends

5 Global Machine Translation Market

  • 5.1 Market Overview
  • 5.2 Market Performance
  • 5.3 Impact of COVID-19
  • 5.4 Market Forecast

6 Market Breakup by Technology Type

  • 6.1 Statistical Machine Translation (SMT)
    • 6.1.1 Market Trends
    • 6.1.2 Market Forecast
  • 6.2 Rule-Based Machine Translation (RBMT)
    • 6.2.1 Market Trends
    • 6.2.2 Market Forecast
  • 6.3 Neural Machine Translation
    • 6.3.1 Market Trends
    • 6.3.2 Market Forecast
  • 6.4 Others
    • 6.4.1 Market Trends
    • 6.4.2 Market Forecast

7 Market Breakup by Deployment Type

  • 7.1 On-Premises
    • 7.1.1 Market Trends
    • 7.1.2 Market Forecast
  • 7.2 Cloud-Based
    • 7.2.1 Market Trends
    • 7.2.2 Market Forecast

8 Market Breakup by Application

  • 8.1 BFSI
    • 8.1.1 Market Trends
    • 8.1.2 Market Forecast
  • 8.2 Automotive
    • 8.2.1 Market Trends
    • 8.2.2 Market Forecast
  • 8.3 Electronics
    • 8.3.1 Market Trends
    • 8.3.2 Market Forecast
  • 8.4 Healthcare
    • 8.4.1 Market Trends
    • 8.4.2 Market Forecast
  • 8.5 IT and Telecommunications
    • 8.5.1 Market Trends
    • 8.5.2 Market Forecast
  • 8.6 Military and Defense
    • 8.6.1 Market Trends
    • 8.6.2 Market Forecast
  • 8.7 Others
    • 8.7.1 Market Trends
    • 8.7.2 Market Forecast

9 Market Breakup by Region

  • 9.1 North America
    • 9.1.1 United States
      • 9.1.1.1 Market Trends
      • 9.1.1.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.1.2 Canada
      • 9.1.2.1 Market Trends
      • 9.1.2.2 Market Forecast
  • 9.2 Asia-Pacific
    • 9.2.1 China
      • 9.2.1.1 Market Trends
      • 9.2.1.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.2.2 Japan
      • 9.2.2.1 Market Trends
      • 9.2.2.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.2.3 India
      • 9.2.3.1 Market Trends
      • 9.2.3.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.2.4 South Korea
      • 9.2.4.1 Market Trends
      • 9.2.4.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.2.5 Australia
      • 9.2.5.1 Market Trends
      • 9.2.5.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.2.6 Indonesia
      • 9.2.6.1 Market Trends
      • 9.2.6.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.2.7 Others
      • 9.2.7.1 Market Trends
      • 9.2.7.2 Market Forecast
  • 9.3 Europe
    • 9.3.1 Germany
      • 9.3.1.1 Market Trends
      • 9.3.1.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.3.2 France
      • 9.3.2.1 Market Trends
      • 9.3.2.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.3.3 United Kingdom
      • 9.3.3.1 Market Trends
      • 9.3.3.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.3.4 Italy
      • 9.3.4.1 Market Trends
      • 9.3.4.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.3.5 Spain
      • 9.3.5.1 Market Trends
      • 9.3.5.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.3.6 Russia
      • 9.3.6.1 Market Trends
      • 9.3.6.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.3.7 Others
      • 9.3.7.1 Market Trends
      • 9.3.7.2 Market Forecast
  • 9.4 Latin America
    • 9.4.1 Brazil
      • 9.4.1.1 Market Trends
      • 9.4.1.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.4.2 Mexico
      • 9.4.2.1 Market Trends
      • 9.4.2.2 Market Forecast
    • 9.4.3 Others
      • 9.4.3.1 Market Trends
      • 9.4.3.2 Market Forecast
  • 9.5 Middle East and Africa
    • 9.5.1 Market Trends
    • 9.5.2 Market Breakup by Country
    • 9.5.3 Market Forecast

10 SWOT Analysis

  • 10.1 Overview
  • 10.2 Strengths
  • 10.3 Weaknesses
  • 10.4 Opportunities
  • 10.5 Threats

11 Value Chain Analysis

12 Porters Five Forces Analysis

  • 12.1 Overview
  • 12.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
  • 12.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
  • 12.4 Degree of Competition
  • 12.5 Threat of New Entrants
  • 12.6 Threat of Substitutes

13 Price Analysis

14 Competitive Landscape

  • 14.1 Market Structure
  • 14.2 Key Players
  • 14.3 Profiles of Key Players
    • 14.3.1 Applications Technology Inc.
      • 14.3.1.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.1.2 Product Portfolio
    • 14.3.2 Asia Online Pte Ltd.
      • 14.3.2.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.2.2 Product Portfolio
    • 14.3.3 Cloudwords Inc.
      • 14.3.3.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.3.2 Product Portfolio
    • 14.3.4 International Business Machines Corporation
      • 14.3.4.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.4.2 Product Portfolio
      • 14.3.4.3 Financials
      • 14.3.4.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 14.3.5 Lionbridge Technologies Inc.
      • 14.3.5.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.5.2 Product Portfolio
    • 14.3.6 Pangeanic
      • 14.3.6.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.6.2 Product Portfolio
      • 14.3.6.3 Financials
    • 14.3.7 Raytheon Technologies Corporation
      • 14.3.7.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.7.2 Product Portfolio
      • 14.3.7.3 Financials
      • 14.3.7.4 SWOT Analysis
    • 14.3.8 SDL Plc (RWS Holdings Plc)
      • 14.3.8.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.8.2 Product Portfolio
      • 14.3.8.3 Financials
    • 14.3.9 Smart Communications Inc. (PLDT Inc.)
      • 14.3.9.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.9.2 Product Portfolio
    • 14.3.10 Systran
      • 14.3.10.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.10.2 Product Portfolio
      • 14.3.10.3 Financials
    • 14.3.11 Welocalize Inc.
      • 14.3.11.1 Company Overview
      • 14.3.11.2 Product Portfolio

List of Figures

  • Figure 1: Global: Machine Translation Market: Major Drivers and Challenges
  • Figure 2: Global: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019-2024
  • Figure 3: Global: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 4: Global: Machine Translation Market: Breakup by Technology Type (in %), 2024
  • Figure 5: Global: Machine Translation Market: Breakup by Deployment Type (in %), 2024
  • Figure 6: Global: Machine Translation Market: Breakup by Application (in %), 2024
  • Figure 7: Global: Machine Translation Market: Breakup by Region (in %), 2024
  • Figure 8: Global: Machine Translation (Statistical Machine Translation- SMT) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 9: Global: Machine Translation (Statistical Machine Translation- SMT) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 10: Global: Machine Translation (Rule-Based Machine Translation- RBMT) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 11: Global: Machine Translation (Rule-Based Machine Translation- RBMT) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 12: Global: Machine Translation (Neural Machine Translation) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 13: Global: Machine Translation (Neural Machine Translation) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 14: Global: Machine Translation (Others) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 15: Global: Machine Translation (Others) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 16: Global: Machine Translation (On-Premises) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 17: Global: Machine Translation (On-Premises) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 18: Global: Machine Translation (Cloud-Based) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 19: Global: Machine Translation (Cloud-Based) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 20: Global: Machine Translation (BFSI) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 21: Global: Machine Translation (BFSI) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 22: Global: Machine Translation (Automotive) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 23: Global: Machine Translation (Automotive) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 24: Global: Machine Translation (Electronics) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 25: Global: Machine Translation (Electronics) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 26: Global: Machine Translation (Healthcare) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 27: Global: Machine Translation (Healthcare) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 28: Global: Machine Translation (IT and Telecommunications) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 29: Global: Machine Translation (IT and Telecommunications) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 30: Global: Machine Translation (Military and Defense) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 31: Global: Machine Translation (Military and Defense) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 32: Global: Machine Translation (Others) Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 33: Global: Machine Translation (Others) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 34: North America: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 35: North America: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 36: United States: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 37: United States: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 38: Canada: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 39: Canada: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 40: Asia-Pacific: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 41: Asia-Pacific: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 42: China: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 43: China: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 44: Japan: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 45: Japan: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 46: India: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 47: India: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 48: South Korea: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 49: South Korea: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 50: Australia: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 51: Australia: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 52: Indonesia: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 53: Indonesia: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 54: Others: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 55: Others: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 56: Europe: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 57: Europe: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 58: Germany: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 59: Germany: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 60: France: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 61: France: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 62: United Kingdom: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 63: United Kingdom: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 64: Italy: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 65: Italy: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 66: Spain: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 67: Spain: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 68: Russia: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 69: Russia: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 70: Others: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 71: Others: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 72: Latin America: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 73: Latin America: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 74: Brazil: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 75: Brazil: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 76: Mexico: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 77: Mexico: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 78: Others: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 79: Others: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 80: Middle East and Africa: Machine Translation Market: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2019 & 2024
  • Figure 81: Middle East and Africa: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Figure 82: Middle East and Africa: Machine Translation Market: Breakup by Country (in %), 2024
  • Figure 83: Global: Machine Translation Industry: SWOT Analysis
  • Figure 84: Global: Machine Translation Industry: Value Chain Analysis
  • Figure 85: Global: Machine Translation Industry: Porter's Five Forces Analysis

List of Tables

  • Table 1: Global: Machine Translation Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2024 and 2033
  • Table 2: Global: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Breakup by Technology Type (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Table 3: Global: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Breakup by Deployment Type (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Table 4: Global: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Breakup by Application (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Table 5: Global: Machine Translation Market Forecast: Breakup by Region (in Million USD), 2025-2033
  • Table 6: Global: Machine Translation Market: Competitive Structure
  • Table 7: Global: Machine Translation Market: Key Players