首頁 > 市場調查報告書 > 醫療設備

市場調查報告書

商品編碼

1390876

組織銀行市場：2023-2028 年全球產業趨勢、佔有率、規模、成長、機會與預測

Tissue Banking Market: Global Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecast 2023-2028

出版日期: 2023年11月24日 | 出版商:

IMARC | 英文 144 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格

簡介目錄圖表

概要

2022年全球組織庫市場規模達16億美元。展望未來， IMARC Group預計到2028年市場規模將達到31億美元，2022-2028年複合年成長率（CAGR）為11.65%。

組織庫是指收集、準備和保存可移植人體組織以用於潛在治療用途的過程。獲得的組織用於治癒和替換患者受影響或失去的組織。它們也用於修復受損的心肌、治療脊髓損傷以及治癒嚴重燒傷的皮膚。目前，臨床試驗和生物醫學研究的進步正在推動全球對組織保存和儲存的需求。

組織銀行市場趨勢：

冠狀病毒病（COVID-19）大流行已在全球造成多人死亡。因此，研究人員依靠組織庫來收集組織標本，了解細胞反應和感染的生物學影響，並確定新的治療介入和預防策略。除此之外，新疾病的不斷診斷正在增加藥物發現中對組織庫的需求。此外，慢性病的日益普及正在積極影響組織庫用於骨骼、肌腱、角膜、心臟瓣膜和皮膚移植的採用。此外，老年人口的不斷增加，加上接受手術介入的人數不斷增加，全球人體組織同種異體移植物的使用正在增加。這些組織用於修復四肢、緩解疼痛、提高患者的生活品質。此外，由於可支配收入的增加和個人對外表意識的增強，整容手術的興起正在推動市場。除此之外，組織庫在處理和儲存捐贈者的組織時，可以透過使用無菌手術技術、設備和用品來降低組織被細菌和真菌污染的風險。這與人們對交叉感染的擔憂不斷增加相結合，正在創造積極的市場前景。

本報告回答的關鍵問題

2022 年全球組織庫市場規模有多大？
2023-2028年全球組織庫市場的預期成長率是多少？
推動全球組織銀行市場的關鍵因素是什麼？
COVID-19 對全球組織庫市場有何影響？
基於該產品的全球組織銀行市場的詳細情形如何？
基於該應用的全球組織銀行市場的詳細情形如何？
根據組織類型，全球組織銀行市場的細分如何？
全球組織庫市場的關鍵區域有哪些？
誰是全球組織銀行市場的主要參與者/公司？

北美洲
- 美國
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
- 加拿大
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
亞太
- 中國
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
- 日本
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
- 印度
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
- 韓國
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
- 澳洲
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
- 印尼
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
- 其他
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
歐洲
- 德國
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
- 法國
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
- 英國
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
- 義大利
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
- 西班牙
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
- 俄羅斯
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
- 其他
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
拉丁美洲
- 巴西
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
- 墨西哥
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
- 其他
  - 市場走向
  - 市場預測
中東和非洲
- 市場走向
- 按國家/地區分類的市場細分
- 市場預測

第 10 章：SWOT 分析

概述
優勢
弱點
機會
威脅

第 11 章：價值鏈分析

第 12 章：波特五力分析

概述
買家的議價能力
供應商的議價能力
競爭程度
新進入者的威脅
替代品的威脅

第 13 章：價格分析

第14章：競爭格局

市場結構
關鍵參與者
關鍵參與者簡介
- AMS Biotechnology
- Beckman Coulter Inc. (Danaher Corporation)
- Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.
- Brooks Life Sciences Inc. (Brooks Automation Inc.)
- Eppendorf AG
- Merck KGaA
- PHC Corporation
- QIAGEN NV
- Sartorius AG
- Taylor-Wharton
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
- VWR International LLC (Avantor Inc)

簡介目錄圖表

Product Code: SR112023A4764

Abstract

The global tissue banking market size reached US$ 1.6 Billion in 2022. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach US$ 3.1 Billion by 2028, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 11.65% during 2022-2028.

Tissue banking refers to the process of collecting, preparing, and preserving transplantable human tissues for potential therapeutic uses. The tissues obtained are utilized in healing and replacing the affected or lost tissues of the patients. They are also used to repair damaged heart muscles, treat spinal cord injuries, and heal skin from severe burns. At present, advancements in clinical trials and biomedical research are contributing to the demand for tissue preservation and banking across the globe.

Tissue Banking Market Trends:

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused several deaths globally. As a result, researchers are relying on tissue banks to collect tissue specimens, understand cellular responses and the biological impact of infection and identify new therapeutic interventions and prevention strategies. Apart from this, the growing diagnosis of new diseases is escalating the demand for tissue banking in drug discovery. Moreover, the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases is positively influencing the adoption of tissue banks for the transplantation of bones, tendons, corneas, heart valves, and skin. Additionally, the rising geriatric population, in confluence with the growing number of individuals undergoing surgical interventions, is increasing the use of human tissue allografts across the globe. These tissues are used to repair limbs, relieve pain, and improve patients' life quality. Furthermore, the emerging trend of cosmetic surgeries on account of inflating disposable income and the growing consciousness among individuals about physical appearances is driving the market. Besides this, tissue banks can reduce the risk of bacterial and fungal contamination of tissues by using aseptic surgical techniques, equipment and supplies while processing and storing the tissue from the donor. This, in confluence with rising concerns about cross-infection, is creating a positive market outlook.

Key Market Segmentation:

IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each sub-segment of the global tissue banking market report, along with forecasts at the global, regional and country level from 2023-2028. Our report has categorized the market based on product, application and tissue type.

Breakup by Product:

Equipment

Cryopreservation Equipment

Thawing Equipment

Quality Control Equipment

Others

Media and Consumables

Breakup by Application:

Therapeutics

Medical Research

Others

Breakup by Tissue Type:

Cardiovascular Tissue

Lung Tissue

Kidney Tissue

Pancreas Tissue

Liver Tissue

Eye Tissue

Others

Breakup by Region:

North America

United States

Canada

Asia-Pacific

China

Japan

India

South Korea

Australia

Indonesia

Others

Europe

Germany

France

United Kingdom

Italy

Spain

Russia

Others

Latin America

Brazil

Mexico

Others

Middle East and Africa

Competitive Landscape:

The competitive landscape of the industry has also been examined along with the profiles of the key players being AMS Biotechnology, Beckman Coulter Inc. (Danaher Corporation), Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Brooks Life Sciences Inc. (Brooks Automation Inc.), Eppendorf AG, Merck KGaA, PHC Corporation, QIAGEN N.V., Sartorius AG, Taylor-Wharton, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., and VWR International LLC (Avantor Inc).

Key Questions Answered in This Report

1. What was the size of the global tissue banking market in 2022?
2. What is the expected growth rate of the global tissue banking market during 2023-2028?
3. What are the key factors driving the global tissue banking market?
4. What has been the impact of COVID-19 on the global tissue banking market?
5. What is the breakup of the global tissue banking market based on the product?
6. What is the breakup of the global tissue banking market based on the application?
7. What is the breakup of the global tissue banking market based on the tissue type?
8. What are the key regions in the global tissue banking market?
9. Who are the key players/companies in the global tissue banking market?

1 Preface

2 Scope and Methodology

2.1 Objectives of the Study
2.2 Stakeholders
2.3 Data Sources
- 2.3.1 Primary Sources
- 2.3.2 Secondary Sources
2.4 Market Estimation
- 2.4.1 Bottom-Up Approach
- 2.4.2 Top-Down Approach
2.5 Forecasting Methodology

3 Executive Summary

4 Introduction

4.1 Overview
4.2 Key Industry Trends

5 Global Tissue Banking Market

5.1 Market Overview
5.2 Market Performance
5.3 Impact of COVID-19
5.4 Market Forecast

6 Market Breakup by Product

6.1 Equipment
- 6.1.1 Market Trends
- 6.1.2 Key Segments
  - 6.1.2.1 Cryopreservation Equipment
  - 6.1.2.2 Thawing Equipment
  - 6.1.2.3 Quality Control Equipment
  - 6.1.2.4 Others
- 6.1.3 Market Forecast
6.2 Media and Consumables
- 6.2.1 Market Trends
- 6.2.2 Market Forecast

7 Market Breakup by Application

7.1 Therapeutics
- 7.1.1 Market Trends
- 7.1.2 Market Forecast
7.2 Medical Research
- 7.2.1 Market Trends
- 7.2.2 Market Forecast
7.3 Others
- 7.3.1 Market Trends
- 7.3.2 Market Forecast

8 Market Breakup by Tissue Type

8.1 Cardiovascular Tissue
- 8.1.1 Market Trends
- 8.1.2 Market Forecast
8.2 Lung Tissue
- 8.2.1 Market Trends
- 8.2.2 Market Forecast
8.3 Kidney Tissue
- 8.3.1 Market Trends
- 8.3.2 Market Forecast
8.4 Pancreas Tissue
- 8.4.1 Market Trends
- 8.4.2 Market Forecast
8.5 Liver Tissue
- 8.5.1 Market Trends
- 8.5.2 Market Forecast
8.6 Eye Tissue
- 8.6.1 Market Trends
- 8.6.2 Market Forecast
8.7 Others
- 8.7.1 Market Trends
- 8.7.2 Market Forecast

9 Market Breakup by Region

9.1 North America
- 9.1.1 United States
  - 9.1.1.1 Market Trends
  - 9.1.1.2 Market Forecast
- 9.1.2 Canada
  - 9.1.2.1 Market Trends
  - 9.1.2.2 Market Forecast
9.2 Asia-Pacific
- 9.2.1 China
  - 9.2.1.1 Market Trends
  - 9.2.1.2 Market Forecast
- 9.2.2 Japan
  - 9.2.2.1 Market Trends
  - 9.2.2.2 Market Forecast
- 9.2.3 India
  - 9.2.3.1 Market Trends
  - 9.2.3.2 Market Forecast
- 9.2.4 South Korea
  - 9.2.4.1 Market Trends
  - 9.2.4.2 Market Forecast
- 9.2.5 Australia
  - 9.2.5.1 Market Trends
  - 9.2.5.2 Market Forecast
- 9.2.6 Indonesia
  - 9.2.6.1 Market Trends
  - 9.2.6.2 Market Forecast
- 9.2.7 Others
  - 9.2.7.1 Market Trends
  - 9.2.7.2 Market Forecast
9.3 Europe
- 9.3.1 Germany
  - 9.3.1.1 Market Trends
  - 9.3.1.2 Market Forecast
- 9.3.2 France
  - 9.3.2.1 Market Trends
  - 9.3.2.2 Market Forecast
- 9.3.3 United Kingdom
  - 9.3.3.1 Market Trends
  - 9.3.3.2 Market Forecast
- 9.3.4 Italy
  - 9.3.4.1 Market Trends
  - 9.3.4.2 Market Forecast
- 9.3.5 Spain
  - 9.3.5.1 Market Trends
  - 9.3.5.2 Market Forecast
- 9.3.6 Russia
  - 9.3.6.1 Market Trends
  - 9.3.6.2 Market Forecast
- 9.3.7 Others
  - 9.3.7.1 Market Trends
  - 9.3.7.2 Market Forecast
9.4 Latin America
- 9.4.1 Brazil
  - 9.4.1.1 Market Trends
  - 9.4.1.2 Market Forecast
- 9.4.2 Mexico
  - 9.4.2.1 Market Trends
  - 9.4.2.2 Market Forecast
- 9.4.3 Others
  - 9.4.3.1 Market Trends
  - 9.4.3.2 Market Forecast
9.5 Middle East and Africa
- 9.5.1 Market Trends
- 9.5.2 Market Breakup by Country
- 9.5.3 Market Forecast

10 SWOT Analysis

10.1 Overview
10.2 Strengths
10.3 Weaknesses
10.4 Opportunities
10.5 Threats

11 Value Chain Analysis

12 Porters Five Forces Analysis

12.1 Overview
12.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
12.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
12.4 Degree of Competition
12.5 Threat of New Entrants
12.6 Threat of Substitutes

13 Price Analysis

14 Competitive Landscape

14.1 Market Structure
14.2 Key Players
14.3 Profiles of Key Players
- 14.3.1 AMS Biotechnology
  - 14.3.1.1 Company Overview
  - 14.3.1.2 Product Portfolio
- 14.3.2 Beckman Coulter Inc. (Danaher Corporation)
  - 14.3.2.1 Company Overview
  - 14.3.2.2 Product Portfolio
  - 14.3.2.3 SWOT Analysis
- 14.3.3 Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.
  - 14.3.3.1 Company Overview
  - 14.3.3.2 Product Portfolio
  - 14.3.3.3 Financials
  - 14.3.3.4 SWOT Analysis
- 14.3.4 Brooks Life Sciences Inc. (Brooks Automation Inc.)
  - 14.3.4.1 Company Overview
  - 14.3.4.2 Product Portfolio
- 14.3.5 Eppendorf AG
  - 14.3.5.1 Company Overview
  - 14.3.5.2 Product Portfolio
  - 14.3.5.3 SWOT Analysis
- 14.3.6 Merck KGaA
  - 14.3.6.1 Company Overview
  - 14.3.6.2 Product Portfolio
  - 14.3.6.3 Financials
  - 14.3.6.4 SWOT Analysis
- 14.3.7 PHC Corporation
  - 14.3.7.1 Company Overview
  - 14.3.7.2 Product Portfolio
- 14.3.8 QIAGEN N.V.
  - 14.3.8.1 Company Overview
  - 14.3.8.2 Product Portfolio
  - 14.3.8.3 Financials
  - 14.3.8.4 SWOT Analysis
- 14.3.9 Sartorius AG
  - 14.3.9.1 Company Overview
  - 14.3.9.2 Product Portfolio
  - 14.3.9.3 Financials
  - 14.3.9.4 SWOT Analysis
- 14.3.10 Taylor-Wharton
  - 14.3.10.1 Company Overview
  - 14.3.10.2 Product Portfolio
- 14.3.11 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
  - 14.3.11.1 Company Overview
  - 14.3.11.2 Product Portfolio
  - 14.3.11.3 Financials
  - 14.3.11.4 SWOT Analysis
- 14.3.12 VWR International LLC (Avantor Inc)
  - 14.3.12.1 Company Overview
  - 14.3.12.2 Product Portfolio

簡介目錄圖表

List of Figures

Figure 1: Global: Tissue Banking Market: Major Drivers and Challenges
Figure 2: Global: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Billion US$), 2017-2022
Figure 3: Global: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Billion US$), 2023-2028
Figure 4: Global: Tissue Banking Market: Breakup by Product (in %), 2022
Figure 5: Global: Tissue Banking Market: Breakup by Application (in %), 2022
Figure 6: Global: Tissue Banking Market: Breakup by Tissue Type (in %), 2022
Figure 7: Global: Tissue Banking Market: Breakup by Region (in %), 2022
Figure 8: Global: Tissue Banking (Equipment) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 9: Global: Tissue Banking (Equipment) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 10: Global: Tissue Banking (Media and Consumables) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 11: Global: Tissue Banking (Media and Consumables) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 12: Global: Tissue Banking (Therapeutics) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 13: Global: Tissue Banking (Therapeutics) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 14: Global: Tissue Banking (Medical Research) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 15: Global: Tissue Banking (Medical Research) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 16: Global: Tissue Banking (Other Applications) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 17: Global: Tissue Banking (Other Applications) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 18: Global: Tissue Banking (Cardiovascular Tissue) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 19: Global: Tissue Banking (Cardiovascular Tissue) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 20: Global: Tissue Banking (Lung Tissue) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 21: Global: Tissue Banking (Lung Tissue) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 22: Global: Tissue Banking (Kidney Tissue) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 23: Global: Tissue Banking (Kidney Tissue) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 24: Global: Tissue Banking (Pancreas Tissue) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 25: Global: Tissue Banking (Pancreas Tissue) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 26: Global: Tissue Banking (Liver Tissue) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 27: Global: Tissue Banking (Liver Tissue) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 28: Global: Tissue Banking (Eye Tissue) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 29: Global: Tissue Banking (Eye Tissue) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 30: Global: Tissue Banking (Other Tissue Types) Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 31: Global: Tissue Banking (Other Tissue Types) Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 32: North America: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 33: North America: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 34: United States: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 35: United States: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 36: Canada: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 37: Canada: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 38: Asia-Pacific: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 39: Asia-Pacific: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 40: China: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 41: China: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 42: Japan: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 43: Japan: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 44: India: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 45: India: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 46: South Korea: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 47: South Korea: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 48: Australia: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 49: Australia: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 50: Indonesia: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 51: Indonesia: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 52: Others: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 53: Others: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 54: Europe: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 55: Europe: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 56: Germany: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 57: Germany: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 58: France: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 59: France: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 60: United Kingdom: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 61: United Kingdom: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 62: Italy: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 63: Italy: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 64: Spain: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 65: Spain: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 66: Russia: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 67: Russia: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 68: Others: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 69: Others: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 70: Latin America: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 71: Latin America: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 72: Brazil: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 73: Brazil: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 74: Mexico: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 75: Mexico: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 76: Others: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 77: Others: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 78: Middle East and Africa: Tissue Banking Market: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2017 & 2022
Figure 79: Middle East and Africa: Tissue Banking Market: Breakup by Country (in %), 2022
Figure 80: Middle East and Africa: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Sales Value (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Figure 81: Global: Tissue Banking Industry: SWOT Analysis
Figure 82: Global: Tissue Banking Industry: Value Chain Analysis
Figure 83: Global: Tissue Banking Industry: Porter's Five Forces Analysis

List of Tables

Table 1: Global: Tissue Banking Market: Key Industry Highlights, 2022 and 2028
Table 2: Global: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Breakup by Product (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Table 3: Global: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Breakup by Application (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Table 4: Global: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Breakup by Tissue Type (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Table 5: Global: Tissue Banking Market Forecast: Breakup by Region (in Million US$), 2023-2028
Table 6: Global: Tissue Banking Market: Competitive Structure
Table 7: Global: Tissue Banking Market: Key Players

02-2729-4219

+886-2-2729-4219