封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1793689

全球乘用車閥門市場

Passenger Car Valves

出版日期: | 出版商: Global Industry Analysts, Inc. | 英文 384 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

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簡介目錄

2030年全球乘用車氣門市場規模將達247億美元

全球乘用車氣門市場規模預計在2024年為156億美元,到2030年將達到247億美元,2024年至2030年的複合年成長率為7.9%。 SUV是本報告分析的細分市場之一,預計其複合年成長率為9.0%,到分析期結束時規模將達到101億美元。轎車細分市場在分析期間的複合年成長率預計為8.7%。

美國市場預計將達到 43 億美元,中國市場複合年成長率將達到 12.5%

美國乘用車氣門市場規模預計在2024年達到43億美元。作為世界第二大經濟體,中國預計到2030年市場規模將達到53億美元,在2024-2030年的分析期間內,複合年成長率為12.5%。其他值得關注的區域市場包括日本和加拿大,預計在分析期間內,這兩個市場的複合年成長率分別為3.9%和7.6%。在歐洲,預計德國市場的複合年成長率為5.3%。

全球乘用車閥門市場趨勢及促進因素總結

閥門在現代乘用車引擎中扮演什麼角色?

氣門對於內燃機的運作至關重要,它控制著燃料-空氣混合物進入燃燒室以及廢氣從燃燒室排出。氣門的精確正時和密封性直接影響燃燒效率、引擎功率、排放氣體和燃油經濟性。通常,每個氣缸都有進氣門和排氣門,由凸輪軸通過挺桿或液壓系統操作。

在現代引擎中,可變氣門正時(VVT) 和可變氣門升程技術可根據駕駛條件動態調整氣門驅動。這些技術進步有助於改善油門響應、扭力輸出和排放氣體控制。在混合動力傳動系統和先進的燃燒系統中,氣門必須在不斷變化的壓力、溫度和潤滑條件下可靠地工作,因此耐用的材料和精密的工程設計至關重要。

閥門設計和材料如何發展以滿足引擎效率目標?

氣門製造技術不斷發展,以應對熱應力、耐磨性以及引擎小型化趨勢。雖然不銹鋼和合金氣門仍然很常見,但鈦合金和鈉合金氣門因其更佳的耐熱性和更輕的重量,在高性能和渦輪增壓器應用中已廣泛應用。氮化和鍍鉻等表面處理技術可提高疲勞強度和耐腐蝕性。

液壓間隙調節器和電子驅動氣門系統的採用日益增多,尤其是在採用先進燃燒模式的引擎中。這些系統可以減少機械損耗、提高反應速度並降低維修需求。諸如無凸輪氣門驅動等技術雖然仍處於開發階段,但旨在提供完全可程式設計的氣門控制,以進一步提高效率並減少排放氣體。

市場需求在哪裡成長以及哪些應用會影響閥門的選擇?

內燃機和混合動力汽車的持續生產支撐了乘用車氣門的需求。亞太地區是最大的生產基地,主要得益於中國、印度和日本引擎功率輸出的提高。由於渦輪增壓引擎和符合排放標準的動力傳動系統的日益普及,歐洲在先進氣門技術方面處於領先地位。受大型引擎和混合動力汽車需求的推動,北美在產量和產值方面都貢獻了巨大的佔有率。

渦輪增壓、小型化和缸內直噴引擎是先進氣門需求的主要驅動力。配備多汽門缸頭和可變汽門正時 (VVT) 系統的車輛需要高精度且耐磨的汽門配置。在混合動力系統中,氣門必須承受啟動停止操作和部分負載駕駛帶來的頻繁熱循環。隨著排放法規日益嚴格,引擎製造商正在轉向先進的氣門正時策略和輕量化氣門機構,以滿足性能目標。

乘用車閥門市場的成長受到多種因素的推動。

乘用車氣門市場的成長受到許多因素的推動,例如內燃機和混合動力引擎的持續生產、渦輪增壓和可變氣門正時 (VVT) 技術的日益普及,以及對熱效率的日益重視。引擎小型化設計的趨勢要求氣門配置能夠承受高壓和高溫,同時又不影響密封性和反應性。

混合動力汽車的興起推動了支持頻繁引擎循環和多模式運行的氣門的發展。材料創新和先進的表面處理技術正在延長氣門在惡劣條件下的使用壽命。隨著汽車製造商努力遵守排放和能源效率法規,輕量化、耐腐蝕和精密設計的氣門部件的整合變得越來越普遍。這些因素持續支撐著全球汽車領域對傳統和高性能引擎氣門的需求。

部分

車輛類型(SUV、轎車、掀背車、MUV);功能(氣動功能、液壓功能、電氣功能);應用(引擎閥門應用、空調閥門應用、燃油系統閥門應用、EGR閥門應用、其他應用)

受訪公司範例

  • Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.
  • BorgWarner Inc.
  • Continental AG
  • Cummins Inc.
  • Delphi Technologies(formerly Delphi)
  • Denso Corporation
  • Eaton Corporation plc
  • Federal-Mogul LLC(Tenneco)
  • FIAT-owned Mahle GmbH
  • Fuji Oo zx Inc.
  • Hitachi Astemo
  • Johnson Electric Holdings Ltd.
  • Knorr-Bremse AG
  • Nittan Valve Co., Ltd.
  • Rane Engine Valve Ltd.
  • Schaeffler AG
  • Stoneridge, Inc.
  • Valeo SA
  • FUJI Engineering Co.(SSV Works)
  • ZF Friedrichshafen AG

人工智慧整合

全球產業分析師利用可操作的專家內容和人工智慧工具改變市場和競爭情報。

Global 特定產業產業SLM 的典型規範,而是建立了一個從世界各地專家收集的內容庫,包括影片錄影、部落格、搜尋引擎研究以及大量的公司、產品/服務和市場數據。

關稅影響係數

全球產業分析師根據公司總部所在國家、製造地和進出口(成品和原始設備製造商)情況預測其競爭地位的變化。這種複雜而多面的市場動態預計將以多種方式影響競爭對手,包括銷貨成本(COGS) 上升、盈利下降、供應鏈重組以及其他微觀和宏觀市場動態。

目錄

第1章調查方法

第2章執行摘要

  • 市場概覽
  • 主要企業
  • 市場趨勢和促進因素
  • 全球市場展望

第3章市場分析

  • 美國
  • 加拿大
  • 日本
  • 中國
  • 歐洲
  • 法國
  • 德國
  • 義大利
  • 英國
  • 西班牙
  • 俄羅斯
  • 其他歐洲國家
  • 亞太地區
  • 澳洲
  • 印度
  • 韓國
  • 其他亞太地區
  • 拉丁美洲
  • 阿根廷
  • 巴西
  • 墨西哥
  • 其他拉丁美洲
  • 中東
  • 伊朗
  • 以色列
  • 沙烏地阿拉伯
  • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
  • 其他中東地區
  • 非洲

第4章 比賽

簡介目錄
Product Code: MCP37671

Global Passenger Car Valves Market to Reach US$24.7 Billion by 2030

The global market for Passenger Car Valves estimated at US$15.6 Billion in the year 2024, is expected to reach US$24.7 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 7.9% over the analysis period 2024-2030. SUV, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is expected to record a 9.0% CAGR and reach US$10.1 Billion by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Sedan segment is estimated at 8.7% CAGR over the analysis period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at US$4.3 Billion While China is Forecast to Grow at 12.5% CAGR

The Passenger Car Valves market in the U.S. is estimated at US$4.3 Billion in the year 2024. China, the world's second largest economy, is forecast to reach a projected market size of US$5.3 Billion by the year 2030 trailing a CAGR of 12.5% over the analysis period 2024-2030. Among the other noteworthy geographic markets are Japan and Canada, each forecast to grow at a CAGR of 3.9% and 7.6% respectively over the analysis period. Within Europe, Germany is forecast to grow at approximately 5.3% CAGR.

Global Passenger Car Valves Market - Key Trends & Drivers Summarized

What Function Do Valves Serve Within Modern Passenger Car Engines?

Valves are critical to the operation of internal combustion engines, controlling the flow of air-fuel mixture into the combustion chamber and exhaust gases out of it. Their precise timing and sealing capability directly impact combustion efficiency, engine power, emissions, and fuel economy. Typically arranged as intake and exhaust valves per cylinder, they are operated by the camshaft through lifters or hydraulic systems.

In modern engines, variable valve timing (VVT) and variable valve lift technologies enable dynamic adjustment of valve operation based on driving conditions. These advancements help improve throttle response, torque delivery, and emissions control. In hybrid powertrains and advanced combustion systems, valves must perform reliably under fluctuating pressure, temperature, and lubrication environments, making material durability and precision engineering essential.

How Are Valve Designs and Materials Evolving to Meet Engine Efficiency Targets?

Valve manufacturing has evolved to address thermal stress, wear resistance, and engine downsizing trends. Stainless steel and alloy-based valves remain common, but titanium and sodium-filled valves are being used in performance and turbocharged applications for better heat resistance and lower weight. Surface treatments such as nitriding and chromium coating are enhancing fatigue strength and corrosion resistance.

The adoption of hydraulic lash adjusters and electronically actuated valve systems is increasing, particularly in engines equipped with advanced combustion modes. These systems reduce mechanical losses, improve responsiveness, and lower maintenance needs. Emerging technologies such as camless valve actuation, though still under development, are aiming to offer fully programmable valve control for further gains in efficiency and emissions reduction.

Where Is Market Demand Growing and Which Applications Are Influencing Valve Selection?

Passenger car valve demand is sustained by continued production of internal combustion and hybrid vehicles. Asia-Pacific is the largest production hub, driven by high engine output in China, India, and Japan. Europe is leading in advanced valve technologies as part of its high adoption of turbocharged engines and emission-compliant powertrains. North America contributes significantly to both volume and value due to demand for larger engines and hybrids.

Turbocharged, downsized, and direct-injection engines are key drivers of advanced valve demand. Vehicles with multi-valve cylinder heads and VVT systems require high-precision, wear-resistant valve configurations. In hybrid systems, valves must tolerate frequent thermal cycling due to start-stop operations and partial load running. As emission standards tighten further, engine makers are turning to advanced valve timing strategies and lightweight valve trains to meet performance goals.

Growth in the Passenger Car Valves market is driven by several factors…

Growth in the passenger car valves market is driven by factors such as ongoing production of combustion and hybrid engines, rising adoption of turbocharging and VVT technologies, and increased focus on thermal efficiency. Downsizing trends in engine design require valve configurations that can withstand high pressure and temperature without compromising sealing and responsiveness.

The rise of hybrid vehicles is encouraging development of valves that support frequent engine cycling and multi-mode operations. Material innovations and advanced surface treatments are extending valve life under demanding conditions. As automakers push to meet emission and efficiency norms, integration of lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and precisely engineered valve components is becoming more prevalent. These factors continue to sustain demand for both conventional and high-performance engine valves across global vehicle segments.

SCOPE OF STUDY:

The report analyzes the Passenger Car Valves market in terms of units by the following Segments, and Geographic Regions/Countries:

Segments:

Vehicle Type (SUV, Sedan, Hatchback, MUV); Function (Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function, Electric Function); Application (Engine Valves Application, Air Conditioning Valves Application, Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications)

Geographic Regions/Countries:

World; United States; Canada; Japan; China; Europe (France; Germany; Italy; United Kingdom; Spain; Russia; and Rest of Europe); Asia-Pacific (Australia; India; South Korea; and Rest of Asia-Pacific); Latin America (Argentina; Brazil; Mexico; and Rest of Latin America); Middle East (Iran; Israel; Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates; and Rest of Middle East); and Africa.

Select Competitors (Total 42 Featured) -

  • Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.
  • BorgWarner Inc.
  • Continental AG
  • Cummins Inc.
  • Delphi Technologies (formerly Delphi)
  • Denso Corporation
  • Eaton Corporation plc
  • Federal-Mogul LLC (Tenneco)
  • FIAT-owned Mahle GmbH
  • Fuji Oo zx Inc.
  • Hitachi Astemo
  • Johnson Electric Holdings Ltd.
  • Knorr-Bremse AG
  • Nittan Valve Co., Ltd.
  • Rane Engine Valve Ltd.
  • Schaeffler AG
  • Stoneridge, Inc.
  • Valeo SA
  • FUJI Engineering Co. (SSV Works)
  • ZF Friedrichshafen AG

AI INTEGRATIONS

We're transforming market and competitive intelligence with validated expert content and AI tools.

Instead of following the general norm of querying LLMs and Industry-specific SLMs, we built repositories of content curated from domain experts worldwide including video transcripts, blogs, search engines research, and massive amounts of enterprise, product/service, and market data.

TARIFF IMPACT FACTOR

Our new release incorporates impact of tariffs on geographical markets as we predict a shift in competitiveness of companies based on HQ country, manufacturing base, exports and imports (finished goods and OEM). This intricate and multifaceted market reality will impact competitors by increasing the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS), reducing profitability, reconfiguring supply chains, amongst other micro and macro market dynamics.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. METHODOLOGY

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1. MARKET OVERVIEW
    • Influencer Market Insights
    • World Market Trajectories
    • Tariff Impact on Global Supply Chain Patterns
    • Passenger Car Valves - Global Key Competitors Percentage Market Share in 2025 (E)
    • Competitive Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial for Players Worldwide in 2025 (E)
  • 2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS
  • 3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS
    • Rising Vehicle Production and Engine Efficiency Requirements Spur Demand for High-Performance Automotive Valves
    • Shift Toward Turbocharged and Downsized Engines Strengthens Use of Precision-Engineered Intake and Exhaust Valves
    • Growth in Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles Throws the Spotlight on Thermal and Flow Management Valves
    • Advancements in Variable Valve Timing (VVT) and Lift Technologies Improve Power Delivery and Fuel Economy
    • OEM Focus on Reducing Emissions and Meeting Stringent Norms Drives Adoption of Lightweight, Heat-Resistant Valves
    • Increased Use of Engine Downsizing and Start-Stop Systems Encourages Innovation in Fast-Acting Valve Mechanisms
    • Expansion of Direct Injection Technology in Gasoline Engines Boosts Demand for High-Durability Valve Materials
    • Development of Sodium-Filled and Hollow Valves Supports Thermal Regulation in High-Performance Engines
    • Growth in Electric Vehicle Thermal and Cabin Management Applications Spurs Demand for Electronic Control Valves
    • Rising Demand for Quiet Operation and Reduced Vibrations Promotes Use of Optimized Valve Designs in Passenger Cars
    • Surge in High-Mileage Vehicle Use Expands Aftermarket for Valve Replacements and Valve Seat Refurbishment
    • Emergence of Camless Valve Actuation Concepts Encourages R&D Into Electromagnetic and Hydraulic Valve Technologies
  • 4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE
    • TABLE 1: World Passenger Car Valves Market Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2030
    • TABLE 2: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 3: World Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 4: World 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 5: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for SUV by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 6: World Historic Review for SUV by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 7: World 16-Year Perspective for SUV by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 8: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Sedan by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 9: World Historic Review for Sedan by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 10: World 16-Year Perspective for Sedan by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 11: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hatchback by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 12: World Historic Review for Hatchback by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 13: World 16-Year Perspective for Hatchback by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 14: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for MUV by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 15: World Historic Review for MUV by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 16: World 16-Year Perspective for MUV by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 17: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Fuel System Valves Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 18: World Historic Review for Fuel System Valves Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 19: World 16-Year Perspective for Fuel System Valves Application by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 20: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for EGR Valves Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 21: World Historic Review for EGR Valves Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 22: World 16-Year Perspective for EGR Valves Application by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 23: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Other Applications by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 24: World Historic Review for Other Applications by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 25: World 16-Year Perspective for Other Applications by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 26: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Engine Valves Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 27: World Historic Review for Engine Valves Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 28: World 16-Year Perspective for Engine Valves Application by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 29: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Air Conditioning Valves Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 30: World Historic Review for Air Conditioning Valves Application by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 31: World 16-Year Perspective for Air Conditioning Valves Application by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 32: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Pneumatic Function by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 33: World Historic Review for Pneumatic Function by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 34: World 16-Year Perspective for Pneumatic Function by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 35: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Hydraulic Function by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 36: World Historic Review for Hydraulic Function by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 37: World 16-Year Perspective for Hydraulic Function by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 38: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Electric Function by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 39: World Historic Review for Electric Function by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 40: World 16-Year Perspective for Electric Function by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030

III. MARKET ANALYSIS

  • UNITED STATES
    • Passenger Car Valves Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United States for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 41: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 42: USA Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 43: USA 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 44: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 45: USA Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 46: USA 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 47: USA Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 48: USA Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 49: USA 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • CANADA
    • TABLE 50: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 51: Canada Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 52: Canada 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 53: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 54: Canada Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 55: Canada 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 56: Canada Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 57: Canada Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 58: Canada 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • JAPAN
    • Passenger Car Valves Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Japan for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 59: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 60: Japan Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 61: Japan 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 62: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 63: Japan Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 64: Japan 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 65: Japan Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 66: Japan Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 67: Japan 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • CHINA
    • Passenger Car Valves Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in China for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 68: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 69: China Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 70: China 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 71: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 72: China Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 73: China 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 74: China Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 75: China Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 76: China 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • EUROPE
    • Passenger Car Valves Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Europe for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 77: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 78: Europe Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 79: Europe 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia and Rest of Europe Markets for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 80: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 81: Europe Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 82: Europe 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 83: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 84: Europe Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 85: Europe 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 86: Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 87: Europe Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 88: Europe 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • FRANCE
    • Passenger Car Valves Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in France for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 89: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 90: France Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 91: France 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 92: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 93: France Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 94: France 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 95: France Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 96: France Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 97: France 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • GERMANY
    • Passenger Car Valves Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Germany for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 98: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 99: Germany Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 100: Germany 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 101: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 102: Germany Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 103: Germany 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 104: Germany Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 105: Germany Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 106: Germany 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • ITALY
    • TABLE 107: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 108: Italy Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 109: Italy 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 110: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 111: Italy Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 112: Italy 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 113: Italy Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 114: Italy Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 115: Italy 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • UNITED KINGDOM
    • Passenger Car Valves Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in the United Kingdom for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 116: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 117: UK Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 118: UK 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 119: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 120: UK Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 121: UK 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 122: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 123: UK Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 124: UK 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • SPAIN
    • TABLE 125: Spain Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 126: Spain Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 127: Spain 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 128: Spain Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 129: Spain Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 130: Spain 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 131: Spain Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 132: Spain Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 133: Spain 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • RUSSIA
    • TABLE 134: Russia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 135: Russia Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 136: Russia 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 137: Russia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 138: Russia Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 139: Russia 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 140: Russia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 141: Russia Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 142: Russia 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF EUROPE
    • TABLE 143: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 144: Rest of Europe Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 145: Rest of Europe 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 146: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 147: Rest of Europe Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 148: Rest of Europe 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 149: Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 150: Rest of Europe Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 151: Rest of Europe 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • ASIA-PACIFIC
    • Passenger Car Valves Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Asia-Pacific for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 152: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Geographic Region - Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 153: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Geographic Region - Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 154: Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Australia, India, South Korea and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 155: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 156: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 157: Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 158: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 159: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 160: Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 161: Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 162: Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 163: Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • AUSTRALIA
    • Passenger Car Valves Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Australia for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 164: Australia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 165: Australia Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 166: Australia 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 167: Australia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 168: Australia Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 169: Australia 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 170: Australia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 171: Australia Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 172: Australia 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • INDIA
    • Passenger Car Valves Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in India for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 173: India Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 174: India Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 175: India 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 176: India Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 177: India Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 178: India 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 179: India Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 180: India Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 181: India 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • SOUTH KOREA
    • TABLE 182: South Korea Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 183: South Korea Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 184: South Korea 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 185: South Korea Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 186: South Korea Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 187: South Korea 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 188: South Korea Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 189: South Korea Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 190: South Korea 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC
    • TABLE 191: Rest of Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 192: Rest of Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 193: Rest of Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 194: Rest of Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 195: Rest of Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 196: Rest of Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 197: Rest of Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 198: Rest of Asia-Pacific Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 199: Rest of Asia-Pacific 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • LATIN AMERICA
    • Passenger Car Valves Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Latin America for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 200: Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Geographic Region - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 201: Latin America Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Geographic Region - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 202: Latin America 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Rest of Latin America Markets for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 203: Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 204: Latin America Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 205: Latin America 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 206: Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 207: Latin America Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 208: Latin America 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 209: Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 210: Latin America Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 211: Latin America 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • ARGENTINA
    • TABLE 212: Argentina Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 213: Argentina Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 214: Argentina 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 215: Argentina Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 216: Argentina Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 217: Argentina 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 218: Argentina Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 219: Argentina Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 220: Argentina 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • BRAZIL
    • TABLE 221: Brazil Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 222: Brazil Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 223: Brazil 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 224: Brazil Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 225: Brazil Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 226: Brazil 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 227: Brazil Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 228: Brazil Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 229: Brazil 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • MEXICO
    • TABLE 230: Mexico Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 231: Mexico Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 232: Mexico 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 233: Mexico Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 234: Mexico Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 235: Mexico 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 236: Mexico Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 237: Mexico Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 238: Mexico 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF LATIN AMERICA
    • TABLE 239: Rest of Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 240: Rest of Latin America Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 241: Rest of Latin America 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 242: Rest of Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 243: Rest of Latin America Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 244: Rest of Latin America 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 245: Rest of Latin America Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 246: Rest of Latin America Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 247: Rest of Latin America 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • MIDDLE EAST
    • Passenger Car Valves Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Middle East for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 248: Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Geographic Region - Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 249: Middle East Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Geographic Region - Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 250: Middle East 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Rest of Middle East Markets for Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 251: Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 252: Middle East Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 253: Middle East 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 254: Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 255: Middle East Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 256: Middle East 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 257: Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 258: Middle East Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 259: Middle East 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • IRAN
    • TABLE 260: Iran Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 261: Iran Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 262: Iran 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 263: Iran Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 264: Iran Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 265: Iran 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 266: Iran Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 267: Iran Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 268: Iran 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • ISRAEL
    • TABLE 269: Israel Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 270: Israel Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 271: Israel 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 272: Israel Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 273: Israel Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 274: Israel 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 275: Israel Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 276: Israel Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 277: Israel 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • SAUDI ARABIA
    • TABLE 278: Saudi Arabia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 279: Saudi Arabia Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 280: Saudi Arabia 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 281: Saudi Arabia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 282: Saudi Arabia Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 283: Saudi Arabia 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 284: Saudi Arabia Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 285: Saudi Arabia Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 286: Saudi Arabia 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
    • TABLE 287: UAE Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 288: UAE Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 289: UAE 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 290: UAE Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 291: UAE Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 292: UAE 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 293: UAE Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 294: UAE Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 295: UAE 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • REST OF MIDDLE EAST
    • TABLE 296: Rest of Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 297: Rest of Middle East Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 298: Rest of Middle East 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 299: Rest of Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 300: Rest of Middle East Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 301: Rest of Middle East 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 302: Rest of Middle East Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 303: Rest of Middle East Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 304: Rest of Middle East 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
  • AFRICA
    • Passenger Car Valves Market Presence - Strong/Active/Niche/Trivial - Key Competitors in Africa for 2025 (E)
    • TABLE 305: Africa Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 306: Africa Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 307: Africa 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Vehicle Type - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for SUV, Sedan, Hatchback and MUV for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 308: Africa Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 309: Africa Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 310: Africa 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Fuel System Valves Application, EGR Valves Application, Other Applications, Engine Valves Application and Air Conditioning Valves Application for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030
    • TABLE 311: Africa Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for the Years 2024 through 2030 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 312: Africa Historic Review for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Sales in US$ Million for Years 2014 through 2023 and % CAGR
    • TABLE 313: Africa 16-Year Perspective for Passenger Car Valves by Function - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Pneumatic Function, Hydraulic Function and Electric Function for the Years 2014, 2025 & 2030

IV. COMPETITION