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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
2084006

全球石墨烯市場（2027-2037 年）

The Global Graphene Market 2027-2037
出版日期: | 出版商: Future Markets, Inc. | 英文 578 Pages, 202 Tables, 64 Figures | 訂單完成後即時交付

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石墨烯市場已進入商業化的關鍵階段。石墨烯曾一度被認為僅具有實驗室潛力且前景不明朗，但自2004年首次被分離為單層碳材料以來，如今已成為日益普及的工業現實，被（通常以隱形的方式）應用於電池、塗層、複合材料、混凝土、感測器、溫度控管系統等領域。全球需求量在2020年代中期僅為數千噸，預計未來十年將成長十倍以上，複合年成長率約為30-40%（具體數值取決於定義和資訊來源）。

推動石墨烯加速發展的因素很多。首先是成本。採用乾式製程、廢棄物和甲烷分解技術的生產商正在將石墨烯的價格降低到與現有導電碳材料相當的水平，使其能夠進入對價格敏感、需求量大的市場，例如聚合物添加劑、建築和輪胎。其次，性能驅動的需求不斷成長，這主要得益於兩大趨勢：交通運輸和電網的電氣化，以及人工智慧（AI）資料中心巨大的能源需求。這些趨勢使得石墨烯增強型陽極、超級電容、散熱器和導熱塗層等產品真正具有價值，而不僅僅是新奇事物。第三是標準化。成熟的ISO表徵標準最終使買家能夠清楚地指定和檢驗其採購的產品，從而消除了長期以來阻礙石墨烯應用的障礙。

市場呈現明顯的兩極化。通用型材料——奈米片、氧化石墨烯和還原氧化石墨烯——佔了總出貨量，正迅速走向商品化，並在塗料、複合材料和混凝土領域面臨激烈的價格競爭。同時，高階材料——化學氣相沉積薄膜、純淨薄片和量子點——在電子、光電、量子裝置和生物醫學等領域保持高價值，在這些領域，裝置性能而非材料成本決定著價格。因此，銷售排名與產量排名正好相反。儲能、塗料和建築業在產量方面領先，而電子、光電子、溫度控管和生命科學領域的產品價值與其產量相比則顯著更高。

石墨烯商業化進程正逐步取得里程碑式的進展：石墨烯塗層獲得監管部門批准、產能擴大至每年數百噸、首次開展人體臨床試驗，以及獲得政府和創業投資的巨額資金籌措。然而，挑戰依然存在，包括品質不穩定、通用型石墨烯產能過剩、來自MXene和六方晶系等2D材料的競爭，以及半導體和量子應用領域的漫長研發週期。

競爭格局包括成熟的製造商、苦苦掙扎的傳統企業，以及大量資金雄厚的新興參與企業湧入電池、光電、神經介面和半導體領域。從地緣政治角度來看，石墨烯正日益被視為一種戰略材料，歐洲、北美和亞洲正在加大對本土及廢棄物衍生供應鏈的投入。發展方向清晰可見：石墨烯正從一種前景廣闊的奈米材料轉型為電氣化和人工智慧時代不可或缺的基礎技術。

「全球石墨烯市場（2027-2037）」是一份全面的市場研究報告，檢驗了石墨烯及更廣泛的2D材料產業在未來十年向商業化規模擴張的關鍵時期。報告基於最新的生產、定價、資金籌措和應用數據，為生產商、投資者、終端用戶和政策制定者等決策者提供詳細、量化且前瞻性的評估，闡明石墨烯的價值所在以及哪些方面仍被炒作所掩蓋。

本報告包含以下內容：

  • 全球石墨烯市場預測至 2037 年（產量（噸）和銷售額（美元）），包括 2018 年以來的歷史數據。按石墨烯類型和所有終端用途市場進行細分。
  • 本報告對 11 種石墨烯（氧化石墨烯、奈米片、原始石墨烯、CVD 石墨烯、量子點、功能化石墨烯、奈米帶、還原氧化石墨烯、3D 泡沫/海綿、液晶和混合石墨烯）的需求和銷售數據進行了分類，並說明了它們的特性、製造方法和應用。
  • 我們對石墨烯與其他2D材料（六方晶系、MXene、過渡金屬二硫化物、黑磷等）進行了比較分析，以闡明石墨烯的優勢和局限性。
  • 對於每項主要應用，我們將評估其技術成熟度（TRL），並對其相對於競爭材料的技術優勢進行比較分析。
  • 本文詳細說明了石墨烯製造過程（CVD、液相剝離、閃速焦耳加熱、環路甲烷裂解、ALD），並討論了其對成本和品質的影響。
  • 全球領先製造商的生產能力數據。包括區域細分、技術配置以及通用等級產品過剩產能的分析。
  • 除了按等級（CVD薄膜、原始薄片、多層、奈米片、GO、rGO）進行全面的價格分析外，我們還包括歷史趨勢和未來預測。
  • 資金籌措和投資資訊：政府計劃、2024-2026 年的風險投資和企業資金籌措輪次、上市石墨烯公司，以及正在改變該行業的夥伴關係、許可協議和收購。
  • 將石墨烯應用於商業產品的目錄，包括塗料、電池、複合材料、電子產品和紡織品。
  • 對14個終端應用市場（儲能、複合材料、光電子及感測器、電子產品、薄膜及過濾、積層製造、建築、生命科學、塗料及塗層、黏合劑、溫度控管、電磁干擾屏蔽、紡織品和橡膠）進行了詳細分析。針對每個市場，提供了市場機會、銷售及收入預測以及細分市場的詳細資訊。
  • 市場參與者名單，詳細列出活躍於各個應用領域的公司名稱。
  • 依石墨烯類型和產業進行SWOT分析和市場機會評估。
  • 這是一份全面的公司簡介目錄，涵蓋了成熟的製造商、新興企業以及特殊案例（被收購、陷入困境或被取代的公司）。內容包括技術、產品、市場、資金籌措和聯絡資訊等詳細資訊。收錄的公司包括：3DC、Adisyn、Archer Materials、Argo Graphene Solutions、Avadain、BeDimensional SpA、Black Swan Graphene、CamGraPhIC、Concretene、Danish Graphene、First Graphene、GIT Coatings、Grapherry、Graphene Manufacturing Material Technologie、Levidian、Lyten、NanoXplore、Nova Graphene、Paragraf Plaid Technologies、Premier Graphene、Sea Further、SHT Smart High-Tech、The Sixth Element、Skeleton Technologies、Solidion Technology、Sparc Technologies、台灣碳材料股份有限公司 (TT TechnologiesCMC)、Vorbeck Technologies、Zo​​tents、Zo​​t插, Tok TechnologiesCMC、Vorerials、Zo Technologies、Vorbeckerials、T TechnologiesCMC、Vorbeckerials、Zo Technologiesk、Zerials、Zo Technologiesk、Zerialk、Zerialk、Zal、Vorbeck）。
  • 評估關鍵成長要素（人工智慧驅動的溫度控管、儲能、低碳建築、高價值電子產品、生物醫學）和風險（品質波動、產能過剩、2D材料的競爭、半導體開發週期延長）。

目錄

第1章：引言

  • 先進碳材料
  • 石墨烯和其他2D材料
  • 石墨烯的類型
    • 氧化石墨烯（GO）
    • 石墨烯奈米微片（GNP）
    • 純石墨烯
    • 化學氣相沉積石墨烯
    • 石墨烯量子點
    • 功能化石墨烯
    • 石墨烯奈米帶
    • 還原氧化石墨烯
    • 3D石墨烯泡沫/海綿
    • 石墨烯液晶顯示器
    • 混合石墨烯
  • 石墨烯市場
  • 全球石墨烯產量（噸）
    • 不同類型的石墨烯
    • 按最終用戶市場分類
  • 生產成本

第2章：石墨烯的資金籌措與投資

  • 政府資助
  • 創業投資和企業投資
  • 上市石墨烯公司
  • 商業合作與授權合約

第3章：石墨烯產品

  • 商業產品
  • 商業化生產能力
    • 關於產能的考量
    • 區域生產概覽
    • 生產技術分佈
    • 生產挑戰與市場現實

第4章 石墨烯的定價

  • 概述
  • 價格決定因素
  • 石墨烯價格趨勢

第5章 市場與應用

  • 儲能和能源產出
  • 複合材料和塑膠
  • 光電子學和感測器
  • 電子學
  • 薄膜和過濾
  • 積層製造
  • 建材
  • 生命科學/生物醫學
  • 油漆和塗料
  • 黏合劑、密封劑、潤滑劑
  • 溫度控管
  • 電磁干擾（EMI）屏蔽
  • 紡織品和穿戴式產品
  • 橡膠和合成纖維

第6章：石墨烯相關企業簡介（395公司簡介）

第7章參考文獻

The graphene market has entered a decisive phase of commercialisation. Once defined by laboratory promise and inflated expectations, graphene — the single-layer carbon material first isolated in 2004 — is now a growing industrial reality, embedded (often invisibly) in batteries, coatings, composites, concrete, sensors and thermal-management systems. Global demand, measured in the low thousands of tonnes in the mid-2020s, is forecast to expand more than tenfold over the following decade, with compound annual growth rates clustering around 30–40% depending on definition and source.

Several forces drive this acceleration. The first is cost: producers using dry-process, waste-feedstock and methane-cracking routes are pushing graphene toward parity with incumbent conductive carbons, unlocking price-sensitive, high-volume markets such as polymer additives, construction and tyres. The second is performance pull from two megatrends — the electrification of transport and grids, and the energy hunger of artificial-intelligence data centres — which have made graphene-enhanced anodes, supercapacitors, heat spreaders and thermal coatings genuinely valuable rather than merely novel. The third is standardisation: maturing ISO characterisation standards finally let buyers specify and verify what they purchase, removing a long-standing barrier to adoption.

The market is distinctly two-tiered. Commodity grades — nanoplatelets, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide — dominate tonnage and are commoditising fast, competing on price in coatings, composites and concrete. A premium tier — CVD films, pristine flakes and quantum dots — retains high value in electronics, photonics, quantum devices and biomedicine, where device performance, not material cost, sets the price. Consequently, revenue rankings invert volume rankings: energy storage, coatings and construction lead on tonnage, while electronics, optoelectronics, thermal management and life sciences capture disproportionate value.

Commercial milestones are accumulating: regulatory approvals for graphene coatings, capacity expansions to hundreds of tonnes per year, first-in-human medical trials, and substantial state and venture funding. Yet challenges persist — quality variability, overcapacity in commodity grades, competition from rival 2D materials such as MXenes and hexagonal boron nitride, and the long timelines of semiconductor and quantum applications.

The competitive landscape spans established producers, distressed legacy players, and a wave of well-funded newcomers in batteries, photonics, neural interfaces and semiconductors. Geopolitically, graphene is increasingly treated as a strategic material, with Europe, North America and Asia funding domestic, waste-derived supply chains. The direction is unmistakable: graphene is transitioning from a promising nanomaterial into an indispensable enabler of the electrification and AI era.

The Global Graphene Market 2027–2037 is a comprehensive market-intelligence report examining the graphene and wider 2D-materials industry across a critical decade of commercial scale-up. Drawing on the latest production, pricing, funding and application data, it gives decision-makers — producers, investors, end-users and policymakers — a detailed, quantified and forward-looking assessment of where graphene creates value, and where hype still outpaces reality.

The report includes:

  • Global graphene market forecasts to 2037, in both volume (tonnes) and revenue (US$), with historical data from 2018 — segmented by graphene type and across all end-use markets.
  • Demand and revenue broken out by 11 graphene types — graphene oxide, nanoplatelets, pristine, CVD, quantum dots, functionalized, nanoribbons, reduced GO, 3D foams/sponges, liquid crystals and hybrid graphene — including properties, production methods and applications for each.
  • A comparative analysis of graphene versus other 2D materials (hexagonal boron nitride, MXenes, transition-metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus and others), positioning graphene's strengths and limitations.
  • Technology Readiness Level (TRL) assessments and technical-gain-versus-competing-materials analysis for every major application.
  • Detailed coverage of graphene production processes — CVD, liquid-phase exfoliation, flash Joule heating, LOOP methane cracking and ALD — and what they mean for cost and quality.
  • Production-capacity data for the world's leading producers, with regional breakdown, technology distribution, and analysis of commodity-grade overcapacity.
  • A full pricing analysis by grade (CVD films, pristine flakes, few-layer, nanoplatelets, GO and rGO), with historical trends and forward projections.
  • Funding and investment intelligence: government programmes, 2024–2026 venture and corporate rounds, publicly listed graphene companies, and the partnerships, licence deals and acquisitions reshaping the sector.
  • A directory of commercial products already incorporating graphene, across coatings, batteries, composites, electronics, textiles and more.
  • In-depth analysis of 14 end-use markets — energy storage, composites, optoelectronics & sensors, electronics, membranes & filtration, additive manufacturing, construction, life sciences, paints & coatings, adhesives, thermal management, EMI shielding, textiles, and rubber — each with market opportunities, volume/revenue forecasts and sub-segment detail.
  • Market-player tables naming the active companies in each application area.
  • SWOT analysis and market-opportunity assessment per graphene type and sector.
  • A comprehensive company-profile directory covering established producers, emerging players and special-case entries (acquired, distressed or replaced), with technology, products, markets, funding and contact details. Companies profiled include 3DC, Adisyn, Archer Materials, Argo Graphene Solutions, Avadain, BeDimensional S.p.A., Black Swan Graphene, CamGraPhIC, Concretene, Danish Graphene, First Graphene, GIT Coatings, Grapherry, Graphene Manufacturing Group (GMG), Graphene Square, Graphenory, GTechPlasma, HydroGraph, INTRATOMICS Advanced Material Technologie, Levidian, Lyten, NanoXplore, Nova Graphene, Paragraf Plaid Technologies, Premier Graphene, Sea Further, SHT Smart High-Tech, The Sixth Element, Skeleton Technologies, Solidion Technology, Sparc Technologies, Taiwan Carbon Materials Corporation (TCMC), Volt Carbon Technologies, Vorbeck Materials, Zentek and more
  • Assessment of the key growth drivers (AI-driven thermal management, energy storage, low-carbon construction, high-value electronics and biomedicine) and the risks (quality variability, overcapacity, competition from rival 2D materials, long semiconductor timelines).

Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION

  • 1.1 Advanced Carbon Materials
  • 1.2 Graphene and Other 2D materials
  • 1.3 Types of Graphene
    • 1.3.1 Graphene Oxide (GO)
      • 1.3.1.1 Applications and TRL
      • 1.3.1.2 Market Opportunities
      • 1.3.1.3 SWOT
    • 1.3.2 Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs)
      • 1.3.2.1 Applications and TRL
      • 1.3.2.2 Market Opportunities
      • 1.3.2.3 SWOT
    • 1.3.3 Pristine Graphene
      • 1.3.3.1 Applications & TRL
      • 1.3.3.2 Market Opportunities
      • 1.3.3.3 SWOT
    • 1.3.4 CVD Graphene
      • 1.3.4.1 Applications and TRL
      • 1.3.4.2 Market Opportunities
      • 1.3.4.3 SWOT
    • 1.3.5 Graphene Quantum Dots
      • 1.3.5.1 Production Methods
      • 1.3.5.2 Applications and TRL
      • 1.3.5.3 Market Opportunities
      • 1.3.5.4 SWOT
    • 1.3.6 Functionalized Graphene
      • 1.3.6.1 Types of Functionalization
      • 1.3.6.2 Applications and TRL
      • 1.3.6.3 Market Opportunities
      • 1.3.6.4 SWOT
    • 1.3.7 Graphene Nanoribbons
      • 1.3.7.1 Edge Configurations
      • 1.3.7.2 Production Methods
      • 1.3.7.3 Applications and TRL
      • 1.3.7.4 Market Opportunities
      • 1.3.7.5 SWOT
    • 1.3.8 Reduced Graphene Oxide
      • 1.3.8.1 Reduction Methods
      • 1.3.8.2 Applications and TRL
      • 1.3.8.3 Market Opportunities
      • 1.3.8.4 SWOT
    • 1.3.9 3D Graphene Foams/Sponges
      • 1.3.9.1 Synthesis Approaches
      • 1.3.9.2 Applications and TRL
      • 1.3.9.3 Market Opportunities
      • 1.3.9.4 SWOT
    • 1.3.10 Graphene Liquid Crystals
      • 1.3.10.1 Formation Mechanisms
      • 1.3.10.2 Applications and TRL
      • 1.3.10.3 Market Opportunities
      • 1.3.10.4 SWOT
    • 1.3.11 Hybrid Graphene
      • 1.3.11.1 Applications and TRL
      • 1.3.11.2 Market Opportunities
      • 1.3.11.3 SWOT
  • 1.4 The Graphene Market in
  • 1.5 Global Graphene Production (Tons)
    • 1.5.1 By Type of Graphene
    • 1.5.2 By End User Market
  • 1.6 Cost of Production

2 GRAPHENE FUNDING AND INVESTMENT

  • 2.1 Government Funding
    • 2.1.1 Major Government Initiatives
    • 2.1.2 Government Funding Trends and Impact
  • 2.2 VC and Company Investment
    • 2.2.1 Major Funding Rounds 2024-2026
  • 2.3 Publicly Listed Graphene Companies
    • 2.3.1 Major Publicly Listed Companies
    • 2.3.2 Public Market Considerations
  • 2.4 Commercial Partnerships and Licence Agreements
    • 2.4.1 Partnership Models
      • 2.4.1.1 Joint Development Agreements (JDAs)
      • 2.4.1.2 Technology Licensing
      • 2.4.1.3 Supply and Distribution Agreements
      • 2.4.1.4 Strategic Corporate Partnerships
    • 2.4.2 Notable Commercial Partnerships

3 GRAPHENE PRODUCTS

  • 3.1 Commercial Products
  • 3.2 Commercial Production Capacities
    • 3.2.1 Production Capacity Considerations
    • 3.2.2 Regional Production Overview
    • 3.2.3 Production Technology Distribution
    • 3.2.4 Production Challenges and Market Realities
      • 3.2.4.1 Overcapacity Situation
      • 3.2.4.2 Production Scalability

4 GRAPHENE PRICING

  • 4.1 Overview
  • 4.2 Pricing factors
  • 4.3 Graphene Pricing Landscape

5 MARKETS AND APPLICATIONS

  • 5.1 Energy Storage & Energy Generation
    • 5.1.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries
      • 5.1.1.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
        • 5.1.1.1.1 Competing Materials Assessment
      • 5.1.1.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.1.1.3 Market Opportunities for Graphene in Li-Ion Batteries
      • 5.1.1.4 Market Players in Graphene Li-Ion Batteries
    • 5.1.2 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
      • 5.1.2.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
      • 5.1.2.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.1.2.3 Roadmap
      • 5.1.2.4 Market Opportunities
      • 5.1.2.5 Market Players
    • 5.1.3 Sodium-Air Batteries
      • 5.1.3.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
      • 5.1.3.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.1.3.3 Roadmap
      • 5.1.3.4 Market Opportunities
      • 5.1.3.5 Market Players
    • 5.1.4 Supercapacitors
      • 5.1.4.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
      • 5.1.4.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.1.4.3 Roadmap
      • 5.1.4.4 Market Opportunities
    • 5.1.5 Fuel Cells
      • 5.1.5.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
      • 5.1.5.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.1.5.3 Roadmap
      • 5.1.5.4 Market Opportunities
    • 5.1.6 Solar Cells
      • 5.1.6.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
      • 5.1.6.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.1.6.3 Roadmap
      • 5.1.6.4 Market Opportunities
      • 5.1.6.5 Market Players
    • 5.1.7 Hydrogen Storage
      • 5.1.7.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
      • 5.1.7.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.1.7.3 Roadmap
      • 5.1.7.4 Market Opportunities
      • 5.1.7.5 Market Players
    • 5.1.8 Global Market Size
  • 5.2 Composites & Plastics
    • 5.2.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
    • 5.2.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.2.2.1 Automotive Composites
      • 5.2.2.2 Aerospace Composites
      • 5.2.2.3 Sports Equipment
      • 5.2.2.4 Marine Composites
      • 5.2.2.5 Thermoplastic Composites
      • 5.2.2.6 Thermoset Composites
      • 5.2.2.7 Fiber-Reinforced Plastics
    • 5.2.3 Conductive Plastics
    • 5.2.4 Roadmap
    • 5.2.5 Market Opportunities
    • 5.2.6 Market Players
    • 5.2.7 Global Market Size
  • 5.3 Optoelectronics & Sensors
    • 5.3.1 Photodetectors
      • 5.3.1.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
      • 5.3.1.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.3.1.3 Roadmap
      • 5.3.1.4 Market Opportunities
      • 5.3.1.5 Market Players
    • 5.3.2 Transparent Conductive Films
      • 5.3.2.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
      • 5.3.2.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.3.2.3 Roadmap
      • 5.3.2.4 Market Opportunities
      • 5.3.2.5 Market Players
    • 5.3.3 Biosensors
      • 5.3.3.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
      • 5.3.3.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.3.3.3 Roadmap
      • 5.3.3.4 Market Opportunities
      • 5.3.3.5 Market Players
    • 5.3.4 Gas Sensors
      • 5.3.4.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
      • 5.3.4.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.3.4.3 Roadmap
      • 5.3.4.4 Market Opportunities
      • 5.3.4.5 Market Players
    • 5.3.5 Optical Communications
      • 5.3.5.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
      • 5.3.5.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.3.5.3 Roadmap
      • 5.3.5.4 Market Opportunities
      • 5.3.5.5 Market Players
    • 5.3.6 Global Market Size
  • 5.4 Electronics
    • 5.4.1 Transistors and Semiconductors
      • 5.4.1.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
        • 5.4.1.1.1 Competing Materials Assessment
      • 5.4.1.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.4.1.3 Roadmap
      • 5.4.1.4 Market Opportunities
      • 5.4.1.5 Market Players
    • 5.4.2 Flexible Electronics
      • 5.4.2.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
        • 5.4.2.1.1 Competing Materials Assessment:
      • 5.4.2.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.4.2.3 Roadmap
      • 5.4.2.4 Market Opportunities
      • 5.4.2.5 Market Players
    • 5.4.3 Memory Devices
      • 5.4.3.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
        • 5.4.3.1.1 Competing Materials Assessment
      • 5.4.3.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.4.3.3 Roadmap
      • 5.4.3.4 Market Opportunities
      • 5.4.3.5 Market Players
    • 5.4.4 Conductive Inks
      • 5.4.4.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
        • 5.4.4.1.1 Competing Materials Assessment
      • 5.4.4.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.4.4.3 Roadmap
      • 5.4.4.4 Market Opportunities
      • 5.4.4.5 Market Players
    • 5.4.5 Global Market Size
  • 5.5 Membranes & Filtration
    • 5.5.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
        • 5.5.1.1.1 Competing Materials Assessment
    • 5.5.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.5.2.1 Water Desalination
      • 5.5.2.2 Water Purification
      • 5.5.2.3 Gas Separation
      • 5.5.2.4 Oil-Water Separation
      • 5.5.2.5 Air Filtration
      • 5.5.2.6 Virus and Bacteria Filtration
      • 5.5.2.7 Industrial Process Filtration
    • 5.5.3 Roadmap
    • 5.5.4 Market Opportunities
    • 5.5.5 Market Players
    • 5.5.6 Global Market Size
  • 5.6 Additive Manufacturing
    • 5.6.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
        • 5.6.1.1.1 Competing Materials Assessment
    • 5.6.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.6.2.1 Filament Materials
      • 5.6.2.2 Resin Systems
      • 5.6.2.3 Metal Printing
      • 5.6.2.4 Conductive Inks
      • 5.6.2.5 Bioprinting
      • 5.6.2.6 Aerospace Components
      • 5.6.2.7 Automotive Parts
      • 5.6.2.8 Electronic Components
    • 5.6.3 Roadmap
    • 5.6.4 Market Opportunities
    • 5.6.5 Market Players
    • 5.6.6 Global Market Size
  • 5.7 Construction Materials
    • 5.7.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
    • 5.7.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.7.2.1 Concrete Enhancement
      • 5.7.2.2 Asphalt Modification
      • 5.7.2.3 Smart Building Materials
      • 5.7.2.4 3D Printing Construction
      • 5.7.2.5 Protective Coatings
      • 5.7.2.6 Thermal Management
      • 5.7.2.7 Structural Monitoring
    • 5.7.3 Roadmap
    • 5.7.4 Market Opportunities
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 5.7.6 Market Players
    • 5.7.7 Global Market Size
  • 5.8 Life Sciences & Bio-Medicine
    • 5.8.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
    • 5.8.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.8.2.1 Drug Delivery Systems
      • 5.8.2.2 Biosensors
      • 5.8.2.3 Medical Imaging
      • 5.8.2.4 Tissue Engineering
      • 5.8.2.5 Medical Implants
      • 5.8.2.6 Gene Therapy
      • 5.8.2.7 Antibacterial Applications
      • 5.8.2.8 Cancer Treatment
      • 5.8.2.9 Neural Interfaces
    • 5.8.3 Roadmap
    • 5.8.4 Market Opportunities
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 5.8.6 Market Players
    • 5.8.7 Global Market Size
  • 5.9 Paints and Coatings
    • 5.9.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
    • 5.9.2 Applications and TRL
      • 5.9.2.1 Anti-Corrosion Coatings
      • 5.9.2.2 Conductive Coatings
      • 5.9.2.3 Thermal Barrier Coatings
      • 5.9.2.4 Anti-Fouling Coatings
      • 5.9.2.5 Scratch-Resistant Coatings
      • 5.9.2.6 Flame Retardant Coatings
      • 5.9.2.7 High-Performance Adhesives
    • 5.9.3 Roadmap
    • 5.9.4 Market Opportunities
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 5.9.6 Market Players
    • 5.9.7 Global Market Size
  • 5.10 Adhesives, Sealants and Lubricants
    • 5.10.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
    • 5.10.2 Applications and TRL
    • 5.10.3 Roadmap
    • 5.10.4 Market Opportunities
    • 5.10.5 Market Player
    • 5.10.6 Global Market Size
  • 5.11 Thermal Management
    • 5.11.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
    • 5.11.2 Applications and TRL
    • 5.11.3 Roadmap
    • 5.11.4 Market Opportunities
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 5.11.6 Market Players
    • 5.11.7 Global Market Size
  • 5.12 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding
    • 5.12.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
    • 5.12.2 Applications and TRL
    • 5.12.3 Roadmap
    • 5.12.4 Market Opportunities
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 5.12.6 Market Players
    • 5.12.7 Global Market Size
  • 5.13 Textiles and Wearables
    • 5.13.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
    • 5.13.2 Applications and TRL
    • 5.13.3 Roadmap
    • 5.13.4 Market Opportunities
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 5.13.6 Market Players
    • 5.13.7 Global Market Size
  • 5.14 Rubber and Synthetics
    • 5.14.1 Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials
    • 5.14.2 Applications and TRL
    • 5.14.3 Roadmap
    • 5.14.4 Market Opportunities
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
    • 5.14.6 Market Players
    • 5.14.7 Global Market Size

6 GRAPHENE COMPANY PROFILES (395 company profiles)

7 REFERENCES

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Types of advanced carbon materials, properties and applications.
  • Table 2. Comparative Analysis: Graphene vs. Other 2D Materials
  • Table 3. Different Types of Graphene and Use Cases.
  • Table 4. Graphene Oxide (GO) Applications & TRL
  • Table 5. Graphene Oxide (GO) Market Opportunities
  • Table 6. Graphene Oxide (GO) SWOT
  • Table 7. Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) Applications & TRL
  • Table 8. Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) Market Opportunities
  • Table 9. Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) SWOT
  • Table 10. Pristine Graphene Applications & TRL
  • Table 11. Pristine Graphene Market Opportunities
  • Table 12. Pristine Graphene SWOT
  • Table 13. CVD Graphene Applications & TRL
  • Table 14. CVD Graphene Market Opportunities
  • Table 15. CVD Graphene SWOT
  • Table 16. Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) Applications & TRL
  • Table 17. Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) Market Opportunities
  • Table 18. Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) SWOT
  • Table 19. Functionalized Graphene Applications & TRL
  • Table 20. Functionalized Graphene Market Opportunities
  • Table 21. Functionalized Graphene SWOT
  • Table 22. Graphene Nanoribbons (GNRs) Applications & TRL
  • Table 23. Graphene Nanoribbons (GNRs) Market Opportunities
  • Table 24. Graphene Nanoribbons (GNRs) SWOT
  • Table 25. Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Applications & TRL
  • Table 26. Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Market Opportunities
  • Table 27. Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) SWOT
  • Table 28. 3D Graphene Foams / Sponges Applications & TRL
  • Table 29. 3D Graphene Foams / Sponges Market Opportunities
  • Table 30. 3D Graphene Foams / Sponges SWOT
  • Table 31. Graphene Liquid Crystals Applications and TRL
  • Table 32. Graphene Liquid Crystals Market Opportunities
  • Table 33. Graphene Liquid Crystals SWOT
  • Table 34. Hybrid Graphene Applications & TRL
  • Table 35. Hybrid Graphene Market Opportunities
  • Table 36. Hybrid Graphene SWOT
  • Table 37. Global Graphene Demand by Type, 2018–2037 (tons)
  • Table 38. Global Graphene Demand by End User Market, 2018–2037 (tons)
  • Table 39. Cost Structure for Graphene Production.
  • Table 40. Graphene company funding 2022-2025.
  • Table 41. Publicly Listed Graphene Companies
  • Table 42. Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets.
  • Table 43. Commercial products incorporating graphene.
  • Table 44. Major Graphene Producers - Production Capacities (2025 Updated).
  • Table 45. Graphene Price Ranges Summary (2026).
  • Table 46. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Li-Ion Batteries
  • Table 47. Applications and TRL for Graphene in Li-Ion Batteries.
  • Table 48. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Li-Ion Batteries
  • Table 49. Market Players in Graphene Li-Ion Batteries
  • Table 50. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.
  • Table 51. Applications and TRL Graphene in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.
  • Table 52. Market players in Graphene in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.
  • Table 53. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Sodium-Air Batteries.
  • Table 54. Applications and TRL Graphene in Sodium-Air Batteries.
  • Table 55. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Sodium-Air Batteries.
  • Table 56. Market players in Graphene in Sodium-Air Batteries.
  • Table 57. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Supercapacitors.
  • Table 58. Applications and TRL Graphene in Supercapacitors.
  • Table 59. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Supercapacitors.
  • Table 60. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Fuel Cells.
  • Table 61. Applications and TRL Graphene in Fuel Cells.
  • Table 62. Performance Metrics Summary.
  • Table 63. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Fuel Cells.
  • Table 64. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Solar Cells.
  • Table 65. Applications and TRL Graphene in Solar Cells.
  • Table 66. Performance Summary by Solar Cell Type:
  • Table 67. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Solar Cells.
  • Table 68. Market players in Graphene in Solar Cells.
  • Table 69. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Hydrogen Storage.
  • Table 70. Applications and TRL Graphene in Hydrogen Storage.
  • Table 71. Performance Summary.
  • Table 72. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Hydrogen Storage.
  • Table 73. Market players in Graphene in Hydrogen Storage.
  • Table 74. Energy Storage & Energy Generation - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Table 75. Energy Storage & Energy Generation – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Table 76. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Composites & Plastics
  • Table 77. Applications and TRL Graphene in Composites & Plastics
  • Table 78. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Composites & Plastics.
  • Table 79. Market players in Graphene in Composites & Plastics
  • Table 80. Polymer Additives - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037
  • Table 81. Polymer Additives – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Table 82. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Photodetectors
  • Table 83. Applications and TRL for Graphene in Photodetectors
  • Table 84. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Photodetectors.
  • Table 85. Market Players in Graphene in Photodetectors
  • Table 86. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Transparent Conductive Films
  • Table 87. Applications and TRL for Graphene in Transparent Conductive Films
  • Table 88. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Transparent Conductive Films
  • Table 89. Market Players in Graphene in Transparent Conductive Films
  • Table 90. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Biosensors
  • Table 91. Applications and TRL for Graphene in Biosensors
  • Table 92. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Biosensors.
  • Table 93. Market Players in Graphene in Biosensors
  • Table 94. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Gas Sensors
  • Table 95. Applications and TRL for Graphene in Gas Sensors.
  • Table 96. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Gas Sensors
  • Table 97. Market Players in Graphene in Gas Sensors
  • Table 98. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Optical Communications
  • Table 99. Applications and TRL for Graphene in Optical Communications
  • Table 100. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Optical Communication.
  • Table 101. Market Players in Graphene in Optical Communications
  • Table 102. Optoelectronics & Sensors - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Table 103. Optoelectronics & Sensors – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Table 104. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Transistors and Semiconductors
  • Table 105. Applications and TRL for Graphene in Transistors and Semiconductors
  • Table 106. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Transistors and Semiconductors
  • Table 107. Market Players in Graphene in Transistors and Semiconductors
  • Table 108. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Flexible Electronics
  • Table 109. Applications and TRL for Graphene in Flexible Electronics
  • Table 110. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Flexible Electronics
  • Table 111. Market Players in Graphene in Flexible Electronics
  • Table 112. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Memory Devices
  • Table 113. Applications and TRL for Graphene in Memory Devices
  • Table 114. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Memory Devices
  • Table 115. Market Players in Graphene in Memory Devices
  • Table 116. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Conductive Inks
  • Table 117. Applications and TRL Graphene in Conductive Inks
  • Table 118. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Conductive Inks
  • Table 119. Market Players in Graphene in Conductive Inks.
  • Table 120. Electronics Applications - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037
  • Table 121. Electronics Applications – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Table 122. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Membranes & Filtration
  • Table 123. Applications and TRL for Graphene in Water Desalination.
  • Table 124. Applications and TRL for Graphene in Water Purification.
  • Table 125. Applications and TRL for Graphene in Gas Separation.
  • Table 126. Applications and TRL for Graphene in Oil-Water Separation.
  • Table 127. Applications and TRL for Graphene in Air Filtration.
  • Table 128. Applications and TRL for Graphene in Virus and Bacteria Filtration.
  • Table 129. Applications and TRL for Graphene in Industrial Process Filtration.
  • Table 130. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Membranes & Filtration
  • Table 131. Market Players in Graphene in Membranes & Filtration
  • Table 132. Filtration Membranes - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Table 133. Filtration Membranes – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Table 134. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Additive Manufacturing
  • Table 135. Applications and TRL for Graphene in 3D Printing/Additive Manufacturing Filament Materials.
  • Table 136. Applications and TRL for Graphene in 3D Printing/Additive Manufacturing Resin Systems
  • Table 137. Applications and TRL for Graphene in 3D Printing/Additive Metal Printing.
  • Table 138. Applications and TRL for Graphene in 3D Printing/Additive Conductive Inks.
  • Table 139. Applications and TRL for Graphene in 3D Printing/Additive Bioprinting. .
  • Table 140. Applications and TRL for Graphene in 3D Printing/Additive for Aerospace Components.
  • Table 141. Applications and TRL for Graphene in 3D Printing/Additive for Automotive Parts.
  • Table 142. Applications and TRL for Graphene in 3D Printing/Additive for Electronic Components.
  • Table 143. Market Opportunities for Graphene in 3D Printing/Additive Manufacturing
  • Table 144. Market Players in Graphene in 3D Printing/Additive Manufacturing
  • Table 145. Additive Manufacturing - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037
  • Table 146. Additive Manufacturing – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Table 147. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Construction Materials.
  • Table 148. Applications and TRL Graphene in Construction Materials.
  • Table 149. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Construction Materials.
  • Table 150. SWOT analysis for graphene in construction.
  • Table 151. Market players in Graphene in Construction Materials.
  • Table 152. Construction Materials - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037
  • Table 153. Construction Materials – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Table 154. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Life Science & Bio-Medicine.
  • Table 155. Applications and TRL Graphene in Life Science & Bio-Medicine.
  • Table 156. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Life Science & Bio-Medicine.
  • Table 157. SWOT analysis for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare.
  • Table 158. Market players in Graphene in Life Science & Bio-Medicine.
  • Table 159. Life Sciences & Bio-Medicine - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037
  • Table 160. Life Sciences & Bio-Medicine – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Table 161.Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Paints and Coatings.
  • Table 162. Applications and TRL Graphene in Paints and Coatings.
  • Table 163. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Paints and Coatings.
  • Table 164. SWOT analysis for graphene in Paints and Coatings.
  • Table 165. Market players in Graphene in Paints and Coatings.
  • Table 166. Paints & Coatings - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037
  • Table 167. Paints & Coatings – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Table 168.Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Adhesives, Sealants and Lubricants.
  • Table 169. Applications and TRL Graphene in Adhesives, Sealants and Lubricants.
  • Table 170.Market Opportunities for Graphene in Adhesives, Sealants and Lubricants.
  • Table 171. Market players in Graphene in Adhesives, Sealants and Lubricants.
  • Table 172. Adhesives, Sealants & Lubricants - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037
  • Table 173. Adhesives, Sealants and Lubricants – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Table 174. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Thermal Management.
  • Table 175. Applications and TRL Graphene in Thermal Management.
  • Table 176. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Thermal Management.
  • Table 177. SWOT analysis for graphene in thermal management.
  • Table 178. Market players in Graphene in Thermal Management.
  • Table 179. Thermal Management - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037
  • Table 180. Thermal Management – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Table 181.Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in EMI Shielding.
  • Table 182. Applications and TRL Graphene in EMI Shielding.
  • Table 183. Market Opportunities for Graphene in EMI Shielding.
  • Table 184. SWOT analysis for graphene in EMI shielding.
  • Table 185. Market players in Graphene in EMI Shielding.
  • Table 186. EMI Shielding - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037
  • Table 187. EMI Shielding – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Table 188. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Textiles and Wearables.
  • Table 189. Applications and TRL Graphene in Textiles and Wearables.
  • Table 190. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Textiles and Wearables.
  • Table 191. SWOT analysis for graphene in textiles and apparel.
  • Table 192. Market players in Graphene in Textiles and Wearables.
  • Table 193. Textiles & Apparel - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037
  • Table 194. Textiles & Apparel – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Table 195. Technical Gain and Function Versus Competing Materials for Graphene in Rubber and Synthetics.
  • Table 196. Applications and TRL Graphene in Rubber and Synthetics.
  • Table 197. Market Opportunities for Graphene in Rubber and Synthetics.
  • Table 198. SWOT analysis for graphene in rubber and tires.
  • Table 199. Market players in Graphene in Rubber and Synthetics.
  • Table 200. Rubber & Synthetics - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037
  • Table 201. Rubber & Synthetics – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Table 202. Performance criteria of energy storage devices.

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene.
  • Figure 2. Global Graphene Demand by Type, 2018–2037 (tons)
  • Figure 3. Global Graphene Demand by End User Market, 2018–2037 (tons)
  • Figure 4. Roadmap for Graphene in Li-Ion Batteries (2018-2036)
  • Figure 5. Roadmap for Graphene in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.
  • Figure 6. Roadmap for Graphene in Sodium-Air Batteries.
  • Figure 7. Roadmap for Graphene in Supercapacitors.
  • Figure 8. Roadmap for Graphene in Fuel Cells.
  • Figure 9. Roadmap for Graphene in Solar Cells.
  • Figure 10. Roadmap for Graphene in Hydrogen Storage.
  • Figure 11. Energy Storage & Energy Generation - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 12. Energy Storage & Energy Generation – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 13. Roadmap for Graphene in Composites & Plastics.
  • Figure 14. Polymer Additives - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 15. Polymer Additives – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 16. Roadmap for Graphene in Photodetectors
  • Figure 17. Roadmap for Graphene in Transparent Conductive Films.
  • Figure 18. Roadmap for Graphene in Biosensors.
  • Figure 19. Roadmap for Graphene in Optical Communications
  • Figure 20. Optoelectronics & Sensors - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 21. Optoelectronics & Sensors – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 22. Roadmap for Graphene in Transistors and Semiconductors (2018-2037).
  • Figure 23. Roadmap for Graphene in Flexible Electronics (2018-2037)
  • Figure 24. Roadmap for Graphene Memory Devices (2018-2037).
  • Figure 25. Applications Roadmap to 2035 for Graphene in Conductive Inks
  • Figure 26. Electronics Applications - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 27. Electronics Applications – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 28. Roadmap for Graphene in Membranes & Filtration (2018-2037).
  • Figure 29. Filtration Membranes - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 30. Filtration Membranes – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 31. Roadmap for Graphene in 3D Printing/Additive Manufacturing (2018-2037).
  • Figure 32. Additive Manufacturing - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 33. Additive Manufacturing – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 34. Roadmap for Graphene in Construction Materials.
  • Figure 35. Construction Materials - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 36. Construction Materials – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 37. Roadmap for Graphene in Life Science & Bio-Medicine.
  • Figure 38. Life Sciences & Bio-Medicine - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 39. Life Sciences & Bio-Medicine – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 40. Roadmap for Graphene in Paints and Coatings.
  • Figure 41. Paints & Coatings - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 42. Paints & Coatings – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 43. Roadmap for Graphene in Adhesives, Sealants and Lubricants.
  • Figure 44. Adhesives, Sealants and Lubricants - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 45. Adhesives, Sealants and Lubricants – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 46. Roadmap for Graphene in Thermal Management.
  • Figure 47. Thermal Management - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 48. Thermal Management – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 49. Roadmap for Graphene in EMI Shielding.
  • Figure 50. EMI Shielding - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 51. EMI Shielding – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 52. Roadmap for Graphene in Textiles and Wearables.
  • Figure 53. Textiles & Apparel - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 54. Textiles & Apparel – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 55. Roadmap for Graphene in Rubber and Synthetics.
  • Figure 56. Rubber & Synthetics - VOLUMES (Tons), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 57. Rubber & Synthetics – (Millions USD), 2018-2037.
  • Figure 58. Brain Scientific electrode schematic.
  • Figure 59. Graphene battery schematic.
  • Figure 60. BioStamp nPoint.
  • Figure 61. Nanotech Energy battery.
  • Figure 62. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.
  • Figure 63. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite.
  • Figure 64. Thermal conductive graphene film.
  • Figure 65. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint.