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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1967348

全球先進可充電電池回收市場（2026-2046）

The Global Advanced Rechargeable Battery Recycling Market 2026-2046
出版日期: | 出版商: Future Markets, Inc. | 英文 251 Pages, 56 Tables, 23 Figures | 訂單完成後即時交付

價格

全球先進可充電電池回收產業正處於關鍵的轉折點。此前，該行業主要受電動車 (EV) 和消費性電子產品爆炸式增長的影響，並以鋰離子 (Li-ion) 電池為主導。如今，該產業正向一個龐大的、多化學體系的生態系統轉型。鈉離子電池、固態電池、釩液流電池、鋅電池、鋰硫電池、鋰金屬電池和鋁離子電池的商業化進程各不相同，由此產生了不同的報廢回收需求、材料回收經濟效益和技術要求，這些都與過去十年建立的鋰離子電池回收基礎設施有著根本性的差異。

本報告深入探討了全球先進可充電電池回收市場，並提供了市場規模、收入和複合年增長率 (CAGR) 的預測。此外，報告還分析了競爭格局、監管框架、回收方法比較以及公司概況。

目錄

第一章：摘要整理

  • 概述
  • 鋰離子電池回收市場（2025 年）
  • 全球市場預測（至 2046 年）
  • 市場驅動因素
  • 財務合理化（Li-Cycle Holdings 和 Lithion Technologies 的分拆）

第二章：引言

  • 電池技術概述
  • 鋰離子電池
    • 什麼是鋰離子電池？
    • 鋰離子正極
    • 鋰離子負極
    • 循環壽命與衰減的複雜性
    • 電池故障
    • 報廢處理
    • 永續性
  • 電動車 (EV) 市場
    • 新興的替換電池組市場
    • 電動車電池的閉環價值鏈
    • 電動車電池壽命
  • 鋰離子電池回收產品鏈
  • 鋰離子電池閉環生命週期
  • 鋰離子電池以外市場的回收利用
    • 後鋰離子電池的出現
    • 鈉離子電池的商業化和報廢處理的影響
    • 固態電池的商業化和報廢處理的影響電池
  • 全球法規與政策
    • 中國
    • 歐盟
    • 美國
    • 印度
    • 韓國
    • 日本
    • 澳大利亞
    • 運輸
  • 永續性和環境效益

第三章 回收方法與技術

  • 黑塊粉末
  • 不同正極材料的回收
  • 製備
  • 預處理
  • 回收技術比較
  • 濕式冶金
  • 火法冶金
  • 直接回收
  • 其他方法
  • 特定組件的回收

第四章：非鋰離子電池的回收電池

  • 傳統製程與新型工藝
  • 鋰金屬電池
  • 鋰硫電池 (Li-S)
  • 全固態電池 (ASSB)
  • 鈉離子電池回收
  • 鈉硫電池回收
  • 釩液流電池電解液回收
  • 鋅電池回收
  • 鋁離子電池回收

第五章 鋰離子電池回收市場分析

  • 市場驅動因素
  • 市場挑戰
  • 當前市場狀況
  • 與鋰離子電池回收商的合作關係及供應協議
  • 鋰離子電池經濟性回收利用
    • 金屬價格
    • 二次利用儲能
    • 磷酸鋰電池
    • 其他組件和材料
    • 成本降低
    • 以電池化學成分劃分的經濟效益
    • 回收與二次利用的經濟效益比較
  • 競爭格局
  • 供應鏈
  • 當前全球產能及計劃
  • 未來展望
  • 全球市場（2018-2046）
    • 概述
    • 化學品
  • 銷售量
    • 收入
    • 區域分析
    • 北美
    • 亞太其他地區

第六章 除鋰離子電池回收以外的其他市場分析

  • 全球多種化學成分市場回收市場
    • 依化學成分劃分的每噸收入

第七章 公司簡介（118 家公司簡介）

第八章 術語與定義

第九章 研究方法

第十章 參考文獻

The global advanced rechargeable battery recycling industry stands at a pivotal inflection point. What has historically been a lithium-ion (Li-ion) dominated sector - shaped primarily by the explosive growth of electric vehicles (EVs) and consumer electronics - is now transitioning into a broad, multi-chemistry ecosystem. Sodium-ion, solid-state, vanadium redox flow, zinc-based, lithium-sulfur, lithium-metal, and aluminium-ion batteries are each advancing through commercialisation at varying speeds, and each will generate distinct end-of-life recycling demands, material recovery economics, and technological requirements that fundamentally diverge from the Li-ion recycling infrastructure developed over the past decade.

This comprehensive 240+ page report, published by Future Markets, Inc., provides the most detailed and authoritative analysis of the global advanced rechargeable battery recycling market available, covering the full period from 2026 to 2046. Drawing on primary interviews with industry participants, proprietary market modelling, and exhaustive secondary research, the report quantifies market size and growth across all relevant battery chemistries, regions, and applications - and provides the strategic and technological context required for investors, recyclers, OEMs, battery manufacturers, regulators, and material suppliers to navigate this rapidly evolving landscape.

The report examines the structural factors reshaping the competitive and regulatory landscape, including the highly instructive collapse of Li-Cycle Holdings and Lithion Technologies in 2025 - two well-capitalised North American recyclers whose failures underscored the gap between technological promise and commercial viability at scale. The contrasting success of Redwood Materials - which by end-2025 had raised $2.22 billion in private equity, achieved approximately $200 million in annual revenue, and diversified its revenue model into cathode precursor manufacturing, anode copper foil production, and second-life grid storage through its Redwood Energy division - provides the benchmark for the integrated, vertically diversified business model that defines best practice in the sector.

Key regulatory frameworks shaping market development are analysed in depth, including the EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542 (which establishes mandatory minimum recovered content targets for lithium, cobalt, nickel, and lead, and requires digital battery passports from February 2027), the US Inflation Reduction Act's critical minerals provisions, China's extended producer responsibility framework, and equivalent policies across India, South Korea, Japan, and Australia. The report addresses how these converging regulatory regimes - together with the strategic imperative of critical mineral supply security - are driving domestic recycling capacity investment globally.

Technologically, the report provides a rigorous comparative analysis of hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, and direct recycling processes, including SWOT analyses for each approach, detailed treatment of hybrid hydrometallurgical-direct recycling as an emerging commercial paradigm, and coverage of advanced methods including mechanochemical pretreatment, electrochemical recycling, ionic liquid extraction, and graphite-specific recovery technologies. The rapidly growing PFAS and PVDF binder regulatory challenge - and the transition to fluorine-free electrode binder alternatives - is examined in dedicated sections with direct implications for recycling process design.

Extensive quantitative forecasting covers global Li-ion recycling volumes (ktonnes) and revenues by cathode chemistry (NMC, LFP, NCA, LCO, LMFP), end-use application (EV, grid storage, consumer electronics), and region (China, Europe, North America, Rest of Asia-Pacific) from 2018 through 2046. The dominant structural trend - the inexorable shift of recycling feedstock toward LFP chemistry, projected to represent over 81% of Li-ion recycling input volumes by 2046 - and its profound implications for recycling economics are analysed in depth.

The report also provides the first integrated treatment of beyond-Li-ion recycling markets, with dedicated chapters on sodium-ion, sodium-sulfur, vanadium redox flow, zinc-based, lithium-sulfur, lithium-metal, all-solid-state, and aluminium-ion battery recycling. Market forecasts, technology readiness assessments, and process descriptions are provided for each chemistry, alongside analysis of the regulatory framing and economic drivers specific to each stream.

The report concludes with 118 detailed company profiles covering the full spectrum of the global recycling industry - from established industrial operators and materials conglomerates to technology-stage startups - across China, the United States, Europe, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and emerging markets.

Report Contents include:

  • Global market size, revenues, and CAGR forecasts to 2046 across all battery chemistries
  • Li-ion battery recycling market status in 2025: capacity, utilisation, and geographic distribution
  • Market revenues segmented by cathode chemistry: NMC, LFP, NCA, LCO, LMFP, and beyond-Li-ion
  • Total recycling input volumes (ktonnes) by chemistry and application, 2018-2046
  • Regional market analysis: China, Europe, North America, and Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • Market drivers: critical mineral supply security, EV fleet growth, grid storage deployment, and regulatory mandates
  • Market challenges: feedstock heterogeneity, LFP economics, capital costs, and collection infrastructure
  • Financial rationalisation: Li-Cycle Holdings bankruptcy and Lithion Technologies CCAA creditor protection
  • Redwood Materials as the benchmark for vertically integrated, privately funded recycling models
  • Battery technology landscape: Li-ion, sodium-ion, solid-state, vanadium redox flow, lithium-sulfur, lithium-metal, zinc-based, and aluminium-ion
  • Li-ion cell chemistry, degradation mechanisms, cycle life, end-of-life pathways, and circular lifecycle
  • EV battery longevity: real-world data from 22,700+ vehicles and implications for recycling feedstock timelines
  • Closed-loop EV battery value chain and the emerging replacement battery pack market
  • Recycling methods comparison: hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, and direct recycling - SWOT analyses for each
  • Black mass composition, variability, and downstream processing
  • Pre-treatment processes: discharging, mechanical shredding, sieving, eddy current separation, and froth flotation
  • Hydrometallurgical process detail: leaching, solvent extraction, selective precipitation, bioleaching
  • Pyrometallurgical process detail: smelting, slag management, and refining
  • Direct recycling: electrolyte separation, cathode/anode separation, binder removal, relithiation, and cathode rejuvenation
  • Hybrid hydrometallurgical-direct recycling: commercial implementations and cost advantages
  • Graphite anode recycling: lab-stage developments, microwave methods, purity benchmarks, and commercial players
  • PVDF binder: regulatory pressures, recycling complications, and PFAS-free alternatives (CMC/SBR, PAA, LiPAA, alginate)
  • Beyond-Li-ion recycling: sodium-ion (PBA cathodes, hard carbon anodes), sodium-sulfur, VRFB electrolyte recovery, zinc-based, lithium-sulfur, lithium-metal, all-solid-state, and aluminium-ion
  • Vanadium redox flow battery electrolyte management: degradation, recovery, Nafion membranes, and carbon felt recycling
  • Global recycling capacity (current and planned, updated to Q1 2026), including post-Li-Cycle and post-Northvolt revisions
  • LIB recycler partnerships and supply agreements: OEM-to-recycler and downstream offtake structures
  • Economics by chemistry: cobalt, nickel, lithium, and LFP-specific recycling economics
  • Second-life versus recycling economics: decision framework and Redwood Energy case study
  • Competitive landscape: market fragmentation, consolidation trends, and OEM in-house recycling
  • Supply chain analysis: feedstock streams, scrap versus end-of-life battery economics
  • Global regulations: EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542, US IRA, China EPR, India, South Korea, Japan, Australia
  • Digital battery passport requirements, carbon footprint declarations, and recovered content mandates
  • Transportation regulations for lithium-ion batteries (ADR, IMDG, ICAO, IATA)
  • Sustainability and environmental benefits of battery recycling
  • Research methodology, terms and definitions, and comprehensive reference list
  • 118 detailed company profiles across the global recycling value chain

Companies Profiled include 24M, 4R Energy Corporation, American Battery Technology Company (ABTC), ACE Green Recycling, Accurec Recycling GmbH, Advanced Battery Recycle (ABR) Co., AE Elemental, Altilium, Allye Energy, Anhua Taisen, Akkuser Oy, Aqua Metals, Achelous Pure Metal Company Limited, Ascend Elements, Attero Recycling, Back to Battery, BASF, Battery Pollution Technologies, Batrec Industrie AG, Battri, Batx Energies Private Limited, BMW, Botree Cycling, CATL, CELLCIRCLE GmbH, Cellcyle, Cirba Solutions, Circunomics, Circu Li-ion, Cylib, Dowa Eco-System Co., Duesenfeld, Econili Battery, EcoBat, EcoPro, Electra Battery Materials Corporation, Emulsion Flow Technologies, Energy Source, Enim, Eramet, ExPost Technology, Faradion Limited, Farasis Energy, Fortum Battery Recycling, Ganfeng Lithium, Ganzhou Cyclewell Technology Co., GEM Co., GLC Recycle Pte., Glencore and more.....

Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1.1 Overview
  • 1.2 The Li-ion Battery Recycling Market in 2025
  • 1.3 Global Market Forecasts to 2046
  • 1.4 Market Drivers
  • 1.5 Financial rationalisation (Collapse of Li-Cycle Holdings and Lithion Technologies)

2 INTRODUCTION

  • 2.1 Battery Technology Landscape Overview
  • 2.2 Lithium-ion batteries
    • 2.2.1 What is a Li-ion battery?
    • 2.2.2 Li-ion cathode
    • 2.2.3 Li-ion anode
    • 2.2.4 Cycle life and degradation complexity
    • 2.2.5 Battery failure
    • 2.2.6 End-of-life
    • 2.2.7 Sustainability
  • 2.3 The Electric Vehicle (EV) market
    • 2.3.1 Emerging market for replacement battery packs
    • 2.3.2 Closed-loop value chain for EV batteries
    • 2.3.3 EV batteries longevity
  • 2.4 Lithium-Ion Battery recycling value chain
  • 2.5 LIB Circular life cycle
  • 2.6 Beyond Li-ion Battery Market Recycling
    • 2.6.1 The Emergence of Post-Li-ion Chemistries
    • 2.6.2 Sodium-Ion Battery Commercialisation and End-of-Life Implications
    • 2.6.3 Solid-State Battery Commercialisation and End-of-Life Implications
  • 2.7 Global regulations and policies
    • 2.7.1 China
    • 2.7.2 EU
    • 2.7.3 US
    • 2.7.4 India
    • 2.7.5 South Korea
    • 2.7.6 Japan
    • 2.7.7 Australia
    • 2.7.8 Transportation
  • 2.8 Sustainability and environmental benefits

3 RECYCLING METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES

  • 3.1 Black mass powder
  • 3.2 Recycling different cathode chemistries
  • 3.3 Preparation
  • 3.4 Pre-Treatment
    • 3.4.1 Discharging
    • 3.4.2 Mechanical Pre-Treatment
    • 3.4.3 Thermal Pre-Treatment
    • 3.4.4 Pack-level/module-level shredding
    • 3.4.5 Sieving, eddy current & flotation methods
  • 3.5 Comparison of recycling techniques
  • 3.6 Hydrometallurgy
    • 3.6.1 Method overview
      • 3.6.1.1 Solvent extraction
    • 3.6.2 SWOT analysis
  • 3.7 Pyrometallurgy
    • 3.7.1 Method overview
    • 3.7.2 SWOT analysis
  • 3.8 Direct recycling
    • 3.8.1 Method overview
      • 3.8.1.1 Electrolyte separation
      • 3.8.1.2 Separating cathode and anode materials
      • 3.8.1.3 Binder removal
      • 3.8.1.4 Relithiation
      • 3.8.1.5 Cathode recovery and rejuvenation
      • 3.8.1.6 Hydrometallurgical-direct hybrid recycling
    • 3.8.2 SWOT analysis
  • 3.9 Other methods
    • 3.9.1 Mechanochemical Pretreatment
    • 3.9.2 Electrochemical Method
    • 3.9.3 Ionic Liquids
    • 3.9.4 Hybrid hydrometallurgical-direct recycling technologies
  • 3.10 Recycling of Specific Components
    • 3.10.1 Anode (Graphite)
      • 3.10.1.1 Overview
      • 3.10.1.2 Lab-stage graphite recycling (purity, microwave methods)
      • 3.10.1.3 Graphite companies
    • 3.10.2 Cathode
    • 3.10.3 Electrolyte
    • 3.10.4 Binder
      • 3.10.4.1 PVDF
      • 3.10.4.2 PFAS-free alternatives

4 RECYCLING OF BEYOND LI-ION BATTERIES

  • 4.1 Conventional vs Emerging Processes
  • 4.2 Li-Metal batteries
  • 4.3 Lithium sulfur batteries (Li-S)
  • 4.4 All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs)
  • 4.5 Sodium-Ion Battery Recycling
    • 4.5.1 Overview and Key Differences from Li-ion Recycling
    • 4.5.2 Na-ion Cell Chemistry and Disassembly Considerations
    • 4.5.3 Cathode Recycling: Prussian Blue Analogues
    • 4.5.4 Anode Recycling: Hard Carbon Recovery
    • 4.5.5 Regulatory Framing
  • 4.6 Sodium-Sulfur Battery Recycling
    • 4.6.1 Overview
    • 4.6.2 Disassembly and Safety Considerations
    • 4.6.3 Material Recovery
  • 4.7 Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Electrolyte Recovery
    • 4.7.1 Overview and Strategic Context
    • 4.7.2 VRFB Electrolyte Degradation Mechanisms
    • 4.7.3 Electrolyte Recovery Process
    • 4.7.4 Non-Electrolyte Component Recovery
    • 4.7.5 Other Flow Battery Chemistries: End-of-Life Considerations
  • 4.8 Zinc-Based Battery Recycling
    • 4.8.1 Overview
    • 4.8.2 Zinc-Ion Battery Recycling
    • 4.8.3 Zinc-Air Battery Recycling
  • 4.9 Aluminium-Ion Battery Recycling
    • 4.9.1 Overview
    • 4.9.2 Ionic Liquid Electrolyte: The Key Recycling Challenge

5 MARKET ANALYSIS LI-ION RECYCLING

  • 5.1 Market drivers
  • 5.2 Market challenges
  • 5.3 The current market
  • 5.4 LIB recycler partnerships and supply agreements
  • 5.5 Economic case for Li-ion battery recycling
    • 5.5.1 Metal prices
    • 5.5.2 Second-life energy storage
    • 5.5.3 LFP batteries
    • 5.5.4 Other components and materials
    • 5.5.5 Reducing costs
    • 5.5.6 Economics by battery chemistry
    • 5.5.7 Recycling vs second life economics
  • 5.6 Competitive landscape
  • 5.7 Supply chain
  • 5.8 Global capacities, current and planned
  • 5.9 Future outlook
  • 5.10 Global market 2018-2046
    • 5.10.1 Overview
    • 5.10.2 Chemistry
  • 5.11 Volume (ktonnes)
    • 5.11.1 Revenues
    • 5.11.2 Regional Analysis
      • 5.11.2.1 China
      • 5.11.2.2 Europe
    • 5.11.3 North America
    • 5.11.4 Rest of Asia-Pacific

6 MARKET ANALYSIS BEYOND LI-ION RECYCLING

  • 6.1 Global Multi-Chemistry Recycling Market
    • 6.1.1 Revenue Per Tonne by Chemistry

7 COMPANY PROFILES (118 company profiles)

8 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

9 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

10 REFERENCES

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Global Advanced Rechargeable Battery Recycling Market Revenue by Chemistry ($B), 2025-2046
  • Table 2. Global Li-ion Battery Recycling Volume (ktonnes Input) by Chemistry, 2025-2046
  • Table 3. Global Beyond-Li-ion Battery Recycling Volume (ktonnes or GWh decommissioned) by Chemistry, 2025-2046
  • Table 4. Advanced Rechargeable Battery Chemistry Overview and Recycling Readiness
  • Table 5. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery supply chain.
  • Table 6. Commercial Li-ion battery cell composition.
  • Table 7. Key technology trends shaping lithium-ion battery cathode development.
  • Table 8. Cathode Materials Used in Commercial LIBs and Recycling Methods.
  • Table 9. Fate of end-of-life Li-ion batteries.
  • Table 10. Closed-loop value chain for electric vehicle (EV) batteries.
  • Table 11. Li-ion battery recycling value chain.
  • Table 12. Potential circular life cycle for lithium-ion batteries.
  • Table 13. Sodium-Ion Battery Market Forecast and Implied Recycling Volume Onset (GWh deployed and ktonnes for recycling), 2025-2046
  • Table 14. Solid-State Battery Market Forecast and Implied Recycling Volume Onset (GWh and ktonnes), 2025-2046
  • Table 15. Regulations pertaining to the recycling and treatment of EOL batteries in the EU, USA, and China
  • Table 16. China regulations and policies related to batteries.
  • Table 17. Sustainability and environmental benefits of Li-ion recycling.
  • Table 18. Typical lithium-ion battery recycling process flow.
  • Table 19. Main feedstock streams that can be recycled for lithium-ion batteries.
  • Table 20. Comparison of LIB recycling methods.
  • Table 21. Direct Li-ion recycling technology by companies
  • Table 22. Directly recycled electrode costs vs virgin material.
  • Table 23. Feedstock types: scrap vs EOL batteries.
  • Table 24. PVDF vs PFAS-Free Binder Alternatives
  • Table 25. Comparison of conventional and emerging processes for recycling beyond lithium-ion batteries.
  • Table 26. Comparison of Na-ion and Li-ion Battery Cathode Materials: Recycling Implications
  • Table 27. Hard Carbon Recovery Economics at Indicative Scale (per tonne input)
  • Table 28. Na-S Battery Material Composition and Recovery Economics (per 100 kg input)
  • Table 29. Global Na-S Battery Recycling Market Forecast ($M), 2025-2046
  • Table 30. VRFB Component Material Composition and Recovery Routes
  • Table 31. Global VRFB Electrolyte Recovery and Recycling Market Forecast, 2025-2046
  • Table 32. Global Zinc-Based Battery Recycling Market Forecast ($M), 2025-2046
  • Table 33. Global Aluminium-Ion Battery Recycling Market Forecast ($M), 2025-2046
  • Table 34. Market drivers for lithium-ion battery recycling.
  • Table 35. Market challenges in lithium-ion battery recycling.
  • Table 36. LIB recycler partnerships and supply agreements.
  • Table 37. Economic assessment of battery recycling options.
  • Table 38. Retired lithium-batteries.
  • Table 39. Economics by battery chemistry.
  • Table 40. Recycling vs second life economics.
  • Table 41. Global capacities, current and planned (tonnes/year).
  • Table 42. Global Li-ion Battery Recycling Input Volume Segmented by Cathode Chemistry (ktonnes), 2018-2046
  • Table 43. Chemistry Share of Global Li-ion Battery Recycling Volume (% of total ktonnes), 2018-2046
  • Table 44. Global Advanced Rechargeable Battery Recycling - Total Input Volume (ktonnes), All Chemistries, 2018-2046
  • Table 45. Global Li-ion Battery Recycling Input Volume by End-Use Application (ktonnes), 2018-2046
  • Table 46. Global Li-ion Battery Recycling Market - Revenue by Cathode Chemistry ($B), 2018-2046
  • Table 47. Global Advanced Rechargeable Battery Recycling - Total Revenue All Chemistries ($B), 2018-2046
  • Table 48. Global Li-ion Battery Recycling Revenue by Region ($B), 2018-2046
  • Table 49. Global Advanced Rechargeable Battery Recycling - Total Revenue All Chemistries by Region ($B), 2025-2046
  • Table 50. China Li-ion Battery Recycling Market - Volume (ktonnes) and Revenue ($B), 2018-2046
  • Table 51. Europe Advanced Battery Recycling Market - Volume (ktonnes) and Revenue ($B), 2018-2046
  • Table 52. North America Advanced Battery Recycling Market - Volume (ktonnes) and Revenue ($B), 2018-2046
  • Table 53. Rest of Asia-Pacific Advanced Battery Recycling Market - Volume (ktonnes) and Revenue ($B), 2018-2046
  • Table 54. Global Advanced Rechargeable Battery Recycling Market - Total Revenues by Chemistry ($B), 2025-2046
  • Table 55. Global Advanced Rechargeable Battery Recycling Market - Volume Processed (ktonnes), 2025-2046
  • Table 56. Revenue Per Tonne Processed by Chemistry ($), 2025, 2035, and 2046

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Global Advanced Rechargeable Battery Recycling Market Revenue by Chemistry ($B), 2025-2046
  • Figure 2. Global Li-ion Battery Recycling Volume (ktonnes Input) by Chemistry, 2025-2046
  • Figure 3. Li-ion battery cell pack.
  • Figure 4. Lithium Cell Design.
  • Figure 5. Functioning of a lithium-ion battery.
  • Figure 6. LIB cathode recycling routes.
  • Figure 7. Lithium-ion recycling process.
  • Figure 8. Process for recycling lithium-ion batteries from EVs.
  • Figure 9. Circular life cycle of lithium ion-batteries.
  • Figure 10. Typical direct, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical recycling methods for recovery of Li-ion battery active materials.
  • Figure 11. Mechanical separation flow diagram.
  • Figure 12. Recupyl mechanical separation flow diagram.
  • Figure 13. Flow chart of recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
  • Figure 14. Hydrometallurgical recycling flow sheet.
  • Figure 15. SWOT analysis for Hydrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling.
  • Figure 16. Umicore recycling flow diagram.
  • Figure 17. SWOT analysis for Pyrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling.
  • Figure 18. Schematic of direct recycling process.
  • Figure 19. SWOT analysis for Direct Li-ion Battery Recycling.
  • Figure 20. Schematic diagram of a Li-metal battery.
  • Figure 21. Schematic diagram of Lithium-sulfur battery.
  • Figure 22. Schematic illustration of all-solid-state lithium battery.
  • Figure 23. Li-ion Battery Recycling Market Supply Chain.