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市場調查報告書
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1964918

無電池化催生巨大的新市場：2026-2046

Battery Elimination Creates Large New Markets 2026-2046
出版日期: | 出版商: Zhar Research | 英文 546 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

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簡介目錄

摘要

預計2026年至2046年間，電能儲存市場規模將成長三倍以上。特別是無電池儲能，預計將呈指數級成長，達到驚人的4,100億美元，市場佔有率將從20%成長至約40%。

電池市場預計在未來20年內達到飽和。這主要是由於激烈的價格競爭、電動車市場（最大的應用領域）成長放緩，以及無法滿足重要且快速成長的新興市場的需求，例如電網、資料中心和微電網的長期儲能，以及電磁武器和核融合發電等脈衝功率應用。無電池儲能技術在新興應用中具有更高的安全性、顯著延長的使用壽命和更低的平準化儲能成本（LCOS）。光是抽水蓄能發電一項，每年就已創造超過 500億美元的收入。

此外，完全無需儲能的新型系統崛起，成為一個價值數十億美元的新興市場。例如，計畫中的第六代（6G）第二階段將採用反向散射技術為客戶端設備供電，而穿戴式裝置將採用多模式能量採集技術。

本報告深入分析了無電池技術市場，並全面概述了市場背景、電池面臨的挑戰和無電池設備的發展趨勢、電池儲能設備與非電池儲能設備的市場規模趨勢和預測、主要無電池技術的概述、研發趨勢、關鍵企業舉措以及企業簡介。

標題：儲能設備市場（電池 vs. 非電池）來源：Zhar Research 報告 "Battery Elimination Creates Large New Markets 2026-2046"

目錄

第1章 執行摘要與結論

  • 報告目標和範圍
  • 研究方法
  • 主要結論
  • 電池目前面臨的挑戰以及替代方案的採用原因
  • 無電池方案：淘汰儲能還是採用替代儲能
  • 從感測器到吉瓦級電力，電池淘汰趨勢
  • 除直接替換電池之外，還有更多無電池儲能方案可供選擇設備
  • 資訊圖表：13 種擺脫電網 LDES 的途徑
  • 資訊圖表：擺脫資料中心微電網及類似 LDES 的途徑
  • 無電池儲能設備工具包及 SWOT 分析
  • 路線圖
  • 市場預測

第2章 引言

  • 概述
  • 電池的局限性
  • 鋰離子電池起火事故持續發生
  • 電氣化、電池應用及電池淘汰的宏觀趨勢
  • 對儲能的影響
  • 電池供電和無電池固定式儲能技術的持續時間和功率關係及未來趨勢
  • 電池市場佔有率預計下降
  • 對 LDES 的需求及設計原則

第3章 擺脫電池的途徑：反向散射（EAS、RFID、6G SWIPT）、無電池電路、其他電子方案和 LDES 路徑

  • 概述
    • 無電池儲存設備以外的電池替代方案
    • 減少或消除儲存的策略
    • 實現可組合的自供電無電池設備
  • 反向散射通訊和 SWOT 分析
    • 電子商品防盜系統（EAS）、被動式 RFID 等
    • 用於 6G 通訊和物聯網的SWIPT AmBC 和 CD-ZED
    • SWOT 和其他發展
  • 最大限度縮短電池壽命的電路設計
    • 無電池電路（BEC）：在無人機和電動車中的應用
    • 間歇性電源的電子技術： BFree
  • V2G、V2H、V2V 以及太陽能板直接充電，以減少或消除電池
  • 需求管理：無儲存太陽能海水淡化系統
  • 能源資源管理的進展
  • 調整規格以消除電池
    • 無電池無人機（感測器/物聯網應用）
    • 無電池相機
  • 無電池能量採集
    • 主要能量採集技術概述與比較
    • 能量採集系統的組成要素
    • 機械能量採集詳情，包括聲能採集
    • 電磁能量擷取詳情
    • 柔性層流能量採集的重要性
  • 擺脫長期儲能（LDES）的途徑
    • 整體狀況兩張資訊圖
    • 全球案例：丹麥、新加坡、中國和美國
    • 風能和太陽能容量係數與低能耗系統需求的關係
    • 低能耗系統規避技術研究
    • 家庭能源管理系統研究

第4章 抽水蓄能發電（PHES/APHES）

  • 傳統抽水蓄能發電概述
  • 研究進展與展望
  • 全球專案與規劃
  • 經濟效益
  • 政策建議
  • 抽水蓄能發電性能評估
  • 抽水蓄能發電的SWOT分析
  • 非山區先進抽水蓄能發電
    • APHES概述及SWOT分析
    • 礦區利用
    • 地下加壓法（Quidnet Energy）
    • 重水利用法（RheEnergise）
    • 海水/鹽水利用（洞穴能源、大型能源等）
    • 海底儲能（StEnSea、Ocean Grazer）
    • 水下儲能的SWOT分析
    • 混合技術
    • 最新研究

第5章 固體重力儲能（SGES）

  • 概述及研究進展
    • 概述
    • 三階段運行流程
    • 三種結構類型
    • 與抽水蓄能發電的比較
    • 基本原理
    • SGES SWOT分析
    • SGES效能評估
    • 資本支出問題
    • 運行成本問題
    • 使用沙子的可能性
    • 液壓活塞系統替代電纜
    • 其他SGES研究

第6章 壓縮空氣儲能（CAES）

  • 概述與研究進展
  • 市場拓展與模仿技術
  • 市場定位
  • SWOT分析與參數比較
  • CAES技術選項
    • 熱力學
    • 等容或等壓儲能
    • 絕緣
  • CAES專案、子系統製造商和目標
    • 概要：中國最大的項目
    • Siemens Energy Germany
    • MAN Energy Solutions Germany
    • 延長CAES儲能與放電週期
    • 英國和歐盟的研究
  • CAES公司簡介
    • ALCAES Switzerland
    • APEX CAES USA
    • Augwind Energy Israel
    • Keep Energy Systems UK formerly Cheesecake
    • Corre Energy Netherlands
    • Huaneng Group China
    • Hydrostor Canada
    • LiGE Pty South Africa
    • Storelectric UK
    • Terrastor Energy Corporation USA

第7章 延遲供電熱能儲存（ETES）

  • 概述與研究進展
  • 從失敗中學到的教訓：Siemens Gamesa, Azelio, Steisdal, Lumenion
  • 熱機方法的進展：Echogen USA
  • 超高溫 + 太陽能電池方法
    • Antora USA
    • Fourth Power USA
  • 熱電聯產電站
    • MGA Thermal Australia
    • Malta Inc Germany

第8章 含氫及其他化學中間體的低密度儲能系統

  • 概述及研究進展
  • 低密度儲能系統中氫氣儲存參數的評估
  • 低密度儲能系統中的氫氣、甲烷和氨：SWOT分析
  • 實際專案案例
  • 研究表明，氫氣儲存系統（H2ES）僅適用於季節性儲存應用，但未來可能仍有其他需求。
  • 由於缺乏運行資料，一些計算得出了不同的結論。
  • LDES系統中氫氣儲存的候選技術

第9章 靜電儲存：超級電容器、贗電容器、鋰離子電容器及其他BSH應用

  • 電容器及其衍生產品的尋找途徑
  • 選擇範圍：從電容器到超級電容器到電池
  • 研究方向：純超級電容器
  • 研究方向：混合方法
  • 研究方向：贗電容器
  • 超級電容器及其衍生產品的實際和潛在關鍵應用
    • 概述
    • 航空航太
    • 電動車：AGV、物料搬運、汽車、卡車、巴士、電車、火車
    • 電網、微電網、削峰、再生能源不間斷電源（UPS）
    • 醫療及穿戴設備
    • 軍事：雷射砲、電磁軌道炮、脈衝線性加速武器、雷達、卡車等
    • 電力及訊號電子，資料中心即時恢復
    • 焊接
  • 超級電容器公司分析（103 家公司）
  • 鋰離子電容器及其他電池、超級電容器、混合 BSH 儲能
    • 定義及選項
    • 市場定位
    • 能量密度比較
    • 資訊圖表：市場需求與技術比較
    • 研究分析及建議
    • SWOT 分析及路線圖
簡介目錄

Summary

From 2026-2046, the electrical energy storage market will more than triple but the battery-less storage part will surge to a massive $410 billion - about 40% from 20% today. Time to look beyond batteries. On cue we have the new Zhar Research 546-page report, "Battery Elimination Creates Large New Markets 2026-2046" detailing this massive opportunity.

Within 20 years the battery value market will saturate due to vicious price wars, the largest application - electric cars - levelling and the inability of batteries to perform to the requirements of important new, fast-growing markets. These include months of grid, data center and microgrid storage, and pulsing new electromagnetic weapons and nuclear fusion power. Increasingly, batteryless storage is safer, with much longer life and able to provide lower Levelised Cost of Storage LCOS in the growth applications. Already, pumped hydro alone sells at over $50 billion yearly.

Another emerging multi-billion-dollar market will be for new systems that eliminate energy storage completely, such as planned 6G Communications Phase Two using backscatter for client devices. Wearables adopt multi-mode energy harvesting. Uniquely, this report appraises the commercial opportunity for all this with 133 company batteryless activity profiles.

The Executive Summary and Conclusions (58 pages) is sufficient for those with limited time. Here are the basics, methodology, key conclusions, technology comparisons, ongoing battery limitations, emerging large batteryless applications, 12 SWOT appraisals of the toolkit and 35 forecasts as tables and graphs with explanation. The Introduction (36 pages) details energy fundamentals, ongoing battery limitations. Understand why batteries will retain the dominant share of energy storage value markets 2026-2046 but lose share rapidly. Grasp emerging applications that batteries poorly address such as coping with long intermittency of wind and solar power everywhere. See the performance parameters of current batteryless solutions against batteries.

The rest of the report presents a through investigation of escape routes from batteries and sometimes from all energy storage. Specific batteryless technologies are detailed including research advances through 2025-6. The 78 pages of Chapter 3 closely examine "Escape routes from batteries: backscatter (EAS, RFID, 6G SWIPT), battery elimination circuits, other electronics options, LDES escape routes". Understand increasing deployment of escape routes from batteries and energy storage generally and the heroic future plans. The largest deployment of electronics in numbers is passive RFID tags and their subset anti-theft tags, none with energy storage. Next, their backscatter principle will be applied to 6G Communications client devices such as internet of things IOT tags also in tens of billions of units. See how the intermittency of wind and solar power can be sometimes tolerated and other times reduced without storage.

Chapter 4. Pumped hydro: conventional PHES and advanced APHES (74 pages) presents what is already selling at over $50 billion yearly, the improvements ahead including avoiding the need for mountainsides and the use of seawater. Realise that this takes the batteryless opportunity beyond massive grid storage to smaller applications. See the activities and intentions of key companies involved and 2025-6 research papers.

Chapter 5. Solid gravity energy storage SGES (37 pages) involves lifting weights instead of water as an improvement on grid batteries. Invented in Europe, it is most energetically pursued in China, initially as many huge buildings providing hours of grid storage but potentially even seasonal. See latest research and structures and the ongoing work on variants, including company profiles of use in mines in Europe and Australia.

Chapter 6. Compressed air energy storage CAES has 64 pages because there are ten companies profiled and widespread use worldwide mainly in huge underground caverns for hours of duration and potentially months (beyond batteries). So far, CAES is the strongest pumped hydro competitor. Contrast Chapter 7. Thermal energy storage for delayed electricity ETES where only four companies can be profiled and lessons of a number of exits are presented. Some new proponents have pivoted to combined heat and power or to thermovoltaic versions with white heat. Understand one large commercial version of ETES in Alaska using heat pumps.

Chapter 8. Hydrogen and other chemical intermediary LDES explains how use of intermediary chemical production and then converting it all back to electricity is very inefficient but hydrogen is more attractive than other gases for this. Enthusiasm for the Hydrogen Economy meets serious challenges of safety, leaking through everything and indirectly causing global warming. Use in salt caverns is strongly advocated by the Royal Society in the UK and many other eminent bodies because it can delay the most GWh, they say even seasonally. However, large H2ES projects are not being funded beyond China on hydrogen generally with electricity-to-electricity as a back story. See the small microgrid application in the USA using overground tanks for 24-hour duration and future plans.

Primary author and CEO of Zhar Research Dr Peter Harrop advises, "From all this it is clear that batteries are losing the extremes of grid storage and pulse/ fast charge-discharge applications so the report ends with the latter toolkit - essentially supercapacitors and their variants - in detail."

Chapter 9. "Electrostatic storage: Supercapacitors, pseudocapacitors, lithium-ion capacitors, other BSH" is the longest chapter at 118 pages because 103 companies are profiled plus a deep dive into the strongly emerging needs including massive banks pulsing nuclear fusion power. Sections cover aircraft and aerospace; electric vehicles: AGV, material handling, car, truck, bus, tram, train; grid, microgrid, peak shaving, renewable energy, uninterrupted power supplies, medical and wearables. Importantly see military: laser cannon, railgun, pulsed linear accelerator weapon, radar, trucks, other pulse-power electronics, data center instant emergency power, welding, pulse metal forming. Since most of the big applications emerge late in the 2026-2046 timeframe, the forecasts only take this to around $14 billion. Add a minor part of the regular capacitor business of around $70 billion at that time. However, there is considerable upside potential on these forecasts.

The new Zhar Research 548-page report, "Battery Elimination Creates Large New Markets 2026-2046" is your essential source of opportunities and latest research in this exciting emerging business serving the future - from nuclear fusion power to AI data centers, smart grids and microgrids.

CAPTION: Energy storage device market battery vs batteryless $ billion 2025-2046. Source: Zhar Research report, "Battery Elimination Creates Large New Markets 2026-2046".

Table of Contents

1. Executive summary and conclusions

  • 1.1 Purpose and scope of this report
  • 1.2 Methodology of this analysis
  • 1.3 Primary conclusions
  • 1.4 Battery current challenges and why alternatives are being adopted
    • 1.4.1 General situation in electronics and electrical engineering
    • 1.4.2 Lithium-ion battery fires are ongoing emitting toxic gas
    • 1.4.3 Energy storage decision tree with battery-free examples
    • 1.4.4 Battery emerging challenges 2026-2046
    • 1.4.5 Battery challenges for 6G Communications and IoT and action arising 2026-2046
  • 1.5 Battery-free options: eliminating storage or using alternative storage 2026-2046
  • 1.6 Battery elimination trend from sensors to GW power
  • 1.7 Battery elimination options beyond drop-in replacement by battery-less storage devices
    • 1.7.1 Electronics, telecommunication, electrical engineering
    • 1.7.2 To the rescue: WPT, WIET, SWIPT evolution to 2046
    • 1.7.3 Evolution of wireless electronic devices needing no on-board energy storage 1980-2046
    • 1.7.4 13 primary energy harvesting technologies compared
  • 1.8 Infogram: 13 escape routes from grid LDES 2026-2046
  • 1.9 Infogram: Escape routes from data center microgrid and similar LDES 2026-2046
  • 1.10 Battery-less storage device toolkit 2025-2045 with SWOT appraisals
    • 1.10.1 Options by size
    • 1.10.2 Example: Lithium-ion capacitor LIC market positioning by energy density spectrum
    • 1.10.3 Long duration energy storage LDES toolkit for grids, microgrids, 6G base stations, data centers 2026-2046
    • 1.10.4 Possible scenario: stationary storage batteries vs alternatives TWh cumulative 2026-2046
    • 1.10.5 Duration hours vs power delivered by project and 12 technologies in 2026
    • 1.10.6 System strategies to achieve less or no storage: combine and compromise
    • 1.10.7 Enablers of self-powered, battery-free devices that can be combined
    • 1.10.6 12 SWOT appraisals of the battery-less device toolkit
  • 1.11 Roadmaps 2026-2046
  • 1.12 Market forecasts 2026-2046 in 35 lines
    • 1.12.1 Energy storage device market battery vs batteryless $ billion 2025-2046
    • 1.12.2 Battery-less storage for electricity-to-electricity $ billion 2025-2046 in 11 lines
    • 1.12.3 Battery-less storage for pulse and fastest response $ billion 2025-2046 in 4 lines
    • 1.12.4 LDES market in 9 technology categories $ billion 2026-2046 table, graphs, explanation
    • 1.12.5 Total LDES value market % in three size categories 2026-2046 table, graph, explanation
    • 1.12.6 Regional share of LDES value market % in four regions 2026-2046 table, graph, explanation
    • 1.12.7 Market for seven types of equipment fitting battery-free storage $ billion 2025-2046

2. Introduction

  • 2.1 Overview
  • 2.2 Battery limitations
  • 2.3 How lithium-ion battery fires are ongoing
  • 2.4 Megatrends of electrification, battery adoption and battery elimination
  • 2.5 Implications for storage 2026 - 2046
  • 2.6 Duration vs power of many battery and batteryless stationary storage technologies deployed and deploying in 2025 showing future trends
  • 2.7 How batteries will lose share 2026-2046
  • 2.8 LDES need and design principles
    • 2.8.1 Energy fundamentals
    • 2.8.2 Racing into renewables with rapid cost reduction: 2025 statistics and trends
    • 2.8.3 Solar winning and the intermittency challenge
    • 2.8.4 Adoption of LDES of increasing duration driven by increased wind/solar percentage and cost reduction
    • 2.8.5 LDES definitions and needs
    • 2.8.6 LDES metrics
    • 2.8.7 LDES projects in 2025-6 showing leading technology subsets
    • 2.8.8 LDES impediments, alternatives and investment climate
    • 2.8.9 LDES toolkit
    • 2.8.10 Latest independent assessments of performance by technology
    • 2.8.11 Leading reports on LDES 2026-2046
    • 2.8.12 Example: Installed and committed stationary storage projects 2026 showing many battery and battery-less options competing

3. Escape routes from batteries: backscatter (EAS, RFID, 6G SWIPT), battery elimination circuits, other electronics options, LDES escape routes

  • 3.1 Overview
    • 3.1.1 Battery elimination options beyond drop-in replacement by battery-less storage devices
    • 3.1.2 Strategies to achieve less or no storage
    • 3.1.3 Enablers of self-powered, battery-free devices that can be combined
  • 3.2 Backscatter with SWOT
    • 3.2.1 Electronic Article Surveillance EAS , passive RFID and beyond
    • 3.2.2 SWIPT AmBC and CD-ZED for 6G Communications and IOT
    • 3.2.3 SWOT and 34 other advances in
  • 3.3 Circuit design to minimise batteries
    • 3.3.1 Battery elimination circuits BEC in drones and electric cars
    • 3.3.2 Intermittency tolerant electronics: BFree
  • 3.4 Battery reduction and elimination by V2G, V2H, V2V and vehicle charging directly from solar panels
  • 3.5 Demand management: storage-free solar desalinators
  • 3.6 Source management advances
  • 3.7 Specification compromise eliminates batteries
    • 3.7.1 Battery-free drones as sensors and IOT
    • 3.7.2 Battery-free cameras
  • 3.8 Energy harvesting eliminating batteries
    • 3.8.1 Overview and 13 primary energy harvesting technologies compared
    • 3.8.2 Elements of a harvesting system
    • 3.8.3 Mechanical harvesting including acoustic in detail
    • 3.8.4 Harvesting of electromagnetic energy in detail
    • 3.8.5 Importance of flexible laminar energy harvesting 2026-2046
  • 3.9 Escape routes from Long Duration Energy Storage LDES
    • 3.9.1 General situation with two infograms
    • 3.9.2 Examples across the world: Denmark, Singapore, China, USA
    • 3.9.3 Capacity factor of wind, solar and options that need little or no LDES
    • 3.9.4 Extensive 2025 research on LDES escape routes
    • 3.9.5 Research in 2025 on Home Energy Management Systems coping with

4. Pumped hydro: conventional PHES and advanced APHES

  • 4.1 Conventional PHES overview
    • 4.1.1 Three options
    • 4.1.2 History, environmental, timescales, potential sites, DOE appraisal
    • 4.1.3 Site-limited primarily due environmental concerns not number of appropriate topologies
    • 4.1.4 Problem analysis, actions to reduce PHES emissions, ugliness, water use, cost
  • 4.2 Research advances and view of potential through 2025
  • 4.3 Projects and intentions across the world
    • 4.3.1 Geographical
    • 4.3.2 Large pumped hydro schemes worldwide
  • 4.4 Economics
  • 4.5 Policy recommendations
  • 4.6 Parameter appraisal of conventional pumped hydro PHES
  • 4.7 SWOT appraisal of conventional pumped hydro PHES
  • 4.8 Advanced pumped hydro does not need mountains
    • 4.8.1 APHES overview with SWOT
    • 4.8.2 Using mining sites including research advances through 2025-6
    • 4.8.3 Pressurised underground: Quidnet Energy USA
    • 4.8.4 Using heavier water up mere hills: RheEnergise UK
    • 4.8.5 Using seawater or other brine: Cavern Energy, Sizable Energy, others, SWOT
    • 4.8.6 StEnSea Germany, Ocean Grazer Netherlands
    • 4.8.7 SWOT appraisal of underwater energy storage for LDES
    • 4.8.8 Hybrid technologies: research advances in 2024 and 2025
    • 4.8.9 Research advances in 2024 and 2025

5. Solid gravity energy storage SGES

  • 5.1 Overview including research in 2025
    • 5.1.1 General
    • 5.1.2 Three stages of operation
    • 5.1.3 Three geometries
    • 5.1.4 Pumped hydro gravity storage compared to the three SGES options
    • 5.1.5 Basics
    • 5.1.6 SWOT appraisal of solid gravity storage SGES for LDES
    • 5.1.7 Parameter appraisal of solid gravity energy storage SGES for LDES
    • 5.1.8 CAPEX challenge
    • 5.1.9 Challenge of ongoing expenses
    • 5.1.10 Possibility of pumping sand
    • 5.1.11 Hydraulic piston lift instead of cable: 2025 modelling
    • 5.1.12 Appraisal of other SGES research through 2025
  • 5.2 ARES USA
  • 5.3 Energy Vault Switzerland, USA and China, India licensees
  • 5.4 Gravitricity
  • 5.5 Green Gravity Australia
  • 5.6 SinkFloatSolutions France

6. Compressed air energy storage CAES

  • 6.1 Overview including research advances announced in 2025
    • 6.1.1 Basics
    • 6.1.2 Research advances in 2025
  • 6.2 Undersupply attracts clones
  • 6.3 Market positioning of CAES
  • 6.4 SWOT appraisal and parameter comparison of CAES for LDES
  • 6.5 CAES technology options
    • 6.5.1 Thermodynamic
    • 6.4.2 Isochoric or isobaric storage
    • 6.4.3 Adiabatic choice of cooling is winning
  • 6.6 CAES projects, subsystem manufacturers, objectives, research 2025 onwards
    • 6.6.1 Overview: largest projects are in China
    • 6.6.2 Siemens Energy Germany
    • 6.6.3 MAN Energy Solutions Germany
    • 6.6.4 Increasing the CAES storage time and discharge duration
    • 6.6.5 Research in UK and European Union 2025 onwards
  • 6.7 Profiles of CAES company progress with Zhar Research appraisals
    • 6.7.1 ALCAES Switzerland
    • 6.7.2 APEX CAES USA
    • 6.7.3 Augwind Energy Israel
    • 6.7.4 Keep Energy Systems UK formerly Cheesecake
    • 6.7.5 Corre Energy Netherlands
    • 6.7.6 Huaneng Group China
    • 6.7.7 Hydrostor Canada
    • 6.7.8 LiGE Pty South Africa
    • 6.7.9 Storelectric UK
    • 6.7.10 Terrastor Energy Corporation USA

7. Thermal energy storage for delayed electricity ETES

  • 7.1 Overview and research advances in 2025
  • 7.2 Research advances in 2025 and 2024
  • 7.3 Lessons of failure: Siemens Gamesa, Azelio, Steisdal, Lumenion
  • 7.4 The heat engine approach proceeds: Echogen USA
  • 7.5 Use of extreme temperatures and photovoltaic conversion
    • 7.5.1 Antora USA
    • 7.5.2 Fourth Power USA
  • 7.6 Marketing delayed heat and electricity from one plant
    • 7.6.1 Overview
    • 7.6.2 MGA Thermal Australia
    • 7.6.3 Malta Inc Germany

8. Hydrogen and other chemical intermediary LDES

  • 8.1 Overview with research progress in 2025-6
    • 8.1.1 Overview
    • 8.1.2 Sweet spot for chemical intermediary LDES but safety issues
    • 8.1.3 Mainstream research through 2025-6
    • 8.1.4 Research dreaming of niches through 2025-6
    • 8.1.5 Research on complex mechanisms for hydrogen loss
    • 8.1.6 Research on hydrogen leakage causing global warming
    • 8.1.7 Examples of hydrogen storage advances 2025-6
  • 8.2 Parameter appraisal of hydrogen storage for LDES
  • 8.3 SWOT appraisal of hydrogen, methane, ammonia for LDES
  • 8.4 The small number of actual projects
    • 8.4.1 Calistoga Resiliency Centre USA 48-hour microgrid
    • 8.4.2 Ulm University microgrid trial Germany 2025-2027
    • 8.4.3 China plans in 2025 and 2026
  • 8.5 Calculations showing H2ES best only for seasonal storage, needed later
  • 8.6 Calculations with other conclusions partly due to lack of operating data
  • 8.7 Candidate technologies for hydrogen storage within LDES systems

9. Electrostatic storage: Supercapacitors, pseudocapacitors, lithium-ion capacitors, other BSH

  • 9.1 The place of capacitors and their variants
  • 9.2 Spectrum of choice - capacitor to supercapacitor to battery
  • 9.3 Research pipeline: pure supercapacitors
  • 9.4 Research pipeline: hybrid approaches
  • 9.5 Research pipeline: pseudocapacitors
  • 9.6 Actual and potential major applications of supercapacitors and their derivatives
    • 9.6.1 Overview
    • 9.6.2 Aircraft and aerospace
    • 9.6.3 Electric vehicles: AGV, material handling, car, truck, bus, tram, train
    • 9.6.4 Grid, microgrid, peak shaving, renewable energy and uninterrupted power supplies
    • 9.6.5 Medical and wearables
    • 9.6.6 Military: Laser cannon, railgun, pulsed linear accelerator weapon, radar, trucks, other
    • 9.6.7 Power and signal electronics, data center instant recovery
    • 9.6.8 Welding
  • 9.7 103 supercapacitor companies assessed in 10 columns
  • 9.8 Lithium-ion capacitors and other battery-supercapacitor hybrid BSH storage
    • 9.8.1 Definitions and choices
    • 9.8.2 BSH market positioning and choices and LIC market positioning by energy density spectrum
    • 9.8.3 Infograms: the most impactful market needs, comparative solutions, 13 conclusions
    • 9.8.4 Research analysis and recommendations 2025-2045
    • 9.8.5 Two SWOT appraisals and roadmap 2025-2045