封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1549498

全球胺市場研究報告 - 2024 年至 2032 年產業分析、規模、佔有率、成長、趨勢和預測

Global Amines Market Research Report - Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2024 to 2032

出版日期: | 出版商: Value Market Research | 英文 189 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

價格

全球胺市場需求預計將從2023年的169.3億美元達到2032年近251.5億美元的市場規模,2024-2032年研究期間複合年成長率為4.5%。

胺是由氨透過用芳基或烷基取代一個或多個氫原子而獲得的有機化合物。它們在各種工業應用中都至關重要,包括製藥、農業化學品和聚合物。根據其結構將其分為伯胺、仲胺和叔胺,每種胺具有不同的性質和用途。在製藥工業中,它們對於合成藥物至關重要,而在農業中,它們則生產農藥和除草劑。它們的多功能性和廣泛的應用使其對眾多行業至關重要,從而在化學工業中發揮重要作用。

市場動態

製藥業的持續成長,特別是在藥物開發和生產方面,增加了對胺作為合成各種藥物的重要中間體的需求。不斷擴大的農化產業也推動了需求,因為胺對於配製農藥和除草劑至關重要。特種聚合物和界面活性劑等工業應用的興起也帶來了成長機會。胺基產品的創新,包括開發更有效率、更環保的合成方法,進一步增強了市場潛力。對永續和綠色化學實踐的日益重視也鼓勵使用胺來開發生態友善的解決方案。此外,對含有胺衍生物的個人護理產品和家用化學品的需求不斷成長也有助於市場擴張。然而,原物料價格波動和環境法規可能會阻礙市場成長。

研究報告涵蓋波特五力模型、市場吸引力分析和價值鏈分析。這些工具有助於清晰地了解行業結構並評估全球範圍內的競爭吸引力。此外,這些工具也對全球胺市場的各個細分市場進行了包容性評估。胺產業的成長和趨勢為本研究提供了整體方法。

市場區隔

胺市場報告的這一部分提供了國家和區域層面細分市場的詳細資料,從而幫助策略師確定相應產品或服務的目標人口統計數據以及即將到來的機會。

按產品分類

  • 乙醇胺
  • 脂肪胺
  • 烷基胺
  • 其他

按申請

  • 作物保護
  • 界面活性劑
  • 水處理
  • 個人護理
  • 氣體處理
  • 其他

區域分析

本節涵蓋區域前景,重點介紹北美、歐洲、亞太地區、拉丁美洲以及中東和非洲胺市場當前和未來的需求。此外,該報告重點關注所有主要地區各個應用領域的需求、估計和預測。

該研究報告還涵蓋了市場主要參與者的全面概況以及對全球競爭格局的深入了解。胺市場的主要參與者包括阿科瑪公司、阿克蘇諾貝爾公司、巴斯夫公司、沙烏地基礎工業公司、陶氏化學公司、亨斯曼公司、三菱瓦斯化學公司、Taminco公司、塞拉尼斯公司、索爾維公司、英力士集團、朗盛公司、利安德巴塞爾公司Industries Holdings BV 本部分包含競爭格局的整體視圖,包括各種策略發展,例如關鍵併購、未來產能、合作夥伴關係、財務概覽、合作、新產品開發、新產品發布和其他發展。

如果您有任何客製化要求,請寫信給我們。我們的研究團隊可以根據您的需求提供客製化報告。

目錄

第1章:前言

  • 報告說明
    • 客觀的
    • 目標受眾
    • 獨特的銷售主張 (USP) 和產品
  • 研究範圍
  • 研究方法
    • 市場研究過程
    • 市場研究方法論

第 2 章:執行摘要

  • 市場亮點
  • 全球市場概況

第 3 章:胺 - 產業分析

  • 簡介 - 市場動態
  • 市場促進因素
  • 市場限制
  • 機會
  • 產業動態
  • 波特五力分析
  • 市場吸引力分析
    • 按產品分類的市場吸引力分析
    • 市場吸引力分析:依應用分類
    • 市場吸引力分析:按地區

第 4 章:價值鏈分析

  • 價值鏈分析
  • 原料分析
    • 原料清單
    • 原料廠商清單
    • 主要原物料價格走勢
  • 潛在買家名單
  • 行銷管道
    • 直效行銷
    • 間接行銷
    • 行銷通路發展趨勢

第 5 章:全球胺市場分析:依產品分類

  • 按產品概述
  • 歷史和預測數據
  • 按產品分析
  • 乙醇胺
  • 脂肪胺
  • 烷基胺
  • 其他

第 6 章:全球胺市場分析:依應用分類

  • 概述:按應用
  • 歷史和預測數據
  • 分析:按應用
  • 作物保護
  • 界面活性劑
  • 水處理
  • 個人護理
  • 氣體處理
  • 其他

第 7 章:全球胺市場分析:依地理位置

  • 區域展望
  • 介紹
  • 北美銷售分析
    • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
    • 北美按細分市場銷售分析
    • 北美按國家銷售分析
    • 美國銷售分析
    • 加拿大銷售分析
    • 墨西哥銷售分析
  • 歐洲銷售分析
    • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
    • 歐洲按細分市場銷售分析
    • 歐洲按國家銷售分析
    • 英國銷售分析
    • 法國銷售分析
    • 德國銷售分析
    • 義大利銷售分析
    • 俄羅斯銷售分析
    • 歐洲其他地區銷售分析
  • 亞太地區銷售分析
    • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
    • 亞太地區按細分市場銷售分析
    • 亞太地區國家/地區銷售分析
    • 中國銷售分析
    • 印度銷售分析
    • 日本銷售分析
    • 韓國銷售分析
    • 澳洲銷售分析
    • 東南亞銷售分析
    • 亞太地區其他地區銷售分析
  • 拉丁美洲銷售分析
    • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
    • 拉丁美洲按細分市場銷售分析
    • 拉丁美洲按國家銷售分析
    • 巴西銷售分析
    • 阿根廷銷售分析
    • 秘魯銷售分析
    • 智利銷售分析
    • 拉丁美洲其他地區銷售分析
  • 中東和非洲銷售分析
    • 概覽、歷史與預測資料銷售分析
    • 中東和非洲按細分市場銷售分析
    • 中東和非洲國家銷售分析
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯銷售分析
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國銷售分析
    • 以色列銷售分析
    • 南非銷售分析
    • 中東其他地區和非洲銷售分析

第 8 章:胺公司的競爭格局

  • 胺市場競爭
  • 夥伴關係/協作/協議
  • 併購
  • 新產品發布
  • 其他發展

第 9 章:公司簡介

  • 頂級公司市佔率分析
  • 市場集中度
  • Arkema SA
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • Akzo Nobel NV
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • BASF SE
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • SABIC
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • The Dow Chemical Company
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • Huntsman Corporation
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • Taminco Corporation
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • Celanese Corporation
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • Solvay SA
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • INEOS Group
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • Lanxess Corporation
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態
  • Lyondell Basell Industries Holdings BV
    • 公司概況
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最新動態

注意 - 在公司概況中,財務詳細資訊和近期發展視情況而定,或者如果是私人公司,則可能不包括在內

Product Code: VMR11218616

The global demand for Amines Market is presumed to reach the market size of nearly USD 25.15 Billion by 2032 from USD 16.93 Billion in 2023 with a CAGR of 4.5% under the study period 2024 - 2032..

Amines are organic compounds obtained from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with aryl or alkyl groups. They are crucial in various industrial applications, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and polymers. These are categorized based on their structure into primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, each having distinct properties and uses. In the pharmaceutical industry, these are essential for synthesizing medications, while in agriculture, they produce pesticides and herbicides. Their versatility and wide-ranging applications make them vital to numerous sectors, contributing to their significance in the chemical industry.

Market Dynamics

The pharmaceutical industry's continuous growth, particularly in drug development and production, increases the demand for amines as essential intermediates in synthesizing various medications. The expanding agrochemical sector also drives demand, as amines are critical in formulating pesticides and herbicides. The rise in industrial applications, such as specialty polymers and surfactants, also presents growth opportunities. Innovations in amine-based products, including developing more efficient and environmentally friendly synthesis methods, further enhance market potential. The growing emphasis on sustainable and green chemistry practices also encourages the use of amines in developing eco-friendly solutions. Moreover, the rising demand for personal care products and household chemicals containing amine derivatives contributes to market expansion. However, fluctuating raw material prices & environmental regulations may hinder market growth.

The research report covers Porter's Five Forces Model, Market Attractiveness Analysis, and Value Chain analysis. These tools help to get a clear picture of the industry's structure and evaluate the competition attractiveness at a global level. Additionally, these tools also give an inclusive assessment of each segment in the global market of amines. The growth and trends of amines industry provide a holistic approach to this study.

MARKET SEGMENTATION

This section of the amines market report provides detailed data on the segments at country and regional level, thereby assisting the strategist in identifying the target demographics for the respective product or services with the upcoming opportunities.

By Product

  • Ethanolamine
  • Fatty Amines
  • Alkylamines
  • Others

By Application

  • Crop Protection
  • Surfactants
  • Water Treatment
  • Personal Care
  • Gas Treatment
  • Others

REGIONAL ANALYSIS

This section covers the regional outlook, which accentuates current and future demand for the Amines market across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. Further, the report focuses on demand, estimation, and forecast for individual application segments across all the prominent regions.

The research report also covers the comprehensive profiles of the key players in the market and an in-depth view of the competitive landscape worldwide. The major players in the Amines market include Arkema S.A., Akzo Nobel N.V., BASF SE, SABIC, The Dow Chemical Company, Huntsman Corporation, Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Taminco Corporation, Celanese Corporation, Solvay S.A., INEOS Group, Lanxess Corporation, Lyondell Basell Industries Holdings B.V. This section consists of a holistic view of the competitive landscape that includes various strategic developments such as key mergers & acquisitions, future capacities, partnerships, financial overviews, collaborations, new product developments, new product launches, and other developments.

In case you have any custom requirements, do write to us. Our research team can offer a customized report as per your need.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 . PREFACE

  • 1.1. Report Description
    • 1.1.1. Objective
    • 1.1.2. Target Audience
    • 1.1.3. Unique Selling Proposition (USP) & offerings
  • 1.2. Research Scope
  • 1.3. Research Methodology
    • 1.3.1. Market Research Process
    • 1.3.2. Market Research Methodology

2 . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 2.1. Highlights of Market
  • 2.2. Global Market Snapshot

3 . AMINES - INDUSTRY ANALYSIS

  • 3.1. Introduction - Market Dynamics
  • 3.2. Market Drivers
  • 3.3. Market Restraints
  • 3.4. Opportunities
  • 3.5. Industry Trends
  • 3.6. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 3.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 3.7.1 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Product
    • 3.7.2 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application
    • 3.7.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region

4 . VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

  • 4.1. Value Chain Analysis
  • 4.2. Raw Material Analysis
    • 4.2.1. List of Raw Materials
    • 4.2.2. Raw Material Manufactures List
    • 4.2.3. Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  • 4.3. List of Potential Buyers
  • 4.4. Marketing Channel
    • 4.4.1. Direct Marketing
    • 4.4.2. Indirect Marketing
    • 4.4.3. Marketing Channel Development Trend

5 . GLOBAL AMINES MARKET ANALYSIS BY PRODUCT

  • 5.1 Overview by Product
  • 5.2 Historical and Forecast Data
  • 5.3 Analysis by Product
  • 5.4 Ethanolamine Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 5.5 Fatty Amines Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 5.6 Alkylamines Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 5.7 Others Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions

6 . GLOBAL AMINES MARKET ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION

  • 6.1 Overview by Application
  • 6.2 Historical and Forecast Data
  • 6.3 Analysis by Application
  • 6.4 Crop Protection Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 6.5 Surfactants Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 6.6 Water Treatment Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 6.7 Personal Care Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 6.8 Gas Treatment Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 6.9 Others Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions

7 . GLOBAL AMINES MARKET ANALYSIS BY GEOGRAPHY

  • 7.1. Regional Outlook
  • 7.2. Introduction
  • 7.3. North America Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.2. North America By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.3. North America By Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.4. United State Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.5. Canada Sales Analysis
    • 7.3.6. Mexico Sales Analysis
  • 7.4. Europe Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.1. Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.2. Europe by Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.3. Europe by Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.4. United Kingdom Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.5. France Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.6. Germany Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.7. Italy Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.8. Russia Sales Analysis
    • 7.4.9. Rest Of Europe Sales Analysis
  • 7.5. Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.1. Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.2. Asia Pacific by Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.3. Asia Pacific by Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.4. China Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.5. India Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.6. Japan Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.7. South Korea Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.8. Australia Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.9. South East Asia Sales Analysis
    • 7.5.10. Rest Of Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
  • 7.6. Latin America Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.1. Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.2. Latin America by Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.3. Latin America by Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.4. Brazil Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.5. Argentina Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.6. Peru Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.7. Chile Sales Analysis
    • 7.6.8. Rest of Latin America Sales Analysis
  • 7.7. Middle East & Africa Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.1. Overview, Historic and Forecast Data Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.2. Middle East & Africa by Segment Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.3. Middle East & Africa by Country Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.4. Saudi Arabia Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.5. UAE Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.6. Israel Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.7. South Africa Sales Analysis
    • 7.7.8. Rest Of Middle East And Africa Sales Analysis

8 . COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE OF THE AMINES COMPANIES

  • 8.1. Amines Market Competition
  • 8.2. Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
  • 8.3. Merger And Acquisitions
  • 8.4. New Product Launch
  • 8.5. Other Developments

9 . COMPANY PROFILES OF AMINES INDUSTRY

  • 9.1. Top Companies Market Share Analysis
  • 9.2. Market Concentration Rate
  • 9.3. Arkema S.A.
    • 9.3.1. Company Overview
    • 9.3.2. Company Revenue
    • 9.3.3. Products
    • 9.3.4. Recent Developments
  • 9.4. Akzo Nobel N.V.
    • 9.4.1. Company Overview
    • 9.4.2. Company Revenue
    • 9.4.3. Products
    • 9.4.4. Recent Developments
  • 9.5. BASF SE
    • 9.5.1. Company Overview
    • 9.5.2. Company Revenue
    • 9.5.3. Products
    • 9.5.4. Recent Developments
  • 9.6. SABIC
    • 9.6.1. Company Overview
    • 9.6.2. Company Revenue
    • 9.6.3. Products
    • 9.6.4. Recent Developments
  • 9.7. The Dow Chemical Company
    • 9.7.1. Company Overview
    • 9.7.2. Company Revenue
    • 9.7.3. Products
    • 9.7.4. Recent Developments
  • 9.8. Huntsman Corporation
    • 9.8.1. Company Overview
    • 9.8.2. Company Revenue
    • 9.8.3. Products
    • 9.8.4. Recent Developments
  • 9.9. Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company
    • 9.9.1. Company Overview
    • 9.9.2. Company Revenue
    • 9.9.3. Products
    • 9.9.4. Recent Developments
  • 9.10. Taminco Corporation
    • 9.10.1. Company Overview
    • 9.10.2. Company Revenue
    • 9.10.3. Products
    • 9.10.4. Recent Developments
  • 9.11. Celanese Corporation
    • 9.11.1. Company Overview
    • 9.11.2. Company Revenue
    • 9.11.3. Products
    • 9.11.4. Recent Developments
  • 9.12. Solvay S.A.
    • 9.12.1. Company Overview
    • 9.12.2. Company Revenue
    • 9.12.3. Products
    • 9.12.4. Recent Developments
  • 9.13. INEOS Group
    • 9.13.1. Company Overview
    • 9.13.2. Company Revenue
    • 9.13.3. Products
    • 9.13.4. Recent Developments
  • 9.14. Lanxess Corporation
    • 9.14.1. Company Overview
    • 9.14.2. Company Revenue
    • 9.14.3. Products
    • 9.14.4. Recent Developments
  • 9.15. Lyondell Basell Industries Holdings B.V.
    • 9.15.1. Company Overview
    • 9.15.2. Company Revenue
    • 9.15.3. Products
    • 9.15.4. Recent Developments

Note - in company profiling, financial details and recent development are subject to availability or might not be covered in case of private companies

LIST OF TABLES

  • Market Snapshot
  • Drivers : Impact Analysis
  • Restraints : Impact Analysis
  • List of Raw Material
  • List of Raw Material Manufactures
  • List of Potential Buyers
  • Analysis by Product (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Ethanolamine Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Fatty Amines Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Alkylamines Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Others Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Analysis Market by Application (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Crop Protection Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Surfactants Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Water Treatment Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Personal Care Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Gas Treatment Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Others Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Global Amines Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • North America Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • United State Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Canada Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Mexico Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Europe Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Europe Market Estimate by Country (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • United Kingdom Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • France Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Germany Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Italy Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Russia Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Spain Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Rest of Europe Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Asia Pacific Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • China Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Japan Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • India Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • South Korea Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Australia Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • South East Asia Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Rest of Asia Pacific Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Latin America Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Brazil Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Argentina Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Peru Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Chile Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Rest of Latin America Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Middle East & Africa Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Saudi Arabia Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • UAE Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Israel Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • South Africa Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Rest of Middle East and Africa Market Analysis (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
  • Mergers And Acquisition

LIST OF FIGURES

  • Research Scope of Amines Report
  • Market Research Process
  • Market Research Methodology
  • Global Amines Market Size, by Region (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Porters Five Forces Analysis
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis by Product
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis by Application
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis by Region
  • Value Chain Analysis
  • Global Market Analysis by Product (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Ethanolamine Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Fatty Amines Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Alkylamines Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Others Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Global Market Analysis by Application (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Crop Protection Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Surfactants Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Water Treatment Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Personal Care Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Gas Treatment Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Others Market Sales by Geography (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Global Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • North America Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Europe Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Asia Pacific Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Latin America Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Middle East & Africa Market Sales (Kilo Tons and USD MN)
  • Recent Development in Industry
  • Top Companies Market Share Analysis

Kindly note that the above listed are the basic tables and figures of the report and are not limited to the TOC.