全球智慧武器市場：按產品、平台、技術、地區和預測

全球智慧武器市場規模及預測

2024 年全球智慧武器市場規模為 138.3 億美元，預計到 2032 年將達到 214.1 億美元，2026 年至 2032 年的複合年成長率為 5.61%。

全球智慧武器是指配備精確導引技術的先進軍事系統，能夠精準瞄準目標並進行打擊，同時最大程度地降低附帶損害。這些武器通常整合GPS、雷射導引和自主決策功能。

世界各地的智慧武器廣泛應用於現代戰爭，從空襲、飛彈系統到無人作戰行動，透過提高精度、減少人為錯誤和最大限度地減少平民傷亡來提高軍事行動的有效性。

隨著世界各國軍隊持續投資於國防和安全領域的先進技術，全球智慧武器預計將持續成長。人工智慧、自主系統和增強型瞄準能力的持續發展將進一步推動全球智慧武器在未來作戰場景中的應用和發展。

全球智慧武器市場動態

影響全球智慧武器市場的關鍵市場動態是：

關鍵市場促進因素

國防支出增加：世界各國政府正在大幅增加國防預算，以加強國家安全並應對不斷演變的威脅。國防費用的激增是全球智慧武器市場的主要驅動力。美國2024年預計的國防預算約為8,420億美元，其中很大一部分將用於包括智慧武器在內的先進軍事技術。同樣，北約成員國已承諾增加國防開支，以實現其佔GDP 2%的目標，這進一步刺激了對精確導引彈藥的需求。

人工智慧 (AI) 和自主系統的技術進步：人工智慧和自主技術的快速發展正在推動下一代智慧武器的發展。這些技術使武器能夠即時決策，適應不斷變化的環境，並在年複合成長率的人為干預下完成任務。根據最近的一份報告，全球軍事人工智慧市場預計將在 2023 年至 2030 年期間以 14.6% 的複合年成長率成長。這一成長正在推動人工智慧與智慧武器的融合，從而提高其作戰精度和效能。

地緣政治緊張局勢加劇和非對稱戰爭的興起：地緣政治緊張局勢加劇和非對稱戰爭的興起正促使各國採用全球智慧武器，以實現更具針對性和更有效率的軍事行動。東歐、中東和亞太等地區的衝突增加了對精確導引彈藥的需求，以最大限度地減少附帶損害並實現戰略目標。例如，持續不斷的烏克蘭衝突凸顯了全球智慧武器在現代戰爭中的重要性，並促使北約盟國增加了此類武器的採購。

政府措施與戰略夥伴關係：各國政府正積極投資全球智慧武器的研發，並採取各種措施並與國防相關企業建立戰略夥伴關係。美國國防部（DoD）的聯合全域指揮與控制（JADC2）舉措旨在整合全球智慧武器，實現無縫通訊與協調，並創建統一的軍事行動網路。此外，歐洲國防基金（EDF）等政府資助的研發項目正在支持整個歐盟（EU）的智慧武器技術創新。根據最新數據，EDF已撥款80億歐元用於加強歐盟的國防能力，包括研發先進的智慧武器。

主要挑戰

高昂的開發和採購成本：全球智慧武器的開發和採購需要大量資金，對許多國家來說成本高昂。人工智慧、自主系統和精確導引彈藥等先進技術的研發成本高昂。此外，製造這些武器需要專門的材料和工藝，這進一步增加了成本。對於小國和國防預算有限的國家來說，採購全球智慧武器可能較為困難，限制了某些地區的市場成長。

倫理與法律擔憂：智慧武器，尤其是自主系統的使用，引發了關於武力使用和課責的倫理與法律擔憂。人們擔心，全球智慧武器可能會在無人干預的情況下自行做出決策，導致包括平民傷亡在內的意外後果。國際組織和人權組織倡導加強對此類武器部署的監管和監督，這可能會限制其發展和使用，並影響市場擴張。

網路安全風險：全球智慧武器高度依賴先進的軟體、通訊網路和即時資料處理，極易受到網路安全威脅。智慧武器系統遭受駭客攻擊、資料外洩和網路攻擊的風險對其作戰效能構成重大挑戰。一次成功的網路攻擊可能會破壞這些武器的功能，導致任務失敗，甚至可能使武器反噬其操作者。

監管和出口管制問題：嚴格的軍事技術監管和出口管制對全球智慧武器市場構成挑戰。 《武器貿易條約》（ATT）等國際軍控協定以及美國等國的出口管制措施，限制智慧武器向全球特定國家出售或轉讓。這些限制措施旨在防止先進軍事技術擴散到不穩定地區或敵對國家。

主要趨勢：

人工智慧與機器學習的融合：人工智慧 (AI) 和機器學習 (ML) 與全球智慧武器的融合正在徹底改變現代戰爭。主導的全球智慧武器可以即時分析大量數據，從而提高目標瞄準精度、預測性維護和自主決策能力。這一趨勢正在推動更先進系統的發展，例如自主無人機和人工智慧導引飛彈，這些系統可以在極少的人工干預下運作。

精確導引彈藥的進步：由於GPS、雷射和紅外線瞄準等導引系統的改進，精確導引彈藥 (PGM) 正變得越來越複雜。這些進步使得在複雜環境下更精確的攻擊成為可能，並減少附帶損害。此外，零件小型化的趨勢也推動了尺寸更小、用途更廣的PGM的發展，這些PGM可以從包括無人機 (UAV) 在內的各種平台上部署。

轉向網路中心戰：網路中心戰的概念正在獲得越來越多的支持，該概念強調將全球智慧武器整合到一個更大、更互聯的軍事生態系統中。這種方法能夠實現不同軍事裝備之間的即時數據共用，增強情境察覺和協同作戰能力。全球智慧武器的設計概念正是為了在這種網路化環境中作戰，從而實現同步攻擊和動態目標更新。

重視網路安全和電子戰能力：隨著全球智慧武器的互聯互通程度日益加深，並日益依賴數位系統，網路安全已成為關鍵關切。將強大的網路安全措施納入全球智慧武器的趨勢，旨在保護其免受網路攻擊和電子戰戰術的侵害，這些攻擊和戰術可能導致武器癱瘓或重新定向。此外，全球智慧武器還配備了電子戰能力，可以干擾敵方通訊、破壞雷達系統以及應對其他電子威脅。各國政府和國防承包商日益重視網路安全解決方案的投資，以保護全球智慧武器並確保其在衝突環境中的可靠性。

目錄

第1章：全球智慧武器市場簡介

• 市場概覽
• 研究範圍
• 先決條件

第2章執行摘要

第3章：已驗證的市場研究調查方法

• 資料探勘
• 驗證
• 第一手資料
• 資料來源列表

第4章 全球智慧武器市場展望

• 概述
• 市場動態
  • 驅動程式
  • 限制因素
  • 機會
• 波特五力模型
• 價值鏈分析

第5章全球智慧武器市場（按產品）

• 概述
• 飛彈
• 彈藥
• 飛彈
• 導引火箭
• 導引能量武器

6. 全球智慧武器市場（按平台）

• 概述
• 航空
• 海軍
• 土地

7. 全球智慧武器市場（按技術）

• 概述
• 雷射導
• 紅外線導
• 雷達導
• 衛星導引

第8章全球智慧武器市場（按地區）

• 概述
• 北美洲
  • 美國
  • 加拿大
  • 墨西哥
• 歐洲
  • 德國
  • 英國
  • 法國
  • 其他歐洲國家
• 亞太地區
  • 中國
  • 日本
  • 印度
  • 其他亞太地區
• 世界其他地區
  • 拉丁美洲
  • 中東和非洲

第9章全球智慧武器市場的競爭格局

• 概述
• 各公司市場排名
• 主要發展策略

第10章 公司簡介

• L-3 Communications Ltd.
• Lockheed Martin Corporation
• MBDA, Inc.
• Orbital ATK
• General Dynamics Corporation
• BAE Systems
• The Boeing Co.
• Textron, Inc.
• Israel Aerospace Industries
• Northrop Grumman Corporation.

第11章 附錄

• 相關調查

Global Smart Weapons Market Size and Forecast

Global Smart Weapons Market size was valued at USD 13.83 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 21.41 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 5.61% from 2026 to 2032.

Global Smart Weapons are advanced military systems equipped with precision-guided technology, enabling them to accurately target and strike with minimal collateral damage. These weapons often incorporate GPS, laser guidance, and autonomous decision-making capabilities.

Global Smart Weapons are widely used in modern warfare for airstrikes, missile systems, and unmanned combat operations. They enhance the effectiveness of military operations by increasing accuracy, reducing human error, and minimizing civilian casualties.

The global smart weapons is expected to grow as militaries around the world continue to invest in advanced technologies for defense and security. Ongoing developments in artificial intelligence, autonomous systems, and enhanced targeting capabilities will further drive the adoption and evolution of Global Smart Weapons in future combat scenarios.

Global Smart Weapons Market Dynamics

The key market dynamics that are shaping the global smart weapons market include:

Key Market Drivers:

Increasing Defense Spending: Governments around the world are significantly increasing their defense budgets to enhance national security and combat evolving threats. This surge in defense spending is a major driver for the global smart weapons market. The United States defense budget for 2024 is projected to be around $842 billion, with a substantial portion allocated to advanced military technologies, including smart weapons. Similarly, NATO members have pledged to increase their defense spending to meet the 2% of GDP target, further boosting demand for precision-guided munitions.

Technological Advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Autonomous Systems: Rapid advancements in AI and autonomous technologies are driving the development of next-generation smart weapons. These technologies enable weapons to make real-time decisions, adapt to changing environments, and execute missions with minimal human intervention. According to recent reports, the global AI in military market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.6% from 2023 to 2030. This growth is fueling the integration of AI into smart weapons, enhancing their precision and effectiveness in combat.

Rising Geopolitical Tensions and Asymmetric Warfare: Increasing geopolitical tensions and the rise of asymmetric warfare are pushing countries to adopt Global Smart Weapons for more targeted and efficient military operations. Conflicts in regions such as Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia-Pacific are leading to a higher demand for precision-guided munitions to minimize collateral damage and achieve strategic objectives. For instance, the ongoing conflict in Ukraine has highlighted the importance of Global Smart Weapons in modern warfare, leading to increased procurement by NATO allies.

Government Initiatives and Strategic Partnerships: Governments are actively investing in the development of Global Smart Weapons through various initiatives and strategic partnerships with defense contractors. The U.S. Department of Defense's (DoD) Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) initiative aims to create a unified network for military operations, integrating Global Smart Weapons for seamless communication and coordination. Additionally, government-funded research and development programs, such as the European Defense Fund (EDF), are supporting innovation in smart weapon technologies across the European Union. According to recent data, the EDF allocated €8 billion for 2021-2027 to strengthen the EU's defense capabilities, including the development of advanced smart weapons.

Key Challenges:

High Development and Procurement Costs: The development and acquisition of Global Smart Weapons involve significant financial investments, making them expensive for many countries. Research and development (R&D) costs for advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, autonomous systems, and precision-guided munitions are high. Additionally, manufacturing these weapons requires specialized materials and processes, further driving up costs. For smaller nations or those with constrained defense budgets, procuring Global Smart Weapons can be challenging, limiting market growth in certain regions.

Ethical and Legal Concerns: The use of smart weapons, especially autonomous systems, raises ethical and legal issues related to the use of force and accountability. There are concerns about the potential for Global Smart Weapons to make independent decisions without human intervention, leading to unintended consequences, including civilian casualties. International organizations and human rights groups are advocating for stricter regulations and oversight on the deployment of such weapons, which could result in restrictions on their development and use, thereby affecting market expansion.

Cybersecurity Risks: As Global Smart Weapons rely heavily on advanced software, communication networks, and real-time data processing, they are vulnerable to cybersecurity threats. The risk of hacking, data breaches, or cyberattacks on smart weapon systems poses a significant challenge to their operational effectiveness. A successful cyberattack could compromise the functionality of these weapons, leading to mission failure or even turning the weapon against its operator.

Regulatory and Export Control Issues: Stringent regulations and export controls on military technologies pose challenges for the Global Smart Weapons market. International arms control agreements, such as the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), and export restrictions by countries like the United States, limit the sale and transfer of Global Smart Weapons to certain nations. These restrictions are aimed at preventing the proliferation of advanced military technologies to unstable regions or adversarial states.

Key Trends:

Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into Global Smart Weapons is revolutionizing modern warfare. AI-driven Global Smart Weapons are capable of analyzing vast amounts of data in real-time, enabling enhanced targeting accuracy, predictive maintenance, and autonomous decision-making. This trend is leading to the development of more advanced systems like autonomous drones and AI-guided missiles that can operate with minimal human intervention.

Advancements in Precision-Guided Munitions: Precision-guided munitions (PGMs) are becoming increasingly sophisticated, with improvements in guidance systems such as GPS, laser, and infrared targeting. These advancements allow for more accurate strikes, even in challenging environments, reducing collateral damage. The trend towards miniaturization of components is also enabling the development of smaller, more versatile PGMs that can be deployed from a wider range of platforms, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

Shift towards Network-Centric Warfare: The concept of network-centric warfare, which emphasizes the integration of global smart weapons into a larger, connected military ecosystem, is gaining traction. This approach allows for real-time data sharing between different military assets, enhancing situational awareness and coordination on the battlefield. Global Smart Weapons are increasingly being designed to operate within this networked environment, enabling synchronized strikes and dynamic target updates.

Focus on Cybersecurity and Electronic Warfare Capabilities: As Global Smart Weapons become more connected and reliant on digital systems, cybersecurity has become a critical concern. The trend towards incorporating robust cybersecurity measures into Global Smart Weapons aims to protect them from cyber-attacks and electronic warfare tactics that could disable or redirect them. Additionally, Global Smart Weapons are being equipped with electronic warfare capabilities, allowing them to jam enemy communications, disrupt radar systems, and counteract other electronic threats. Governments and defense contractors are increasingly prioritizing investments in cybersecurity solutions to safeguard Global Smart Weapons and ensure their reliability in contested environments.

Global Smart Weapons Market Regional Analysis

Here is a more detailed regional analysis of the global smart weapons market:

North America:

North America is the dominant region in the Global Smart Weapons market, largely due to the extensive defense budgets and technological advancements in the United States and Canada. The U.S. Department of Defense is a key player, with its 2024 defense budget projected at approximately $842 billion, significantly investing in cutting-edge Global Smart Weapons and advanced military technologies. This financial commitment, coupled with the presence of major defense contractors like Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, and Northrop Grumman, positions North America at the forefront of Global Smart Weapons development. The region's leadership is further bolstered by its robust R&D infrastructure and strategic military initiatives, such as the Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) program, which integrates Global Smart Weapons into a unified network for enhanced operational effectiveness.

In North America, the Global Smart Weapons market benefits from a combination of high defense spending and robust technological advancements. The U.S. accounts for a significant share of the market, driven by ongoing investments in next-generation Global Smart Weapons and military modernization programs. For instance, recent reports indicate that the U.S. has increased its defense budget for emerging technologies by 10% in 2024, focusing on enhancing precision and autonomous capabilities in smart weapons. Additionally, Canada is also investing in upgrading its defense systems, further supporting the region's dominance.

Asia Pacific:

Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region in the Global Smart Weapons market, driven by substantial investments in military modernization and heightened regional security concerns. Countries such as China and India are leading this growth, significantly expanding their defense budgets to enhance their military capabilities. For instance, China's defense budget for 2024 is approximately $320 billion, reflecting its commitment to advancing its military technology, including smart weapons. Similarly, India has allocated around $70 billion for defense in 2024, with a notable focus on upgrading its weaponry and integrating advanced technologies to counteract regional threats.

The region's rapid growth is further supported by the increasing adoption of advanced technologies, including artificial intelligence and autonomous systems, which are becoming integral to smart weapons. The ongoing geopolitical tensions in Asia Pacific, particularly in the South China Sea and along the India-China border, are driving nations to enhance their precision-strike capabilities.

Global Smart Weapons Market: Segmentation Analysis

The Global Smart Weapons Market is segmented on the basis of By Product, By Platform, By Technology, and By Geography.

Global Smart Weapons Market, By Product

• Missiles
• Munitions
• Guided Projectiles
• Guided Rockets
• Directed Energy Weapons

Based on Product, the Global Smart Weapons Market is segmented into Missiles, Munitions, Guided Projectiles, Guided Rockets, and Directed Energy Weapons. The missiles and munitions segment is the dominant segment in the Global Smart Weapons market, driven by widespread adoption across various military platforms and significant investments in precision-guided technologies. The directed energy weapons (DEWs) segment is the fastest-growing, fueled by advancements in laser and microwave technologies. DEWs are gaining attention for their potential to provide precise, scalable, and cost-effective defense solutions against emerging threats such as drones and missiles, making them a key area of future growth in the Global Smart Weapons market.

Global Smart Weapons Market, By Platform

• Air
• Naval
• Land

Based on Platform, the Global Smart Weapons Market is segmented into Air, Naval and Land. The land segment is the dominant segment, due to its broad range of applications and extensive use of precision-guided munitions for ground-based operations. This dominance is driven by the widespread deployment of smart artillery, missiles, and infantry weapons. However, the air segment is the fastest-growing segment, propelled by advancements in aerial drones, precision-guided air-to-ground missiles, and the increasing integration of AI technologies in air combat systems. The rapid development of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and air-launched precision weapons is fueling significant growth in this sector, reflecting its expanding role in modern military strategies.

Global Smart Weapons Market, By Technology

• Laser Guidance
• Infrared Guidance
• Radar Guidance
• Satellite Guidance

Based on Technology, the Global Smart Weapons Market is segmented into Laser Guidance, Infrared Guidance, Radar Guidance, and Satellite Guidance. Satellite guidance is the dominant segment due to its widespread use and established effectiveness in precision targeting and navigation. It provides superior accuracy and reliability by leveraging Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, making it a preferred choice for many military applications. However, the laser guidance segment is the fastest-growing, driven by its increasing adoption in various smart weapon systems due to its high precision, target locking capabilities, and effectiveness in both daytime and nighttime conditions.

Global Smart Weapons Market, By Geography

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Rest of the World

Based on the Geography, the Global Smart Weapons Market are classified into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of World. North America is the dominant region, primarily due to its advanced defense technology infrastructure, significant defense budgets, and substantial investments in Global Smart Weapons development by the U.S. Department of Defense. Conversely, Asia Pacific is the fastest-growing segment, driven by rising defense expenditures, rapid modernization of military capabilities, and increasing geopolitical tensions in the region. Countries like China and India are heavily investing in advanced weaponry to enhance their military capabilities, leading to accelerated growth in the Global Smart Weapons sector within Asia Pacific.

Key Players

The "Global Smart Weapons Market" study report will provide valuable insight with an emphasis on the global market. The major players in the market are L-3 Communications Ltd., Lockheed Martin Corporation, MBDA, Inc., Orbital ATK, General Dynamics Corporation, BAE Systems, The Boeing Co., Textron, Inc., Israel Aerospace Industries, Northrop Grumman Corporation.

Our market analysis also entails a section solely dedicated to such major players wherein our analysts provide an insight into the financial statements of all the major players, along with its product benchmarking and SWOT analysis. The competitive landscape section also includes key development strategies, market share, and market ranking analysis of the above-mentioned players globally.

• Global Smart Weapons Market: Recent Developments
• In August 2024 Elbit Systems has introduced new autonomy features in its smart weapons, including advanced decision-making algorithms and real-time target recognition capabilities. These enhancements are aimed at improving the operational effectiveness and adaptability of smart munitions in dynamic combat scenarios.
• In August 2024 Northrop Grumman has unveiled a new line of autonomous drones equipped with advanced AI and machine learning algorithms for precision targeting. These drones are designed to operate autonomously in complex environments, enhancing operational flexibility and strike accuracy.
• In July 2024 Lockheed Martin has successfully tested its new hypersonic missile system, which incorporates advanced guidance and propulsion technologies to achieve speeds exceeding Mach 5. This development enhances the precision and effectiveness of long-range strikes and is expected to significantly bolster the company's defense offerings.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION OF GLOBAL SMART WEAPONS MARKET

• 1.1 Overview of the Market
• 1.2 Scope of Report
• 1.3 Assumptions

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF VERIFIED MARKET RESEARCH

• 3.1 Data Mining
• 3.2 Validation
• 3.3 Primary Interviews
• 3.4 List of Data Sources

4 GLOBAL SMART WEAPONS MARKET OUTLOOK

• 4.1 Overview
• 4.2 Market Dynamics
  • 4.2.1 Drivers
  • 4.2.2 Restraints
  • 4.2.3 Opportunities
• 4.3 Porters Five Force Model
• 4.4 Value Chain Analysis

5 GLOBAL SMART WEAPONS MARKET, BY PRODUCT

• 5.1 Overview
• 5.2 Missiles
• 5.3 Munitions
• 5.4 Guided Projectiles
• 5.5 Guided Rockets
• 5.6 Directed Energy Weapons

6 GLOBAL SMART WEAPONS MARKET, BY PLATFORM

• 6.1 Overview
• 6.2 Air
• 6.3 Naval
• 6.4 Land

7 GLOBAL SMART WEAPONS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY

• 7.1 Overview
• 7.2 Laser Guidance
• 7.3 Infrared Guidance
• 7.4 Radar Guidance
• 7.5 Satellite Guidance

8 GLOBAL SMART WEAPONS MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY

• 8.1 Overview
• 8.2 North America
  • 8.2.1 U.S.
  • 8.2.2 Canada
  • 8.2.3 Mexico
• 8.3 Europe
  • 8.3.1 Germany
  • 8.3.2 U.K.
  • 8.3.3 France
  • 8.3.4 Rest of Europe
• 8.4 Asia Pacific
  • 8.4.1 China
  • 8.4.2 Japan
  • 8.4.3 India
  • 8.4.4 Rest of Asia Pacific
• 8.5 Rest of the World
  • 8.5.1 Latin America
  • 8.5.2 Middle East and Africa

9 GLOBAL SMART WEAPONS MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

• 9.1 Overview
• 9.2 Company Market Ranking
• 9.3 Key Development Strategies

10 COMPANY PROFILES

• 10.1 L-3 Communications Ltd.
  • 10.1.1 Overview
  • 10.1.2 Financial Performance
  • 10.1.3 Product Outlook
  • 10.1.4 Key Developments
• 10.2 Lockheed Martin Corporation
  • 10.2.1 Overview
  • 10.2.2 Financial Performance
  • 10.2.3 Product Outlook
  • 10.2.4 Key Developments
• 10.3 MBDA, Inc.
  • 10.3.1 Overview
  • 10.3.2 Financial Performance
  • 10.3.3 Product Outlook
  • 10.3.4 Key Developments
• 10.4 Orbital ATK
  • 10.4.1 Overview
  • 10.4.2 Financial Performance
  • 10.4.3 Product Outlook
  • 10.4.4 Key Developments
• 10.5 General Dynamics Corporation
  • 10.5.1 Overview
  • 10.5.2 Financial Performance
  • 10.5.3 Product Outlook
  • 10.5.4 Key Developments
• 10.6 BAE Systems
  • 10.6.1 Overview
  • 10.6.2 Financial Performance
  • 10.6.3 Product Outlook
  • 10.6.4 Key Developments
• 10.7 The Boeing Co.
  • 10.7.1 Overview
  • 10.7.2 Financial Performance
  • 10.7.3 Product Outlook
  • 10.7.4 Key Developments
• 10.8 Textron, Inc.
  • 10.8.1 Overview
  • 10.8.2 Financial Performance
  • 10.8.3 Product Outlook
  • 10.8.4 Key Developments
• 10.9 Israel Aerospace Industries
  • 10.9.1 Overview
  • 10.9.2 Financial Performance
  • 10.9.3 Product Outlook
  • 10.9.4 Key Developments
• 10.10 Northrop Grumman Corporation.
  • 10.10.1 Overview
  • 10.10.2 Financial Performance
  • 10.10.3 Product Outlook
  • 10.10.4 Key Developments

11 Appendix

• 11.1 Related Research