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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
2047925

原油裝運船隻市場－全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會、預測：按類型、應用、地區和競爭格局分類，2021-2031年

Crude Oil Carrier Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented, By Type, By Application, By Region & Competition, 2021-2031F
出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 185 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

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簡介目錄

全球原油油輪市場預計將從 2025 年的 2,341.9 億美元大幅成長至 2031 年的 4,964.4 億美元，複合年成長率高達 13.34%。

該市場依賴超大型油輪（VLCC）和蘇伊士型油輪等專用船舶，這些船舶旨在將散裝原油從開採地運輸到世界各地的煉油廠。這一成長主要受全球能源需求成長和國際貿易路線策略轉變的驅動，導致運輸距離延長，對這些油輪的總噸英里需求增加。目前，有限的可用運能支撐著強勁的需求，從而推高了運費，並為營運商提供了商機。

市場概覽
預測期 2027-2031
市場規模：2025年 2341.9億美元
市場規模：2031年 4964.4億美元
複合年成長率：2026-2031年 13.34%
成長最快的細分市場 柴油引擎
最大的市場 北美洲

根據波羅的海國際航運公會（BIMCO）的預測，到2025年，原油油輪供應量預計僅成長0.5%，凸顯了目前市場面臨的嚴峻供應限制。然而，市場進一步擴張的主要障礙在於日益嚴格的脫碳法規所帶來的財務和營運負擔。為符合國際海事組織（IMO）的碳強度和能源效率標準，需要對老舊船舶維修大量資本投入，或迫使業者降低航速。這些監管要求收緊了投資環境，並可能導致不符合標準的船舶提前退役，從而限制船隊現代化，並阻礙全球原油油輪市場的長期擴張潛力。

市場促進因素

亞太地區，尤其是中國原油進口需求的顯著成長，是全球原油油輪運輸量成長的主要驅動力。隨著全部區域煉油能力的擴張以滿足消費需求，往返於大西洋盆地和中東的遠洋航線對超大型油輪（VLCC）和蘇伊士型油輪的需求不斷增加，導致船隊運轉率顯著下降。這種持續的能源需求不斷消耗可用運力，即使在整體經濟不穩定時期，也有助於維持高運費。近期貿易數據凸顯了這項需求的巨大影響。根據路透社2026年1月發布的報告《2025年中國石油進口》，2025年12月中國原油進口量將達到創紀錄的1,318萬桶/日。

地緣政治不穩定進一步增加了噸海浬需求，延長了平均航程，在不增加新船的情況下有效減少了運作船隊的供應。為避開紅海等衝突地區，貿易路線被迫改變，航運公司不得不繞過好望角，這顯著增加了運輸時間和燃料消耗。這種結構性低效人為地收緊了市場，從而提高了營運商的獲利能力。這些干擾的影響巨大。根據波羅的海國際航運公會（BIMCO）2025年11月發布的《油輪運輸與展望》報告，預計在紅海航線全面恢復正常後，原油油輪需求將下降2-3%，這意味著目前該行業存在溢價。鑑於BIMCO預測2026年原油油輪船隊供應量將成長1.5%，這項緩衝尤為重要。

市場挑戰

日益嚴格的脫碳法規帶來的財務和營運負擔，嚴重阻礙了全球原油油輪市場的成長。遵守這些嚴苛的環保標準迫使船東投入大量資金翻新老舊船舶或降低航速，從而有效減少了可用運輸能力。不斷攀升的合規成本造成了投資環境的不確定性，除非未來燃料技術前景明朗，否則船東將無力投資新船以及船隊擴張和現代化所需的資本投入。

因此，現有船隊中有相當一部分面臨淪為「擱淺資產」的風險，因為維修老舊船舶以符合更新後的碳排放標準往往在經濟上不可行。根據波羅的海國際航運公會（BIMCO）2025年8月發布的報告，船齡超過20年的船舶佔船隊總運輸能力的10%。老舊船舶比例過高進一步加劇了監管壓力，因為這些老舊船舶最有可能被提前退役。由於營運商被迫拆解不符合規定的船舶，市場難以實現永續和廣泛擴張所需的淨運輸能力成長。

市場趨勢

平行「影子船隊」的出現和隨後的擴張，在市場中形成了一個獨特且透明度較低的細分領域。該細分領域的特點是船舶在常規監管和保險框架之外運營，主要目的是規避國際制裁。這種營運碎片化使得原本應該退役的老舊船舶得以繼續活躍在非法貿易航線上，從而促進了受限能源出口，尤其是來自俄羅斯和伊朗等國的能源出口。該船隊的存在大幅減少了主流租船人可用的合規船舶數量，儘管這些船舶仍在實際運營，但人為地限制了商業性供應。這種結構性轉變的規模龐大；安聯商業航運在其2025年6月發布的《安全與航運展望》中估計，全球約17%的油輪船隊將屬於該影子船隊，這將從根本上重塑全球競爭動態和安全標準。

同時，隨著環保標準日益嚴格，航運公司積極尋求保護自身資產，超大型油輪（VLCC）船隊的現代化改造，尤其是採用環保設計，正逐漸形成一股強勁的勢頭。越來越多的資金正流向採用先進節能技術、並專門為滿足國際海事組織（IMO）碳排放強度標準而設計的新造船項目。這標誌著近年來投資意願的策略轉變。這項合約活動的復甦對於更新老舊商船隊、確保其在不斷變化的監管標準下長期生存至關重要。波羅的海國際航運公會（BIMCO）在其2025年11月發布的報告《原油油輪船隊更新加速》中強調了這一上升趨勢，指出原油油輪訂單累積訂單與船隊規模之比已達到14.1%，創九年來新高，這表明各方致力於重振全球航運能力。

目錄

第1章概述

第2章：調查方法

第3章執行摘要

第4章：客戶心聲

第5章：全球原油裝運船隻市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
    • 按金額
  • 市佔率及預測
    • 依類型（抑制​​沉積物、防止氧化/防腐蝕、腐蝕抑制劑、其他）
    • 依用途（柴油、汽油、航空渦輪燃料、其他）
    • 按地區
    • 按公司（2025 年）
  • 市場地圖

第6章：北美原油裝運船隻市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 北美洲：國別分析
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第7章：歐洲原油裝運船隻市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 歐洲：國別分析
    • 德國
    • 法國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 西班牙

第8章：亞太地區原油裝運船隻市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 亞太地區：國別分析
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韓國
    • 澳洲

第9章：中東與非洲原油裝運船隻市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 中東與非洲：國別分析
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 南非

第10章：南美洲原油裝運船隻市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 南美洲：國別分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥倫比亞
    • 阿根廷

第11章 市場動態

  • 促進因素
  • 任務

第12章 市場趨勢與發展

  • 併購
  • 產品發布
  • 近期趨勢

第13章：全球原油裝運船隻市場：SWOT分析

第14章：波特五力分析

  • 產業競爭
  • 新進入者的潛力
  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 顧客權力
  • 替代品的威脅

第15章 競爭格局

  • China COSCO Shipping Corporation Limited
  • China Merchants Group Limited
  • Angelicoussis Group
  • Teekay Corporation
  • Tsakos Group
  • Minerva Marine Inc.
  • Nordic American Tankers Limited
  • Kuwait Oil Tanker Co. SAK
  • SFL Corporation Ltd
  • Taiyo Cabletec Corporation

第16章 策略建議

第17章：關於研究公司及免責聲明

簡介目錄
Product Code: 29108

The global crude oil carrier market is expected to expand significantly, from USD 234.19 billion in 2025 to USD 496.44 billion by 2031, demonstrating a robust compound annual growth rate of 13.34%. This market relies on specialized maritime vessels, such as VLCCs and Suezmax tankers, designed to transport unrefined petroleum in bulk from extraction sites to refineries worldwide. Growth is primarily driven by rising global energy demand and strategic shifts in international trade routes, which in turn lead to longer transit distances and increased overall ton-mile demand for these carriers. This strong demand is currently supported by limited available tonnage, which helps maintain high freight rates and revenue opportunities for operators.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2027-2031
Market Size 2025USD 234.19 Billion
Market Size 2031USD 496.44 Billion
CAGR 2026-203113.34%
Fastest Growing SegmentDiesel
Largest MarketNorth America

According to BIMCO, the forecast for crude tanker vessel supply growth in 2025 is a mere 0.5%, underscoring the severe capacity constraints that are fundamental to the market's current performance. However, a major obstacle hindering broader market expansion is the escalating financial and operational burdens imposed by stringent decarbonization regulations. Adhering to the International Maritime Organization's carbon intensity and efficiency standards necessitates considerable capital investment for upgrading older vessels or compels operators to adopt slower sailing speeds. These regulatory mandates create a challenging investment climate that may lead to the premature retirement of non-compliant ships, thereby restricting fleet renewal and impeding the long-term expansion potential of the global crude oil carrier market.

Market Driver

The significant increase in crude oil import demand from Asia-Pacific economies, particularly China, serves as the main impetus driving volume growth within the global crude oil carrier sector. As refining capabilities expand across the region to satisfy consumption requirements, the need for VLCCs and Suezmax vessels to operate long-haul routes from the Atlantic Basin and the Middle East has intensified, leading to notably tighter fleet utilization. This consistent demand for energy ensures a steady uptake of available tonnage, which helps to maintain high freight rates even amidst periods of wider economic instability. The profound impact of this demand is highlighted by recent trade data; according to Reuters in January 2026, China's crude oil imports reached a record 13.18 million barrels per day in December 2025, as reported in 'China's 2025 Oil Imports'.

Geopolitical instability further boosts ton-mile demand by increasing average voyage distances, effectively diminishing the active fleet supply without the addition of new vessels. When trade flows are rerouted away from conflict areas, such as the Red Sea, carriers are compelled to navigate around the Cape of Good Hope, a diversion that substantially extends transit times and fuel consumption. This structural inefficiency artificially tightens the market, thereby bolstering earnings potential for operators. The impact of such disruptions is considerable; BIMCO's November 2025 'Tanker Shipping & Outlook' suggests that a full return to normal shipping routes through the Red Sea would result in a 2% to 3% decline in crude tanker demand, indicating the premium currently embedded in the sector. This demand buffer is crucial, especially given BIMCO's projection that crude tanker fleet supply growth will accelerate to 1.5% in 2026.

Market Challenge

The escalating financial and operational burdens arising from stringent decarbonization regulations represent a significant impediment to the growth of the Global Crude Oil Carrier Market. Adherence to these rigorous environmental standards compels operators to allocate substantial capital towards either retrofitting their older vessels or implementing slow-steaming practices, which effectively reduces available shipping capacity. This elevated cost of compliance fosters an uncertain investment climate, discouraging the capital expenditure necessary for fleet expansion and modernization, as owners remain hesitant to commit to new constructions without clearer certainty regarding future fuel technologies.

Consequently, a considerable segment of the existing fleet is at risk of becoming stranded assets, given that upgrading aging tonnage to meet updated carbon intensity ratings often proves economically impractical. According to BIMCO in August 2025, vessels older than 20 years accounted for 10% of the fleet's total capacity. This high proportion of aging ships exacerbates the effects of regulatory pressures, as these older units are the most probable candidates for early retirement. As operators are compelled to scrap non-compliant tonnage, the market faces difficulties in achieving the net capacity growth essential for sustained, broader expansion.

Market Trends

The emergence and subsequent expansion of a parallel "shadow fleet" has established a distinct, less transparent segment within the market. This tier is characterized by vessels that operate beyond conventional regulatory and insurance frameworks, primarily to circumvent international sanctions. This operational split enables older tonnage, which would typically be decommissioned, to remain in active service within illicit trade routes, particularly facilitating restricted energy exports from nations like Russia and Iran. The existence of this fleet effectively reduces the compliant vessels available for mainstream charterers, thereby artificially constricting the commercial supply despite the continued physical operation of these ships. The scale of this structural transformation is substantial; Allianz Commercial estimated in its June 2025 'Safety & Shipping Review 2025' that approximately 17% of the global tanker fleet belongs to this shadow fleet, fundamentally reshaping global competitive dynamics and safety standards.

Concurrently, there is a growing momentum towards the modernization of the VLCC fleet with eco-friendly designs, as operators proactively safeguard their assets against increasingly strict environmental benchmarks. Capital is increasingly being directed towards newbuild programs that incorporate advanced efficiency technologies, specifically engineered to meet the International Maritime Organization's carbon intensity criteria. This marks a strategic shift away from the investment reluctance observed in prior years. This revival in contracting is crucial for replacing the aging commercial fleet and ensuring its long-term viability in the face of evolving regulatory standards. Emphasizing this upward trend, BIMCO reported in November 2025's 'Crude tanker fleet renewal to accelerate' that the crude tanker order book-to-fleet ratio had risen to a nine-year high of 14.1%, indicating a strong commitment to revitalizing global tonnage capacity.

Key Market Players

  • China COSCO Shipping Corporation Limited
  • China Merchants Group Limited
  • Angelicoussis Group
  • Teekay Corporation
  • Tsakos Group
  • Minerva Marine Inc.
  • Nordic American Tankers Limited
  • Kuwait Oil Tanker Co. S.A.K.
  • SFL Corporation Ltd
  • Taiyo Cabletec Corporation

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Crude Oil Carrier Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Crude Oil Carrier Market, By Type

  • Deposit Control
  • Antioxidant Corrosion
  • Corrosion Inhibitors
  • Others

Crude Oil Carrier Market, By Application

  • Diesel
  • Gasoline
  • Aviation Turbine Fuel
  • Others

Crude Oil Carrier Market, By Region

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Germany
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • South Korea
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Crude Oil Carrier Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Crude Oil Carrier Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Type (Deposit Control, Antioxidant Corrosion, Corrosion Inhibitors, Others)
    • 5.2.2. By Application (Diesel, Gasoline, Aviation Turbine Fuel, Others)
    • 5.2.3. By Region
    • 5.2.4. By Company (2025)
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Type
    • 6.2.2. By Application
    • 6.2.3. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Application
    • 6.3.2. Canada Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Application
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Application

7. Europe Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Type
    • 7.2.2. By Application
    • 7.2.3. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Germany Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Application
    • 7.3.2. France Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Application
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Application
    • 7.3.4. Italy Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Application
    • 7.3.5. Spain Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Application

8. Asia Pacific Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Type
    • 8.2.2. By Application
    • 8.2.3. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Application
    • 8.3.2. India Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Application
    • 8.3.3. Japan Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Application
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Application
    • 8.3.5. Australia Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Application

9. Middle East & Africa Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Type
    • 9.2.2. By Application
    • 9.2.3. By Country
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Application
    • 9.3.2. UAE Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Application
    • 9.3.3. South Africa Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Application

10. South America Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Type
    • 10.2.2. By Application
    • 10.2.3. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Application
    • 10.3.2. Colombia Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Application
    • 10.3.3. Argentina Crude Oil Carrier Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Application

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
  • 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
  • 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Crude Oil Carrier Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. China COSCO Shipping Corporation Limited
    • 15.1.1. Business Overview
    • 15.1.2. Products & Services
    • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
    • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
  • 15.2. China Merchants Group Limited
  • 15.3. Angelicoussis Group
  • 15.4. Teekay Corporation
  • 15.5. Tsakos Group
  • 15.6. Minerva Marine Inc.
  • 15.7. Nordic American Tankers Limited
  • 15.8. Kuwait Oil Tanker Co. S.A.K.
  • 15.9. SFL Corporation Ltd
  • 15.10. Taiyo Cabletec Corporation

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer