汽車綠色輪胎市場－全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會與預測：按車輛類型、需求類別、輪胎結構類型、地區和競爭格局分類，2021-2031年

全球汽車綠色輪胎市場預計將從 2025 年的 131.2 億美元大幅成長至 2031 年的 187.5 億美元，複合年成長率為 6.13%。

這些特殊充氣輪胎採用低滾動阻力化合物，例如矽矽烷，並融入永續材料，以減少能量損失和碳排放。市場成長的根本驅動力是政府對燃油效率的嚴格監管以及電動車的日益普及，後者需要節能輪胎來延長續航里程。這些監管和功能性要求是推動產業擴張的核心動力。為了支持這一成長，美國輪胎製造商協會 (USTMA) 預測，到 2025 年，僅美國市場的輪胎出貨量就將達到創紀錄的 3.402 億條，這表明市場對先進、以效率為導向的輪胎技術有著強勁的需求。然而，市場滲透的主要障礙是環保材料和複雜橡膠化合物相關的製造成本不斷上漲。成本上漲可能導致零售價格上漲，從而疏遠價格敏感型消費者，並阻礙新興市場的滲透。

市場促進因素

電動車 (EV) 市場的快速成長是全球汽車綠色輪胎發展的主要驅動力，從根本上改變了輪胎的設計要求。電動車具有瞬時扭力和沈重的電池組，這加劇了輪胎磨損，同時又需要低滾動阻力來解決續航里程問題。為此，輪胎製造商正在調整產品線，提供先進二氧化矽化合物的高承載、大直徑輪胎，以平衡能源效率和抓地力。這種轉變體現在高性能專用輪胎銷售的成長。例如，米其林在 2025 年 2 月報告稱，其乘用車輪胎銷量的 65% 將是 18 吋或更大的尺寸，這對於滿足現代電動車的需求至關重要。另一個重塑產業格局的關鍵因素是永續和可再生原料的日益普及，這不僅受到監管機構脫碳目標的推動，也受到汽車製造商 (OEM) 企業社會責任 (CSR)舉措。為了實現循環經濟目標並減少範圍3排放，製造商正加速推進以生物基替代品（例如稻殼二氧化矽、天然橡膠和再生聚酯）取代化石基成分（例如炭黑）。這種對環境責任的承諾正成為衡量競爭力的關鍵指標。例如，大陸集團於2025年5月獲得鉑金評級，在其永續發展評估中獲得84分（滿分100分）。這確立了該公司在原物料採購和環境管理方面的領先地位。這些高附加價值創新正在推動該行業強勁的財務表現，倍耐力在2025年公佈的2024年全年銷售額為67.7億歐元，凸顯了市場中永續價值的創造。

市場挑戰

全球汽車綠色輪胎市場成長的主要限制因素是永續材料的採購和加工成本高。生產這些節能輪胎需要使用高品質二氧化矽和先進橡膠化合物等特殊原料，而這些原料的提煉成本遠高於傳統材料。成本的增加導致零售價格上漲，直接阻礙了價格敏感型消費者的購買意願。因此，在開發中國家，較低的初始成本往往比長期的燃油效率優勢更為重要。此外，供應鏈中斷也推高了原物料成本，加劇了這些經濟負擔。例如，天然橡膠生產國協會（ANRPC）預測，到2025年，全球天然橡膠產量僅增加0.5%，而需求預計將增加1.3%。這種供需失衡導致關鍵原物料價格波動，迫使製造商維持高價。這些經濟狀況限制了綠色輪胎技術的市場滲透，使其主要局限於豪華車市場和嚴格監管的地區。

市場趨勢

物聯網和智慧感測器的整合，使輪胎從單純的靜態部件轉變為活躍的數據生成中心，這對於現代車隊管理和自動駕駛至關重要。製造商將感測器嵌入輪胎結構中，以收集有關氣壓、溫度、磨損和路況的詳細信息，從而實現預測性維護，顯著延長輪胎壽命並提高運營效率。這種技術的融合正在創建一個高利潤的服務生態系統，其中從軟體中獲得的洞察能夠產生持續的收入來源，而不僅限於最初的硬體銷售。住友橡膠工業株式會社強調了這些數位技術進步的巨大商業潛力，並預測其輪胎感測技術「Sensing Core」到2030年將創造超過100億日圓的商業性利潤。另一個重要趨勢是循環經濟和閉合迴路回收模式的採用，該行業正從簡單的材料替代轉向開發先進的化學回收基礎設施。這包括建立專門的設施，利用精確的熱解對廢棄輪胎進行解聚，回收高品質的炭黑和油，並將其重新整合到生產過程中。該策略透過建構物料流閉合迴路系統，有效應對了廢棄物管理這一關鍵挑戰，從而將生產擴張與新原料的開採脫鉤。在2025年10月的新聞稿中，Bridgestone宣布致力於推廣水平回收技術，並公佈了在日本建造的試點示範工廠的詳細資訊。該廠計劃在2027年每年處理約7,500噸廢舊輪胎。

目錄

第1章概述

第2章：調查方法

第3章執行摘要

第4章：客戶心聲

第5章：全球汽車綠色輪胎市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
  • 按金額
• 市佔率及預測
  • 車輛類型（乘用車、輕型商用車、中型和重型商用車、摩托車、三輪車、非公路用車）
  • 依類別分類的需求（原廠配套、替換零件）
  • 輪胎結構（子午線輪胎、斜交輪胎）
  • 按地區
  • 按公司（2025 年）
• 市場地圖

第6章：北美汽車綠色輪胎市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
• 市佔率及預測
• 北美洲：國別分析
  • 美國
  • 加拿大
  • 墨西哥

第7章：歐洲汽車綠色輪胎市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
• 市佔率及預測
• 歐洲：國別分析
  • 德國
  • 法國
  • 英國
  • 義大利
  • 西班牙

第8章：亞太地區汽車綠色輪胎市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
• 市佔率及預測
• 亞太地區：國別分析
  • 中國
  • 印度
  • 日本
  • 韓國
  • 澳洲

第9章：中東和非洲汽車綠色輪胎市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
• 市佔率及預測
• 中東與非洲：國別分析
  • 沙烏地阿拉伯
  • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
  • 南非

第10章：南美汽車綠色輪胎市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
• 市佔率及預測
• 南美洲：國別分析
  • 巴西
  • 哥倫比亞
  • 阿根廷

第11章 市場動態

• 促進因素
• 任務

第12章 市場趨勢與發展

• 併購
• 產品發布
• 近期趨勢

第13章：全球汽車綠色輪胎市場：SWOT分析

第14章：波特五力分析

• 產業競爭
• 新進入者的潛力
• 供應商的議價能力
• 顧客權力
• 替代品的威脅

第15章 競爭格局

• Michelin Group
• Bridgestone Corporation
• The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
• Continental Aktiengesellschaft
• Pirelli & CSpA
• Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.
• Hankook Tire & Technology Co., Ltd.
• Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd.
• Toyo Tire Corporation
• Kumho Tire Co., Inc.

第16章 策略建議

第17章：關於研究公司及免責聲明

The global automotive green tires market is projected to expand significantly, from USD 13.12 billion in 2025 to USD 18.75 billion by 2031, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.13%. These specialized pneumatic tires are designed with low rolling resistance compounds, such as silica-silane, and incorporate sustainable materials to reduce energy loss and carbon emissions. The market's growth is fundamentally driven by strict government regulations on fuel economy and the increasing adoption of electric vehicles, which require energy-efficient tires to extend driving range. These regulatory and functional demands are the core catalysts for the industry's expansion.Bolstering this growth, the U.S. market alone is expected to see record tire shipments of 340.2 million units in 2025, according to the USTMA, indicating robust demand for advanced, efficiency-focused tire technologies. Nevertheless, a major impediment to wider market adoption is the elevated production cost associated with eco-friendly materials and intricate rubber compounds. This increased cost translates to higher retail prices, which can deter budget-conscious consumers and restrict market penetration in emerging economies.

Market Driver

The rapid growth of the electric vehicle (EV) market is a key driver for global automotive green tires, fundamentally transforming tire design requirements. EVs feature immediate torque and heavy battery packs, which increase tire wear and demand lower rolling resistance to address range concerns. In response, tire manufacturers are adapting their product lines to offer high-load, large-diameter tires that incorporate advanced silica compounds, balancing energy efficiency with grip. This shift is evident in the rising sales of specialized high-performance tires; for example, Michelin reported in February 2025 that 65% of its passenger car tire sales were 18-inch or larger, sizes crucial for modern EV demands.Another significant factor reshaping the industry is the growing adoption of sustainable and renewable raw materials, driven by both regulatory decarbonization goals and original equipment manufacturer (OEM) corporate social responsibility initiatives. Manufacturers are increasingly substituting fossil-based components like carbon black with bio-based alternatives such as rice husk silica, natural rubber, and recycled polyester to achieve circular economy objectives and reduce Scope 3 emissions. This dedication to environmental responsibility is becoming a crucial measure of competitiveness, as demonstrated by Continental AG's platinum sustainability rating with 84 out of 100 points in May 2025, placing it among the industry's top performers for material sourcing and environmental management. These high-value innovations contribute to the sector's robust financial performance, with Pirelli reporting €6.77 billion in full-year 2024 revenues in 2025, highlighting the market's consistent value creation.

Market Challenge

The main impediment to the growth of the global automotive green tires market is the substantial production cost linked to procuring and processing sustainable materials. Producing these energy-efficient tires requires specialized inputs, such as high-grade silica and advanced rubber compounds, which are considerably more expensive to refine compared to conventional components. This increased cost leads to higher retail prices, directly deterring price-sensitive consumers. As a result, the adoption of green tires is significantly constrained in developing economies, where initial affordability frequently takes precedence over long-term fuel efficiency benefits.Furthermore, supply chain disruptions intensify these financial burdens by inflating raw material costs. For instance, the Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries (ANRPC) projected a marginal 0.5 percent increase in global natural rubber production for 2025, contrasting with an anticipated 1.3 percent rise in demand. This specific supply-demand imbalance causes price volatility for crucial raw materials, compelling manufacturers to sustain elevated price points. This economic scenario effectively limits the market penetration of green tire technologies primarily to premium vehicle sectors and regions with strict regulations.

Market Trends

The integration of IoT and smart sensors for real-time monitoring is transforming tires from static components into active data-generating hubs, crucial for contemporary fleet management and autonomous driving. Manufacturers are embedding sensors within tire structures to gather detailed information on pressure, temperature, wear, and road conditions, facilitating predictive maintenance that significantly prolongs tire life and improves operational efficiency. This technological convergence enables the development of high-margin service ecosystems, where software-derived insights create ongoing revenue streams beyond the initial sale of hardware. Sumitomo Rubber Industries, in its February 2025 financial briefing, projected that its Sensing Core tire sensing technology aims to generate over JPY 10 billion in business profit by 2030, highlighting the considerable commercial potential of these digital advancements.Another key trend is the implementation of circular economy and closed-loop recycling models, pushing the industry beyond mere material replacement to developing advanced chemical recycling infrastructure. This involves establishing specialized facilities that can depolymerize end-of-life tires using precise pyrolysis to recover high-quality carbon black and oil, which are then reintegrated into the manufacturing process. This strategy tackles the critical issue of waste management by creating a closed-loop system for material flows, effectively separating production growth from the extraction of new raw resources. Bridgestone, in an October 2025 press release, affirmed its commitment to scaling horizontal recycling technologies by detailing its pilot demonstration plant in Japan, designed to process approximately 7,500 tonnes of end-of-life tires annually by 2027.

Key Market Players

• Michelin Group
• Bridgestone Corporation
• The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
• Continental Aktiengesellschaft
• Pirelli & C. S.p.A.
• Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.
• Hankook Tire & Technology Co., Ltd.
• Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd.
• Toyo Tire Corporation
• Kumho Tire Co., Inc.

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Automotive Green Tires Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Automotive Green Tires Market, By Vehicle Type

• Passenger Car
• Light Commercial Vehicle
• Medium & Heavy Commercial Vehicle
• Two -Wheelers
• Three Wheelers
• OTR

Automotive Green Tires Market, By Demand Category

• OEM
• Replacement

Automotive Green Tires Market, By Tire Construction Type

• Radial
• Bias

Automotive Green Tires Market, By Region

• North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Europe
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • Spain
• Asia Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • South Korea
• South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
• Middle East & Africa
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Automotive Green Tires Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Automotive Green Tires Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

• Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

• 1.1. Market Definition
• 1.2. Scope of the Market
  • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
  • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
  • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

• 2.1. Objective of the Study
• 2.2. Baseline Methodology
• 2.3. Key Industry Partners
• 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
• 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
• 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
• 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

• 3.1. Overview of the Market
• 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
• 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
• 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
• 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook

• 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 5.1.1. By Value
• 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 5.2.1. By Vehicle Type (Passenger Car, Light Commercial Vehicle, Medium & Heavy Commercial Vehicle, Two -Wheelers, Three Wheelers, OTR)
  • 5.2.2. By Demand Category (OEM, Replacement)
  • 5.2.3. By Tire Construction Type (Radial, Bias)
  • 5.2.4. By Region
  • 5.2.5. By Company (2025)
• 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook

• 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 6.1.1. By Value
• 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 6.2.1. By Vehicle Type
  • 6.2.2. By Demand Category
  • 6.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 6.2.4. By Country
• 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
  • 6.3.1. United States Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 6.3.1.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 6.3.1.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 6.3.2. Canada Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 6.3.2.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 6.3.2.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 6.3.3. Mexico Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 6.3.3.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 6.3.3.2.3. By Tire Construction Type

7. Europe Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook

• 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 7.1.1. By Value
• 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 7.2.1. By Vehicle Type
  • 7.2.2. By Demand Category
  • 7.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 7.2.4. By Country
• 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
  • 7.3.1. Germany Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 7.3.1.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 7.3.1.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 7.3.2. France Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 7.3.2.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 7.3.2.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 7.3.3.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 7.3.3.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 7.3.4. Italy Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 7.3.4.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 7.3.4.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 7.3.5. Spain Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 7.3.5.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 7.3.5.2.3. By Tire Construction Type

8. Asia Pacific Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook

• 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 8.1.1. By Value
• 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 8.2.1. By Vehicle Type
  • 8.2.2. By Demand Category
  • 8.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 8.2.4. By Country
• 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
  • 8.3.1. China Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 8.3.1.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 8.3.1.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 8.3.2. India Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 8.3.2.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 8.3.2.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 8.3.3. Japan Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 8.3.3.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 8.3.3.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 8.3.4. South Korea Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 8.3.4.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 8.3.4.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 8.3.5. Australia Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 8.3.5.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 8.3.5.2.3. By Tire Construction Type

9. Middle East & Africa Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook

• 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 9.1.1. By Value
• 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 9.2.1. By Vehicle Type
  • 9.2.2. By Demand Category
  • 9.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 9.2.4. By Country
• 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
  • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 9.3.1.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 9.3.1.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 9.3.2. UAE Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 9.3.2.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 9.3.2.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 9.3.3. South Africa Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 9.3.3.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 9.3.3.2.3. By Tire Construction Type

10. South America Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook

• 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 10.1.1. By Value
• 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 10.2.1. By Vehicle Type
  • 10.2.2. By Demand Category
  • 10.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 10.2.4. By Country
• 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
  • 10.3.1. Brazil Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 10.3.1.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 10.3.1.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 10.3.2. Colombia Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 10.3.2.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 10.3.2.2.3. By Tire Construction Type
  • 10.3.3. Argentina Automotive Green Tires Market Outlook
    • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.2.1. By Vehicle Type
      • 10.3.3.2.2. By Demand Category
      • 10.3.3.2.3. By Tire Construction Type

11. Market Dynamics

• 11.1. Drivers
• 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

• 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
• 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
• 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Automotive Green Tires Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

• 14.1. Competition in the Industry
• 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
• 14.3. Power of Suppliers
• 14.4. Power of Customers
• 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

• 15.1. Michelin Group
  • 15.1.1. Business Overview
  • 15.1.2. Products & Services
  • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
  • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
  • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
• 15.2. Bridgestone Corporation
• 15.3. The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
• 15.4. Continental Aktiengesellschaft
• 15.5. Pirelli & C. S.p.A.
• 15.6. Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.
• 15.7. Hankook Tire & Technology Co., Ltd.
• 15.8. Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd.
• 15.9. Toyo Tire Corporation
• 15.10. Kumho Tire Co., Inc.

16. Strategic Recommendations

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