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市場調查報告書
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2046480

靜態和旋轉機械市場－全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會、預測：按類型、應用、地點、地區和競爭格局分類，2021-2031年

Static and Rotating Equipment Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Type, By Application, By Location, By Region & Competition, 2021-2031F
出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 182 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

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簡介目錄

全球靜態和旋轉機械市場預計將從 2025 年的 362.7 億美元成長到 2031 年的 516.5 億美元，複合年成長率為 6.07%。

該市場涵蓋廣泛的工業機械，從熱交換器、鍋爐、壓力容器和閥門等固定設備，到渦輪機、壓縮機和泵浦等動態設備，應有盡有。新興經濟體的快速工業化和全球能源需求的不斷成長是推動市場成長的關鍵成長要素，而能源需求的不斷成長促使石油、天然氣和發電行業的基礎設施建設大幅擴張。此外，日益嚴格的環境法規也促使人們需要用最新的節能系統取代老舊設施，進一步刺激了市場需求。

市場概覽
預測期 2027-2031
市場規模：2025年 362.7億美元
市場規模：2031年 516.5億美元
複合年成長率：2026-2031年 6.07%
成長最快的細分市場 上游部門
最大的市場 北美洲

然而，持續的地緣政治不穩定和經濟波動對市場成長構成潛在障礙。這些因素常常導致原物料價格波動和資本投資延遲。此類不確定性會抑制製造業生產，並限制重工業的大規模採購能力。例如，根據德國機械設備製造業聯合會（VDMA）的報告，2024年全球整體機械設備製造量約為3.26兆歐元，以歐元計算比前一年下降1.5%。全球產量的下降凸顯了這些經濟挑戰對整個機械產業造成的負面影響。

市場促進因素

全球能源和發電需求的不斷成長正在從根本上改變靜態和旋轉設備的市場結構。隨著各國轉向永續能源來源並尋求確保可靠的電力供應，發電機、渦輪機和變壓器的採購量正在急劇增加。這一趨勢在可再生能源電網的併網中尤為明顯，這需要對基礎設施進行全面升級，以應對間歇性電力負載。根據國際能源總署（IEA）於2024年6月發布的《2024年世界能源投資》報告，預計2024年全球能源投資將首次超過3兆美元，其中約2兆美元將用於清潔能源技術，這將直接推動發電設施採用先進機械設備。

同時，油氣上游和下游業務的成長正在推動市場擴張，刺激對大型壓縮機、泵浦和壓力容器的需求。探勘作業需要能夠承受複雜開採作業的高耐久性旋轉設備，而下游煉油作業則需要用於化學加工的靜態零件。根據歐佩克於2024年9月發布的《2024年世界石油展望》，為滿足未來需求，全球石油業在2024年至2050年間累計需要投資17.4兆美元。這一投資週期通常與石化產業產能擴張相吻合。美國化學工業協會（ACC）預測，2024年美國化學工業的資本支出將成長2.3%，凸顯了工業硬體在這些生產鏈中的關鍵作用。

市場挑戰

持續的地緣政治不穩定和經濟波動是全球靜態和旋轉設備市場成長的重大障礙。這種不確定性導致原物料價格出現難以預測的波動，擾亂供應鏈，進而使長期製造合約的定價模式變得複雜。此外，這種不穩定性迫使電力、石油和天然氣產業的關鍵相關人員推遲或暫停重要的資本投資決策。由於靜態和旋轉設備需要大量的前期投資，因此，基礎設施建設的阻力直接導致壓縮機、閥門和泵浦製造商的訂單減少。

這種謹慎的投資策略的影響在近期行業統計數據中得到了清晰體現。根據德國機械設備製造業聯合會（VDMA）發布的2024年數據，機械工程行業的訂單去年同期實際下降了8%。這一降幅表明，由於企業優先考慮保持流動性而非資產擴張，全球採購活動明顯放緩。因此，市場陷入停滯，新計畫的匱乏限制了全球設備供應商的商機。

市場趨勢

人工智慧驅動的預測性維護策略的採用正在從根本上改變固定和旋轉資產的運作生命週期。工業運營商擴大使用機器學習演算法來即時監控溫度、振動和壓力數據，從而預防災難性故障並最佳化維護計劃。這種轉變正推動產業從被動維修轉向主動資產管理，大幅減少關鍵電廠和煉油廠的意外停機時間，同時延長昂貴設備的使用壽命。羅克韋爾自動化在其2024年4月發布的《智慧製造現狀報告》中指出，83%的製造商預計將在2024年期間在其營運中實施生成式人工智慧，這表明計算智慧在工業領域的快速普及。

同時，碳捕獲和氫氣利用設備的研發標誌著在嚴格的脫碳要求推動下，技術取得了顯著進步。製造商正在重新設計渦輪機、壓縮機和壓力容器，以應對氫脆和高壓二氧化碳注入等特定挑戰。這一趨勢要求引入專用密封系統和先進的合金成分，以確保新興綠色能源網路的效率和安全性。根據氫能委員會於2024年9月發布的《2024年氫能洞察》報告，2024年已達成最終投資決定（FID）的清潔氫能專案承諾投資額達到750億美元，凸顯了支持這項專用基礎設施所需的巨額資金。

目錄

第1章概述

第2章：調查方法

第3章執行摘要

第4章：客戶心聲

第5章：全球靜態與旋轉設備市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
    • 按金額
  • 市佔率及預測
    • 按類型（靜態設備、旋轉設備）
    • 依用途（上游、中游、下游）
    • 依安裝地點（陸地、海洋）
    • 按地區
    • 按公司（2025 年）
  • 市場地圖

第6章：北美靜態與旋轉設備市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 北美洲：國別分析
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第7章：歐洲靜態與旋轉設備市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 歐洲：國別分析
    • 德國
    • 法國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 西班牙

第8章：亞太地區靜態與旋轉設備市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 亞太地區：國別分析
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韓國
    • 澳洲

第9章：中東和非洲靜態和旋轉設備市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 中東與非洲：國別分析
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 南非

第10章：南美洲靜態與旋轉設備市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 南美洲：國別分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥倫比亞
    • 阿根廷

第11章 市場動態

  • 促進因素
  • 任務

第12章 市場趨勢與發展

  • 併購
  • 產品發布
  • 近期趨勢

第13章 全球靜態與旋轉設備市場：SWOT分析

第14章：波特五力分析

  • 產業競爭
  • 新進入者的潛力
  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 顧客權力
  • 替代品的威脅

第15章 競爭格局

  • TechnipFMC plc
  • Alfa Laval AB
  • Atlas Copco AB
  • Siemens AG
  • Metso Outotec Oyj
  • Sulzer Ltd.
  • Pentair plc
  • Flowserve Corporation
  • Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
  • Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd.

第16章 策略建議

第17章：關於研究公司及免責聲明

簡介目錄
Product Code: 19964

The Global Static and Rotating Equipment Market is projected to expand from USD 36.27 Billion in 2025 to USD 51.65 Billion by 2031, registering a CAGR of 6.07%. This market comprises a diverse array of industrial machinery, categorized into stationary units like heat exchangers, boilers, pressure vessels, and valves, as well as dynamic apparatus such as turbines, compressors, and pumps. Key growth factors include rapid industrialization within emerging nations and escalating global energy requirements, which demand significant infrastructure enhancements in the oil and gas and power generation sectors. Additionally, stringent environmental regulations are driving the need to retrofit aging facilities with modern, energy-efficient systems, further sustaining demand.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2027-2031
Market Size 2025USD 36.27 Billion
Market Size 2031USD 51.65 Billion
CAGR 2026-20316.07%
Fastest Growing SegmentUpstream
Largest MarketNorth America

However, market growth faces potential hurdles due to ongoing geopolitical instability and economic volatility, which frequently cause fluctuations in raw material prices and postponements in capital investment. Such uncertainty can stifle manufacturing output and limit heavy industries' capacity for large-scale procurement. For instance, VDMA reported that machines and equipment worth approximately €3.26 trillion were manufactured globally in 2024, marking a 1.5 percent decline in euro terms from the previous year. This reduction in global production value underscores the negative influence of these economic challenges on the wider machinery sector.

Market Driver

Rising global energy needs and power generation demands are fundamentally transforming the static and rotating equipment landscape. As nations aim to ensure reliable electricity access while shifting toward sustainable energy sources, there is a marked increase in the procurement of generators, turbines, and transformers. This trend is especially prominent in the integration of renewable energy grids, necessitating comprehensive infrastructure updates to manage intermittent power loads. According to the International Energy Agency's (IEA) 'World Energy Investment 2024' report released in June 2024, global energy investment is anticipated to surpass USD 3 trillion for the first time in 2024, with roughly USD 2 trillion dedicated to clean energy technologies, directly fueling the deployment of advanced machinery for power facilities.

Concurrently, the growth of upstream and downstream oil and gas operations reinforces market expansion, spurring demand for heavy-duty compressors, pumps, and pressure vessels. Exploration initiatives require durable rotating equipment for complex extraction tasks, while downstream refining relies on static components for chemical processing. OPEC's 'World Oil Outlook 2024' from September 2024 indicates the global oil sector needs a cumulative investment of USD 17.4 trillion between 2024 and 2050 to satisfy future demand. This investment cycle often aligns with petrochemical sector capacity growth, where the American Chemistry Council's 'Mid-Year 2024 Situation & Outlook' projected a 2.3% rise in U.S. chemical industry capital spending in 2024, highlighting the essential role of industrial hardware in these production chains.

Market Challenge

Ongoing geopolitical instability and economic volatility pose significant obstacles to the growth of the Global Static and Rotating Equipment Market. These uncertainties disrupt supply chains by inducing unpredictable raw material price swings, thereby complicating pricing models for long-duration manufacturing agreements. Furthermore, such instability forces major stakeholders in the power, oil, and gas sectors to postpone or halt crucial capital investment decisions. Because static and rotating equipment necessitate substantial upfront expenditures, any reluctance regarding infrastructure development results directly in diminished order volumes for manufacturers of compressors, valves, and pumps.

The consequences of this hesitant investment environment are clearly reflected in recent industry statistics. As per VDMA data from 2024, incoming orders in the mechanical engineering sector fell by 8 percent in real terms compared to the previous year. This drop illustrates a distinct deceleration in global procurement activities as enterprises prioritize liquidity preservation over asset expansion. Consequently, the market is encountering a period of stagnation where a scarcity of new projects limits revenue opportunities for equipment suppliers around the world.

Market Trends

The adoption of AI-driven predictive maintenance strategies is radically changing the operational lifecycle of static and rotating assets. Industrial operators are increasingly utilizing machine learning algorithms to monitor temperature, vibration, and pressure data in real-time, which helps avert catastrophic failures and refine maintenance timetables. This transition shifts the industry from reactive repairs to prescriptive asset management, drastically lowering unplanned downtime in essential power plants and refineries while prolonging the lifespan of costly machinery. In its 'State of Smart Manufacturing Report' from April 2024, Rockwell Automation noted that 83% of manufacturers expected to incorporate generative AI into their operations in 2024, demonstrating the swift uptake of computational intelligence in industrial settings.

Simultaneously, the development of equipment compatible with carbon capture and hydrogen applications marks a vital technological evolution spurred by strict decarbonization requirements. Manufacturers are redesigning turbines, compressors, and pressure vessels to withstand specific challenges such as hydrogen embrittlement and high-pressure carbon dioxide injection. This trend requires the implementation of specialized sealing systems and advanced alloy compositions to guarantee efficiency and safety within emerging green energy networks. According to the Hydrogen Council's 'Hydrogen Insights 2024' report released in September 2024, committed investment in clean hydrogen projects reaching the final investment decision phase rose to USD 75 billion in 2024, highlighting the significant capital supporting this specialized infrastructure.

Key Market Players

  • TechnipFMC plc
  • Alfa Laval AB
  • Atlas Copco AB
  • Siemens AG
  • Metso Outotec Oyj
  • Sulzer Ltd.
  • Pentair plc
  • Flowserve Corporation
  • Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
  • Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd.

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Static and Rotating Equipment Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Static and Rotating Equipment Market, By Type

  • Static Equipment
  • Rotating Equipment

Static and Rotating Equipment Market, By Application

  • Upstream
  • Midstream
  • Downstream

Static and Rotating Equipment Market, By Location

  • Onshore
  • Offshore

Static and Rotating Equipment Market, By Region

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Germany
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • South Korea
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Static and Rotating Equipment Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Static and Rotating Equipment Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Type (Static Equipment, Rotating Equipment)
    • 5.2.2. By Application (Upstream, Midstream, Downstream)
    • 5.2.3. By Location (Onshore, Offshore)
    • 5.2.4. By Region
    • 5.2.5. By Company (2025)
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Type
    • 6.2.2. By Application
    • 6.2.3. By Location
    • 6.2.4. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 6.3.1.2.3. By Location
    • 6.3.2. Canada Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 6.3.2.2.3. By Location
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 6.3.3.2.3. By Location

7. Europe Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Type
    • 7.2.2. By Application
    • 7.2.3. By Location
    • 7.2.4. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Germany Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.1.2.3. By Location
    • 7.3.2. France Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.2.2.3. By Location
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.3.2.3. By Location
    • 7.3.4. Italy Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.4.2.3. By Location
    • 7.3.5. Spain Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.5.2.3. By Location

8. Asia Pacific Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Type
    • 8.2.2. By Application
    • 8.2.3. By Location
    • 8.2.4. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.1.2.3. By Location
    • 8.3.2. India Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.2.2.3. By Location
    • 8.3.3. Japan Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.3.2.3. By Location
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.4.2.3. By Location
    • 8.3.5. Australia Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.5.2.3. By Location

9. Middle East & Africa Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Type
    • 9.2.2. By Application
    • 9.2.3. By Location
    • 9.2.4. By Country
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 9.3.1.2.3. By Location
    • 9.3.2. UAE Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 9.3.2.2.3. By Location
    • 9.3.3. South Africa Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 9.3.3.2.3. By Location

10. South America Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Type
    • 10.2.2. By Application
    • 10.2.3. By Location
    • 10.2.4. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 10.3.1.2.3. By Location
    • 10.3.2. Colombia Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 10.3.2.2.3. By Location
    • 10.3.3. Argentina Static and Rotating Equipment Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 10.3.3.2.3. By Location

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
  • 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
  • 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Static and Rotating Equipment Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. TechnipFMC plc
    • 15.1.1. Business Overview
    • 15.1.2. Products & Services
    • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
    • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
  • 15.2. Alfa Laval AB
  • 15.3. Atlas Copco AB
  • 15.4. Siemens AG
  • 15.5. Metso Outotec Oyj
  • 15.6. Sulzer Ltd.
  • 15.7. Pentair plc
  • 15.8. Flowserve Corporation
  • 15.9. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
  • 15.10. Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd.

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer