帕金森氏症治療市場－全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會、預測：按作用機制、通路、地區和競爭格局分類，2021-2031年

全球帕金森氏症治療市場預計將從 2025 年的 56.7 億美元大幅成長至 2031 年的 87.8 億美元，複合年成長率為 7.56%。

這些藥物主要包括旨在透過恢復或模擬大腦中多巴胺的作用來緩解症狀的藥物療法。推動這一市場發展的關鍵因素包括全球人口的快速老化以及診斷技術的進步，這些進步使得早期治療性介入可能。世界衛生組織（世衛組織）指出，神經系統疾病的負擔正在穩定加重，到2024年，它們將成為全球健康問題和殘疾的主要原因，自1990年以來，殘疾率上升了18%。這種情況凸顯了對有效治療方法的迫切需求，並推動了對研發的持續投入。

然而，由於關鍵重磅藥物專利到期，市場面臨重大障礙。這導致大量低成本學名藥湧入市場，進而侵蝕了品牌藥的利潤。雖然這一趨勢鼓勵企業創新，神經退化性疾病臨床試驗的高昂成本和固有風險構成了巨大的財務障礙。因此，來自學名藥的激烈競爭和嚴格的醫保報銷政策仍然是新療法商業性化推廣的主要障礙。

市場促進因素

帕金森氏症患病率的不斷上升，主要受全球人口老化加劇的影響，是市場需求持續成長的主要驅動力。隨著全球平均壽命的延長，需要長期接受多巴胺促效劑治療的患者數量顯著增加，因此迫切需要能夠長期控制疾病進展的可擴充性治療方案。根據《英國醫學雜誌》（BMJ）2025年3月的預測，到2050年，全球帕金森氏症患者人數預計將達到2,520萬，較2021年增加112%。這種人口結構的改變帶來了巨大的經濟負擔。例如，帕金森氏症基金會估計，光是在美國，到2025年，帕金森氏症的直接和間接成本總合就將達到每年近615億美元，這將刺激持續的商業投資。

同時，強大的產品平臺和新藥的核准正在透過引入旨在克服傳統口服療法局限性的先進給藥系統，改變競爭格局。製藥公司正日益關注持續輸注技術和非侵入性製劑，以更好地控制晚期帕金森氏症患者的運動功能波動和顯著受損的「關期」狀態。例如，根據New Atlas報道，2025年2月，一種名為Onapgo的持續皮下輸注裝置已獲得美國食品藥物管理局（FDA）的核准。該裝置旨在無需侵入性手術即永續緩解症狀。此類創新性核准不僅提高了患者的用藥依從性，還使製造商能夠在來自學名藥的激烈競爭中實現產品系列的差異化，並保持收入成長。

市場挑戰

重磅藥物專利到期對市場商業性成長構成重大障礙。這種現象通常被稱為“專利懸崖”，它使得價格遠低於品牌藥的學名藥能夠迅速進入市場。嚴格的健保報銷政策往往強制要求使用這些更具成本效益的替代藥物，導致製藥創新者面臨收入來源的快速急劇下降。考慮到該領域固有的臨床試驗失敗高風險，這種日益惡化的財務狀況使得製藥公司越來越難以收回投入複雜神經退化性疾病治療研發的巨額資金。

這種競爭環境對定價權的影響既可量化又十分嚴重。根據美國神經病學會2024年的報告，學名藥的上市使成本比原廠藥降低了48%至80%。如此巨大的市場價值下降會削弱創新製藥公司的投資回報。因此，不可避免的價格暴跌造成了嚴峻的經濟環境，直接阻礙了全球市場新品牌藥物的持續成長和上市。

市場趨勢

基因治療候選藥物的出現從根本上改變了治療方法，為一次性神經修復干預提供了可能。與需要頻繁服用以控制症狀的傳統口服藥物不同，這些創新治療方法利用病毒載體將膠質細胞衍生神經營養因子 (GDNF) 等遺傳物質直接遞送到殼核，從而促進神經元存活和再生。該策略著眼於神經退化功能，標誌著治療方式從單純的症狀治療中發生了重大轉變。根據英國帕金森氏症協會 2025 年 6 月發布的報告《初步結果：新型 GDNF 基因療法顯示出安全性》，基因療法 AB-1005 的 1b 期臨床試驗的初步數據顯示，單次給藥後 18 個月內，45% 的受試者運動症狀得到改善。

同時，非多巴胺能藥物標靶的應用正將臨床研究的重點轉向溶小體功能障礙等上游病理機制。這一趨勢優先開發能夠調節特定酶（例如Glucocerebrosidase(GCase)）的小分子化合物，以改善細胞內代謝廢物的清除並防止有毒蛋白聚集體的積累，從而突破標準多巴胺替代療法的局限性。研發人員正利用這些路徑來延緩基因分型明確的患者亞群的疾病進展。為了展示這一進展，Gain Therapeutics 在 2026 年 1 月發布的題為“Gain Therapeutics 強調生物標記證據支持 GT-02287 的緩解疾病潛力”的新聞稿中報告稱，使用其新型 GCase調變器GT-02287 治療 90 天后，腦中葡萄糖鞘氨醇（溶酶體的平均生物水平

目錄

第1章概述

第2章：調查方法

第3章執行摘要

第4章：客戶心聲

第5章：帕金森氏症治療藥物的全球市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
  • 按金額
• 市佔率及預測
  • 作用機轉（多巴胺促效劑、抗膽鹼能藥物、MAO-B抑制劑、金剛烷胺、碳度巴/左旋多巴、COMT抑制劑、其他作用機轉）
  • 分銷通路（零售藥局、醫院藥局、其他）
  • 按地區
  • 按公司（2025 年）
• 市場地圖

第6章：北美帕金森氏症治療藥物市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
• 市佔率及預測
• 北美洲：國別分析
  • 美國
  • 加拿大
  • 墨西哥

第7章：歐洲帕金森氏症治療藥物市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
• 市佔率及預測
• 歐洲：國別分析
  • 德國
  • 法國
  • 英國
  • 義大利
  • 西班牙

第8章：亞太地區帕金森氏症治療藥物市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
• 市佔率及預測
• 亞太地區：國別分析
  • 中國
  • 印度
  • 日本
  • 韓國
  • 澳洲

第9章：中東和非洲帕金森氏症治療藥物市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
• 市佔率及預測
• 中東與非洲：國別分析
  • 沙烏地阿拉伯
  • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
  • 南非

第10章：南美洲帕金森氏症治療藥物市場展望

• 市場規模及預測
• 市佔率及預測
• 南美洲：國別分析
  • 巴西
  • 哥倫比亞
  • 阿根廷

第11章 市場動態

• 促進因素
• 任務

第12章 市場趨勢與發展

• 併購
• 產品發布
• 近期趨勢

第13章 全球帕金森氏症治療市場：SWOT分析

第14章：波特五力分析

• 產業競爭
• 新進入者的潛力
• 供應商的議價能力
• 顧客權力
• 替代品的威脅

第15章 競爭格局

• Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC
• AbbVie Inc.
• Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH
• GSK plc
• Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries Ltd
• Pfizer Inc.
• Novartis AG
• F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd
• Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
• AstraZeneca Plc
• Eli Lilly and Company
• Newron Pharmaceuticals SPA

第16章 策略建議

第17章：關於研究公司及免責聲明

The global market for Parkinson's Disease Drugs is projected to expand significantly, growing from USD 5.67 Billion in 2025 to USD 8.78 Billion by 2031, reflecting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.56%. These drugs primarily comprise pharmacological treatments aimed at alleviating symptoms by either restoring dopamine levels or mimicking its effects within the brain. Key drivers for this market include a rapidly aging worldwide population and advancements in diagnostics that enable earlier therapeutic interventions. The escalating burden of neurological conditions, which became the leading cause of ill health and disability globally in 2024 with an 18 percent rise in disability rates since 1990, as reported by the World Health Organization, highlights a critical demand for effective treatments and fuels continued investment in research and development.

However, the market faces a substantial hurdle due to the expiration of patents for major blockbuster drugs. This allows an influx of lower-cost generic alternatives, which in turn erodes the revenue generated by branded products. While this dynamic pushes companies toward innovation, the high expenses and inherent risks associated with clinical trials for neurodegenerative conditions present considerable financial obstacles. Consequently, the combination of intense generic competition and restrictive reimbursement policies remains a significant impediment to the commercial expansion of new therapeutic options.

Market Driver

The increasing prevalence of Parkinson's disease, largely fueled by a growing global geriatric population, serves as the primary impetus for sustained market demand. As global life expectancy rises, the number of patients needing long-term dopaminergic therapy expands considerably, creating an urgent requirement for scalable therapeutic solutions capable of managing disease progression over extended periods. Projections from The BMJ in March 2025 indicate that the worldwide population living with Parkinson's disease is expected to reach 25.2 million by 2050, marking a substantial 112% increase from 2021 levels. This demographic shift contributes to a massive economic burden; for instance, the Parkinson's Foundation estimated the combined direct and indirect costs of Parkinson's disease in the U.S. alone to have climbed to nearly $61.5 billion annually in 2025, thereby incentivizing continued commercial investment.

Simultaneously, a robust product pipeline coupled with the approval of novel drugs is transforming the competitive landscape through the introduction of advanced delivery systems designed to overcome the limitations of conventional oral therapies. Pharmaceutical companies are increasingly concentrating on continuous infusion technologies and non-invasive formulations to better manage motor fluctuations and debilitating "off" episodes in patients with advanced-stage Parkinson's. For example, in February 2025, New Atlas reported the U.S. FDA's approval of Onapgo, a continuous subcutaneous infusion device engineered to provide consistent symptom relief without requiring invasive surgery. Such innovative approvals not only enhance patient adherence but also enable manufacturers to differentiate their product portfolios and sustain revenue growth amidst intense generic competition.

Market Challenge

The expiration of patents for blockbuster drugs represents a significant barrier to the commercial growth of the market. This phenomenon, often referred to as the patent cliff, immediately facilitates the market entry of generic formulations, which are priced considerably lower than their branded counterparts. Because stringent reimbursement policies frequently mandate the substitution of these cost-effective alternatives, pharmaceutical innovators experience a rapid and sharp decline in their revenue streams. This financial deterioration makes it increasingly difficult for manufacturers to recover the substantial capital invested in the research and development of complex neurodegenerative therapeutics, especially given the high risk of clinical failure inherent to this sector.

The impact of this competitive dynamic on pricing power is both quantifiable and severe. According to the American Academy of Neurology in 2024, the introduction of generic versions of neurological medications led to cost reductions ranging from 48 percent to 80 percent compared to the original branded prices. Such a drastic decrease in market value undermines the return on investment for innovators. Consequently, the inevitability of aggressive price erosion creates a challenging economic environment that directly hinders the sustained growth and introduction of novel branded treatments into the global market.

Market Trends

The emergence of gene therapy candidates is fundamentally reshaping the treatment approach by offering the potential for one-time, neurorestorative interventions. Unlike conventional oral medications that necessitate frequent dosing to manage symptoms, these innovative therapies employ viral vectors to deliver genetic material, such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, directly to the putamen to support neuronal survival and regeneration. This strategy targets the underlying causes of neurodegeneration with the aim of restoring functional motor control over extended periods, marking a significant shift away from purely palliative care. According to Parkinson's UK's June 2025 report, 'Early results show new GDNF gene therapy treatment is safe', initial data from a Phase 1b trial of the gene therapy AB-1005 indicated that 45 percent of participants experienced an improvement in movement symptoms over an 18-month period following a single administration.

Concurrently, the adoption of non-dopaminergic pharmacological targets is redirecting clinical focus toward upstream pathological mechanisms, such as lysosomal dysfunction. This trend prioritizes the development of small molecules that modulate specific enzymes, like glucocerebrosidase (GCase), to improve cellular waste clearance and prevent the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates, thereby moving beyond the limitations of standard dopamine replacement. Developers are utilizing these pathways to slow disease progression in genetically defined patient subgroups. Demonstrating this progress, Gain Therapeutics reported in January 2026, in their 'Gain Therapeutics Highlights Biomarker Evidence Supporting Disease-Modifying Potential of GT-02287' press release, that the administration of the novel GCase modulator GT-02287 resulted in an average 81 percent decrease in cerebrospinal fluid levels of glucosylsphingosine, a key biomarker of lysosomal stress, after 90 days of treatment.

Key Market Players

• Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC
• AbbVie Inc.
• Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH
• GSK plc
• Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries Ltd
• Pfizer Inc.
• Novartis AG
• F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd
• Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
• AstraZeneca Plc
• Eli Lilly and Company
• Newron Pharmaceuticals SPA

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market, By Mechanism of Action

• Dopamine Agonists
• Anticholinergic
• MAO-B Inhibitors
• Amantadine
• Carbidopa-levodopa
• COMT Inhibitors
• Other Mechanisms of Action

Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market, By Distribution Channel

• Retail Pharmacies
• Hospital Pharmacies
• Others

Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market, By Region

• North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Europe
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • Spain
• Asia Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • South Korea
• South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
• Middle East & Africa
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

• Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

• 1.1. Market Definition
• 1.2. Scope of the Market
  • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
  • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
  • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

• 2.1. Objective of the Study
• 2.2. Baseline Methodology
• 2.3. Key Industry Partners
• 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
• 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
• 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
• 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

• 3.1. Overview of the Market
• 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
• 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
• 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
• 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook

• 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 5.1.1. By Value
• 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 5.2.1. By Mechanism of Action (Dopamine Agonists, Anticholinergic, MAO-B Inhibitors, Amantadine, Carbidopa-levodopa, COMT Inhibitors, Other Mechanisms of Action)
  • 5.2.2. By Distribution Channel (Retail Pharmacies, Hospital Pharmacies, Others)
  • 5.2.3. By Region
  • 5.2.4. By Company (2025)
• 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook

• 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 6.1.1. By Value
• 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 6.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
  • 6.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 6.2.3. By Country
• 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
  • 6.3.1. United States Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 6.3.1.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 6.3.2. Canada Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 6.3.2.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 6.3.3. Mexico Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 6.3.3.2.2. By Distribution Channel

7. Europe Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook

• 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 7.1.1. By Value
• 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 7.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
  • 7.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 7.2.3. By Country
• 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
  • 7.3.1. Germany Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 7.3.1.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 7.3.2. France Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 7.3.2.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 7.3.3.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 7.3.4. Italy Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 7.3.4.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 7.3.5. Spain Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 7.3.5.2.2. By Distribution Channel

8. Asia Pacific Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook

• 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 8.1.1. By Value
• 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 8.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
  • 8.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 8.2.3. By Country
• 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
  • 8.3.1. China Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 8.3.1.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 8.3.2. India Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 8.3.2.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 8.3.3. Japan Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 8.3.3.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 8.3.4. South Korea Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 8.3.4.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 8.3.5. Australia Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 8.3.5.2.2. By Distribution Channel

9. Middle East & Africa Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook

• 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 9.1.1. By Value
• 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 9.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
  • 9.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 9.2.3. By Country
• 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
  • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 9.3.1.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 9.3.2. UAE Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 9.3.2.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 9.3.3. South Africa Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 9.3.3.2.2. By Distribution Channel

10. South America Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook

• 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 10.1.1. By Value
• 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 10.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
  • 10.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 10.2.3. By Country
• 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
  • 10.3.1. Brazil Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 10.3.1.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 10.3.2. Colombia Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 10.3.2.2.2. By Distribution Channel
  • 10.3.3. Argentina Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market Outlook
    • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.2.1. By Mechanism of Action
      • 10.3.3.2.2. By Distribution Channel

11. Market Dynamics

• 11.1. Drivers
• 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

• 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
• 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
• 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Parkinson's Disease Drugs Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

• 14.1. Competition in the Industry
• 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
• 14.3. Power of Suppliers
• 14.4. Power of Customers
• 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

• 15.1. Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC
  • 15.1.1. Business Overview
  • 15.1.2. Products & Services
  • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
  • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
  • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
• 15.2. AbbVie Inc.
• 15.3. Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH
• 15.4. GSK plc
• 15.5. Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries Ltd
• 15.6. Pfizer Inc.
• 15.7. Novartis AG
• 15.8. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd
• 15.9. Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
• 15.10. AstraZeneca Plc
• 15.11. Eli Lilly and Company
• 15.12. Newron Pharmaceuticals SPA

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer