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1971488

卡車和客車子午線輪胎市場－全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會和預測：按應用、銷售管道、地區和競爭格局分類，2021-2031年

Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Application (Truck, Bus), By Sales Channel (OEM, Aftermarket), By Region & Competition, 2021-2031F
出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 181 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

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簡介目錄

全球卡車和客車子午線輪胎市場預計將從 2025 年的 169.3 億美元成長到 2031 年的 250.8 億美元，複合年成長率達到 6.77%。

這些大型充氣輪胎採用鋼絲帶束層和簾布層加固，簾布層垂直於胎面中心線，專為確保商用車輛的結構強度和有效散熱而設計。市場成長的主要驅動力是全球供應鏈活動和電子商務行業的快速發展帶動了貨運服務需求的激增。此外，車隊營運商正在加速向這些輪胎過渡，與斜交輪胎相比，這些輪胎滾動阻力更低，燃油效率更高，符合最佳化營運成本的經濟目標。

市場概覽
預測期 2027-2031
市場規模：2025年 169.3億美元
市場規模：2031年 250.8億美元
複合年成長率：2026-2031年 6.77%
成長最快的細分市場 追蹤
最大的市場 亞太地區

儘管存在這些積極趨勢，但原料價格（例如天然橡膠和原油衍生）的波動仍然帶來重大挑戰。這些因素可能推高生產成本並擠壓利潤空間。據印度汽車輪胎製造商協會 (ATMA) 稱，2024 會計年度上半年，印度卡車和客車子午線輪胎的出口量增加了 19%。雖然這一強勁表現凸顯了全球需求的旺盛，但產業相關人員必須保持靈活性，以適應供應鏈成本的波動，並確保市場的永續成長。

市場促進因素

全球商用車生產和銷售的成長是卡車和客車子午線輪胎（TBR）市場的主要驅動力，直接刺激了對原廠配套輪胎的需求。隨著工業生產的復甦和跨境貿易的擴張，物流公司正在增加車隊規模以應對不斷成長的貨運量，從而催生了對子午線輪胎的需求，因為與斜交輪胎相比，子午線輪胎具有更優異的耐用性和燃油效率。中國汽車工業協會（CAAM）的一份報告也印證了這一趨勢，該報告預測，2024年第一季中國商用車銷量將達到103萬輛，同比成長10.1%，為未來的輪胎更換需求奠定了基礎。美國輪胎製造商協會（ATMA）在2024年12月預測，國內卡車替換輪胎年出貨量將達到2,340萬條，進一步支撐了售後市場的成長，顯示成熟市場消費穩定。

同時，政府對基礎建設計劃的投資不斷增加，也催生了對專為重型建築應用而設計的子午線輪胎的強勁需求。諸如高速公路擴建和智慧城市建設等大型項目需要大量的自動卸貨卡車和拖車，而這些車輛依賴子午線輪胎，因為子午線輪胎必須具備在崎嶇地形上行駛所需的承載能力和抗穿刺性能。新興經濟體在這一現代化過程中發揮著促進者，直接推動了工程車輛輪胎的採購。例如，根據2024年2月的新聞稿，印度政府為2024-2025會計年度累計111兆盧比用於資本支出，使其基礎設施預算增加了11.1%。這確保了建築和採礦業對高性能子午線輪胎的長期需求。

市場挑戰

原物料價格的波動，尤其是天然橡膠和原油衍生的價格波動，對全球卡​​車和客車子午線輪胎市場的穩定成長構成重大障礙。這種不穩定性導致成本結構難以預測，使製造商的長期財務規劃和定價策略複雜化，阻礙了市場擴張。投入成本的快速波動往往迫使企業調整產品價格或承受財務衝擊，導致利潤率下降，研發資金或產能擴張資金受到限制。因此，這種不確定性破壞了供應鏈的穩定性，使供應商難以維持穩定的交貨時間，而車隊營運商則依賴穩定的價格進行預算管理。

原物料供應不穩定的具體影響也反映在近期的工業生產數據中。據日本汽車輪胎製造商協會稱，由於天然橡膠嚴重短缺且價格波動，2024年7月部分生產企業的產量下降了10%。此類生產中斷不僅導致訂單交付延遲，而且由於無法以穩定的價格採購關鍵原料，阻礙了行業充分利用日益成長的貨運代理服務需求，從而減緩了整體市場的發展勢頭。

市場趨勢

物聯網感測器的整合實現了車輛的即時監控，正在改變市場格局，使資產管理模式從被動維修轉向基於預測性維護。車輛營運商正在採用配備內建RFID標籤和感測器的智慧輪胎，將氣壓、溫度和胎面磨損等關鍵數據傳輸到中央管理系統，從而減少因意外故障造成的運作。這項技術可以防止氣壓不足導致輪胎胎體損壞，並提高營運效率。例如，根據T21 Media在2024年7月報道，米其林互聯車隊（Michelin Connected Fleet）的研究表明，即時胎壓監測可以將油耗和二氧化碳排放降低高達12%，同時大幅減少安全事故。

同時，生物基和永續製造材料的使用日益普及，旨在減少對波動性較大的石化供應鏈的依賴，並實現環境目標。業界領導者正以可再生替代品（例如源自米糠灰和植物油的二氧化矽）取代合成橡膠和炭黑。這些替代品在降低碳足跡的同時，也能維持輪胎的結構耐久性。固特異在《商用輪胎商業》雜誌上發表的《展望2024》報告也反映了這種向循環經濟原則的轉變。報告指出，新開發的EQMAX卡車輪胎使用了高達55%的永續材料。這一趨勢表明，環保複合材料技術既能滿足重型運輸車輛的嚴格性能要求，又能符合新的永續性標準。

目錄

第1章概述

第2章：調查方法

第3章執行摘要

第4章：客戶心聲

第5章：卡車與客車用子午線輪胎的全球市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
    • 按金額
  • 市佔率及預測
    • 按應用程式（卡車、巴士）
    • 銷售管道（OEM、售後市場）
    • 按地區
    • 按公司（2025 年）
  • 市場地圖

第6章：北美卡車與客車子午線輪胎市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 北美洲：國別分析
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第7章：歐洲卡車和客車子午線輪胎市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 歐洲：國別分析
    • 德國
    • 法國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 西班牙

第8章：亞太地區卡車與客車子午線輪胎市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 亞太地區：國別分析
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韓國
    • 澳洲

第9章：中東與非洲卡車及客車子午線輪胎市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 中東與非洲：國別分析
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 南非

第10章：南美洲卡車和客車子午線輪胎市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 南美洲：國別分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥倫比亞
    • 阿根廷

第11章 市場動態

  • 促進因素
  • 任務

第12章 市場趨勢與發展

  • 併購
  • 產品發布
  • 近期趨勢

第13章：全球卡車和客車子午線輪胎市場：SWOT分析

第14章：波特五力分析

  • 產業競爭
  • 新進入者的潛力
  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 顧客權力
  • 替代品的威脅

第15章 競爭格局

  • Apollo Tyres Ltd
  • Balkrishna Industries Limited
  • Bridgestone Corporation
  • China National Tire & Rubber Co., Ltd.
  • Continental AG
  • Giti Tire Pte Ltd.
  • The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
  • Hankook Tire & Technology Co. Ltd.
  • Kumho Tire Co., Inc.
  • Pirelli & CSpA

第16章 策略建議

第17章：關於研究公司及免責聲明

簡介目錄
Product Code: 22219

The Global Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market is projected to expand from USD 16.93 Billion in 2025 to USD 25.08 Billion by 2031, achieving a CAGR of 6.77%. These heavy-duty pneumatic casings, reinforced with steel belts and ply cords perpendicular to the tread centerline, are specifically designed to ensure structural integrity and effective heat dissipation for commercial vehicles. Market growth is largely driven by the surging demand for freight transportation services, fueled by global supply chain activities and the rapid rise of the e-commerce sector. Additionally, fleet operators are increasingly shifting toward these tires to leverage their lower rolling resistance and superior fuel economy compared to bias ply options, aligning with economic goals to optimize operational costs.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2027-2031
Market Size 2025USD 16.93 Billion
Market Size 2031USD 25.08 Billion
CAGR 2026-20316.77%
Fastest Growing SegmentTruck
Largest MarketAsia Pacific

Despite this favorable trajectory, the market confronts significant challenges stemming from the volatility of raw material prices, such as natural rubber and crude oil derivatives, which can inflate production costs and squeeze profit margins. According to the Automotive Tyre Manufacturers Association, India saw a 19 percent increase in the export volume of Truck and Bus Radial tires during the first half of the fiscal year in 2024. While this robust performance underscores strong global demand, industry stakeholders must remain adaptable to manage supply chain cost fluctuations and secure sustained market expansion.

Market Driver

The increase in global production and sales of commercial vehicles acts as a major catalyst for the Truck and Bus Radial (TBR) tires market, directly stimulating demand for original equipment fitments. As industrial output rebounds and cross-border trade grows, logistics firms are expanding their fleets to handle rising freight volumes, requiring durable radial tires that offer better longevity and fuel efficiency than bias alternatives. This trend is highlighted by the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, which reported that commercial vehicle sales in China rose by 10.1 percent year-on-year to 1.03 million units in the first quarter of 2024, creating a foundation for future replacement needs. Further supporting this aftermarket growth, the U.S. Tire Manufacturers Association projected in December 2024 that domestic replacement truck tire shipments would reach 23.4 million units for the year, indicating steady consumption in established markets.

Concurrently, rising government investment in infrastructure projects is generating strong demand for specialized radial tires tailored for heavy-duty construction use. Major initiatives like highway expansions and smart city developments require fleets of dumpers and trailers that depend on radial tires for their load-bearing strength and puncture resistance on rough terrain. Emerging economies are leading this modernization drive, which directly boosts tire procurement for construction fleets. For example, the Press Information Bureau reported in February 2024 that the Government of India allocated Rs 11.11 lakh crore for capital expenditure in the 2024-25 fiscal year, an 11.1 percent increase dedicated to infrastructure creation, ensuring a long-term demand pipeline for high-performance radial tires in the construction and mining sectors.

Market Challenge

The volatility of raw material prices, particularly for natural rubber and crude oil derivatives, represents a significant obstacle to the steady growth of the Global Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market. This instability disrupts market expansion by creating unpredictable cost structures, which complicates long-term financial planning and pricing strategies for manufacturers. Sharp fluctuations in input costs often force companies to adjust product prices or absorb the financial hit, both of which reduce profit margins and limit capital available for R&D or capacity expansion. Consequently, this uncertainty unsettles the supply chain, making it challenging for suppliers to maintain consistent delivery schedules for fleet operators who depend on stable pricing to manage their budgets.

The tangible effects of this raw material instability are reflected in recent industrial output data. According to the Automotive Tyre Manufacturers Association, production volumes at certain manufacturing facilities dropped by 10 percent in July 2024 due to an acute shortage and price volatility of natural rubber. Such manufacturing disruptions not only delay order fulfillment but also slow overall market momentum, as the inability to procure essential raw materials at stable costs prevents the industry from fully capitalizing on the rising demand for freight transportation services.

Market Trends

The integration of IoT sensors for real-time fleet monitoring is transforming the market by shifting the focus from reactive repairs to predictive asset management. Fleet operators are adopting smart tires with embedded RFID tags and sensors that transmit vital data on pressure, temperature, and tread wear to centralized systems, reducing downtime from unexpected failures. This technology enhances operational efficiency by preventing under-inflation issues that damage tire casings. For example, T21 Media reported in July 2024 that Michelin Connected Fleets demonstrated how real-time tire pressure monitoring can cut fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by up to 12 percent while significantly lowering safety-related incidents.

At the same time, the adoption of bio-based and sustainable manufacturing materials is increasing as manufacturers aim to reduce reliance on volatile petrochemical supply chains and meet environmental goals. Industry leaders are replacing synthetic rubber and carbon black with renewable alternatives, such as silica from rice husk ash and plant-based oils, which offer structural durability with a lower carbon footprint. This move toward circular economy principles is illustrated by Goodyear's 'Looks Back on 2024' report in Commercial Tyre Business, which noted that their new EQMAX truck tires contain up to 55 percent sustainable materials. This trend confirms that eco-friendly formulations can meet the rigorous performance requirements of heavy-duty transport while adhering to emerging sustainability mandates.

Key Market Players

  • Apollo Tyres Ltd
  • Balkrishna Industries Limited
  • Bridgestone Corporation
  • China National Tire & Rubber Co., Ltd.
  • Continental AG
  • Giti Tire Pte Ltd.
  • The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
  • Hankook Tire & Technology Co. Ltd.
  • Kumho Tire Co., Inc.
  • Pirelli & C. S.p.A

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market, By Application

  • Truck
  • Bus

Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market, By Sales Channel

  • OEM
  • Aftermarket

Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market, By Region

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Germany
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • South Korea
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Application (Truck, Bus)
    • 5.2.2. By Sales Channel (OEM, Aftermarket)
    • 5.2.3. By Region
    • 5.2.4. By Company (2025)
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Application
    • 6.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 6.2.3. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Application
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 6.3.2. Canada Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Application
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Application
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Sales Channel

7. Europe Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Application
    • 7.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 7.2.3. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Germany Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Application
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 7.3.2. France Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Application
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Application
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 7.3.4. Italy Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Application
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 7.3.5. Spain Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Application
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Sales Channel

8. Asia Pacific Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Application
    • 8.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 8.2.3. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Application
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 8.3.2. India Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Application
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 8.3.3. Japan Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Application
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Application
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 8.3.5. Australia Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Application
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Sales Channel

9. Middle East & Africa Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Application
    • 9.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 9.2.3. By Country
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Application
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 9.3.2. UAE Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Application
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 9.3.3. South Africa Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Application
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Sales Channel

10. South America Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Application
    • 10.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 10.2.3. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Application
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 10.3.2. Colombia Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Application
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 10.3.3. Argentina Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Application
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Sales Channel

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
  • 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
  • 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Truck and Bus Radial Tires Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. Apollo Tyres Ltd
    • 15.1.1. Business Overview
    • 15.1.2. Products & Services
    • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
    • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
  • 15.2. Balkrishna Industries Limited
  • 15.3. Bridgestone Corporation
  • 15.4. China National Tire & Rubber Co., Ltd.
  • 15.5. Continental AG
  • 15.6. Giti Tire Pte Ltd.
  • 15.7. The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
  • 15.8. Hankook Tire & Technology Co. Ltd.
  • 15.9. Kumho Tire Co., Inc.
  • 15.10. Pirelli & C. S.p.A

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer