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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1961205

乘用車齒輪市場－全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會、預測：按位置、材料、應用、地區和競爭格局分類，2021-2031年

Passenger Car Gear Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Position, By Material, By Application, By Region & Competition, 2021-2031F
出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 180 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

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簡介目錄

全球乘用車齒輪市場預計將從 2025 年的 58.3 億美元成長到 2031 年的 81.1 億美元，複合年成長率為 5.66%。

該行業涵蓋車輛傳動系統中用於速度控制和扭矩傳遞的關鍵機械部件。成長的主要驅動力是全球汽車產量的復甦以及對旨在提高燃油效率的先進傳動系統日益成長的需求。根據國際汽車製造商聯合會的數據，預計到2024年，全球汽車產量將達到9,250萬輛，這將為變速箱總成及其關鍵齒輪部件的需求奠定堅實的基礎。

市場概覽
預測期 2027-2031
市場規模：2025年 58.3億美元
市場規模：2031年 81.1億美元
複合年成長率：2026-2031年 5.66%
成長最快的細分市場 動力傳動系統
最大的市場 北美洲

然而，隨著動力傳動系統日益電氣化，電動車產業面臨嚴峻的挑戰。與依賴多速變速箱的內燃機不同，電動車主要採用簡單的單速減速齒輪箱，這種設計選擇從根本上減少了每輛車所需的齒輪數量。這種結構性轉變迫使製造商重新思考其生產策略，優先考慮數量更少、精度更高的零件，這對於降低電動裝置的噪音至關重要。這為市場的永續成長帶來了巨大的財務和營運障礙。

市場促進因素

全球乘用車產量和銷售量的成長是齒輪市場的主要驅動力。隨著汽車製造商加快回應疫情後復甦需求和新興市場需求，變速箱總成及其內部齒輪的需求也同步成長。這一成長趨勢在亞洲市場尤為顯著，該地區的高產量為零零件供應商的訂單提供了強勁支撐。例如，中國汽車工業協會（CAAM）在2025年1月發布的數據顯示，2024年國內汽車累計產量將達到3,128萬輛，這數字與齒輪採購量的成長直接相關。

此外，電動車 (EV) 和混合動力汽車(HV)動力傳動系統的快速普及正在從根本上改變齒輪價值鍊和規格。雖然純電動車的檔位較少，但混合動力汽車的蓬勃發展卻維持了對複雜多速變速箱的需求。同時，電動驅動單元需要高精度齒輪來降低高速行駛時的噪音、振動和衝擊 (NVH)。這種發展趨勢正促使供應商轉向更高附加價值的零件。 2025 年 5 月，國際能源總署 (IEA) 預測，全球電動車年銷量將超過 2,000 萬輛。為了反映這一趨勢，《組裝》雜誌在 2025 年 11 月報道稱，豐田汽車已決定投資 9.12 億美元，以加強其美國工廠的混合動力電動車組裝和先進動力傳動系統製造能力。

市場挑戰

動力傳動系統向電氣化的轉型對全球乘用車齒輪市場的擴張構成了結構性障礙。內燃機汽車採用多速變速箱和多組齒輪來控制速度和扭矩，而電動車通常使用單速減速齒輪箱。這種技術差異顯著減少了每輛車所需的齒輪數量，從而降低了整車製造商所需的零件總數。因此，儘管汽車生產​​總體呈現復甦趨勢，但由於每輛車零件數量的減少，齒輪供應商的獲利能力受到限制。

零件產量下降的趨勢在主要製造地尤為顯著，導致對複雜齒輪組件的需求大幅下滑。隨著電動車市場佔有率的擴大，傳統傳動齒輪的潛在市場規模已大幅縮減。根據中國汽車工業協會數據顯示，到2024年，新能源汽車銷量將超過1,200萬輛。在全球最大的汽車市場—中國，簡化型電動驅動系統的普及凸顯了內燃機轉型如何直接限制了傳統齒輪製造商的成長機會。

市場趨勢

整合式電力驅動橋（e-Axle）齒輪系統的興起代表傳動系統架構的根本性轉變。它將變速器、電力電子設備和馬達整合到一個緊湊的單元中，從而最佳化了效率和功率密度。這種整合需要高精度螺旋齒輪，既能承受高輸入速度，又能縮小整體尺寸，迫使供應商調整生產線以適應這些複雜的三合一系統。這種結構性變革正在推動對先進製造技術的巨額投資；例如，在2025年1月的新聞稿中，Linamar宣布計劃投資約11億美元用於擴大下一代移動出行技術的產能，其中包括專用電力驅動橋和混合動力推進系統。

同時，為解決靜音電動車車廂內的噪音、振動和不平順性 (NVH) 問題，輕量化複合材料和混合齒輪材料的應用正在加速。以高性能工程熱塑性塑膠（例如聚醚醚酮 (PEEK)）取代傳統金屬齒輪，可顯著降低零件重量和運行噪音，從而提升乘客舒適度並延長車輛續航里程。這種材料變革在主要聚合物供應商的財務表現中得到了清晰的體現。威格斯公司於 2025 年 1 月發布的 2024 會計年度年度報告顯示，其汽車行業的銷量成長了 5%，這一成長趨勢與電動汽車平台對輕量化聚合物解決方案的日益廣泛應用直接相關。

目錄

第1章概述

第2章：調查方法

第3章執行摘要

第4章：客戶心聲

第5章：全球乘用車齒輪市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
    • 按金額
  • 市佔率及預測
    • 依位置分類（斜軸齒輪、交叉軸齒輪、平行軸齒輪）
    • 依材質（黑色金屬、非鐵金屬、其他）
    • 依應用領域（轉向系統、傳動系統、差速器）
    • 按地區
    • 按公司（2025 年）
  • 市場地圖

第6章：北美乘用車齒輪市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 北美洲：國別分析
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第7章：歐洲乘用車變速箱市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 歐洲：國別分析
    • 德國
    • 法國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 西班牙

第8章：亞太地區乘用車齒輪市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 亞太地區：國別分析
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韓國
    • 澳洲

第9章：中東與非洲乘用車齒輪市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 中東與非洲：國別分析
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 南非

第10章：南美洲乘用車齒輪市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 南美洲：國別分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥倫比亞
    • 阿根廷

第11章 市場動態

  • 促進因素
  • 任務

第12章 市場趨勢與發展

  • 併購
  • 產品發布
  • 近期趨勢

第13章：全球乘用車齒輪市場：SWOT分析

第14章：波特五力分析

  • 產業競爭
  • 新進入者的潛力
  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 顧客權力
  • 替代品的威脅

第15章 競爭格局

  • American Axle & Manufacturing Inc.
  • BorgWarner Inc.
  • Bharat Gears Ltd
  • The Timken Company
  • Dynamatic Technologies Limited
  • Franz Morat Holding GmbH & Co. KG
  • GKN Automotive Limited
  • Gleason Corporation
  • IMS Gear SE & Co. KGaA
  • ZF Friedrichshafen AG

第16章 策略建議

第17章：關於研究公司及免責聲明

簡介目錄
Product Code: 22028

The Global Passenger Car Gear Market is projected to expand from USD 5.83 billion in 2025 to USD 8.11 billion by 2031, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 5.66%. This sector consists of mechanical components critical for speed regulation and torque transmission within vehicle drivetrains. Growth is primarily supported by the resuscitation of global automotive manufacturing rates and an increased demand for sophisticated transmission systems designed to improve fuel efficiency. Data from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers indicates that global motor vehicle output hit 92.5 million units in 2024, establishing a solid foundation of demand for transmission assemblies and their essential gear components.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2027-2031
Market Size 2025USD 5.83 Billion
Market Size 2031USD 8.11 Billion
CAGR 2026-20315.66%
Fastest Growing SegmentTransmission System
Largest MarketNorth America

However, the industry faces substantial hurdles due to the ongoing electrification of powertrains. Unlike internal combustion engines that rely on multi-speed transmissions, electric vehicles predominantly utilize simpler single-speed reduction gearboxes, a design choice that inherently lowers the volume of gears needed per vehicle. This structural transformation compels manufacturers to overhaul their production strategies, prioritizing fewer, high-precision components essential for noise reduction in electric drive units, which presents considerable financial and operational obstacles to sustained market growth.

Market Driver

Increasing global passenger vehicle manufacturing and sales volumes serve as the main propellant for the gear market. As automotive companies accelerate production to satisfy post-pandemic recovery and demand in emerging markets, the total number of transmission assemblies-and their internal gears-grows concurrently. This expansion is especially notable in Asian markets, where elevated production levels maintain strong order books for component suppliers. For instance, the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) reported in January 2025 that the nation achieved a cumulative automobile production of 31.28 million units in 2024, a benchmark that correlates directly with a rise in gear procurement.

Furthermore, the rapid uptake of electric and hybrid vehicle powertrains is fundamentally altering gear value chains and specifications. Although pure electric vehicles often require fewer gears, the boom in hybrid vehicles maintains the need for complex multi-speed transmissions, while electric drive units necessitate high-precision gears to mitigate noise, vibration, and harshness at high speeds. This evolution pushes suppliers toward higher-value components, with the International Energy Agency (IEA) projecting in May 2025 that global electric car sales would surpass 20 million units for the year. Reflecting this trend, Assembly Magazine noted in November 2025 that Toyota committed a $912 million investment to enhance hybrid-electric vehicle assembly and advanced powertrain manufacturing at its United States facilities.

Market Challenge

The shift toward powertrain electrification acts as a structural barrier to the expansion of the Global Passenger Car Gear Market. In contrast to internal combustion engine vehicles, which employ multi-speed transmissions with multiple gear sets to regulate speed and torque, electric vehicles typically utilize single-speed reduction gearboxes. This technological difference significantly decreases the number of gears needed per unit, thereby lowering the total volume of components requested by original equipment manufacturers. Consequently, even as overall vehicle production numbers rebound, the revenue potential for gear suppliers is limited by this reduction in content per vehicle.

This decline in component volume is intensifying within major manufacturing hubs, resulting in a distinct drop in demand for complex gear assemblies. As battery-powered vehicles gain market share, the total addressable market for conventional transmission gears shrinks considerably. According to data from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, sales of new energy vehicles surpassed 12 million units in 2024. This widespread adoption of simplified electric drivetrains within the world's largest automotive market highlights how the transition away from internal combustion engines directly restricts growth opportunities for traditional gear manufacturers.

Market Trends

The rise of Integrated Electric Axle (e-Axle) Gear Systems marks a foundational change in drivetrain architecture, combining the transmission, power electronics, and electric motor into one compact unit to optimize efficiency and power density. This integration necessitates high-precision helical gears that can manage higher input speeds while reducing overall package size, compelling suppliers to adjust their manufacturing lines for these intricate 3-in-1 systems. This structural shift is driving substantial investment in advanced manufacturing; for example, Linamar Corporation announced in a January 2025 press release a capital investment plan of roughly $1.1 billion to boost production capacity for next-generation mobility technologies, including specialized eAxle and hybrid propulsion systems.

Simultaneously, the transition toward lightweight composite and hybrid gear materials is accelerating as manufacturers aim to address noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) issues in quiet electric vehicle interiors. The substitution of traditional metal gears with high-performance engineering thermoplastics, such as PEEK (polyetheretherketone), markedly lowers component weight and operational noise, thereby enhancing passenger comfort and extending vehicle range. This material evolution is evident in the financial results of major polymer suppliers; in its 'Annual Report 2024' released in January 2025, Victrex plc reported a 5% volume increase in its automotive division, a growth trend directly linked to the rising uptake of their lightweight polymer solutions in electric mobility platforms.

Key Market Players

  • American Axle & Manufacturing Inc.
  • BorgWarner Inc.
  • Bharat Gears Ltd
  • The Timken Company
  • Dynamatic Technologies Limited
  • Franz Morat Holding GmbH & Co. KG
  • GKN Automotive Limited
  • Gleason Corporation
  • IMS Gear SE & Co. KGaA
  • ZF Friedrichshafen AG

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Passenger Car Gear Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Passenger Car Gear Market, By Position

  • Skew Shaft Gears
  • Intersecting Shaft Gears
  • Parallel Shaft Gears

Passenger Car Gear Market, By Material

  • Ferrous Metals
  • Non-ferrous Metals
  • Others

Passenger Car Gear Market, By Application

  • Steering Systems
  • Transmission Systems
  • Differential Systems

Passenger Car Gear Market, By Region

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Germany
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • South Korea
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Passenger Car Gear Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Passenger Car Gear Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Position (Skew Shaft Gears, Intersecting Shaft Gears, Parallel Shaft Gears)
    • 5.2.2. By Material (Ferrous Metals, Non-ferrous Metals, Others)
    • 5.2.3. By Application (Steering Systems, Transmission Systems, Differential Systems)
    • 5.2.4. By Region
    • 5.2.5. By Company (2025)
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Position
    • 6.2.2. By Material
    • 6.2.3. By Application
    • 6.2.4. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Position
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Material
        • 6.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 6.3.2. Canada Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Position
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Material
        • 6.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Position
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Material
        • 6.3.3.2.3. By Application

7. Europe Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Position
    • 7.2.2. By Material
    • 7.2.3. By Application
    • 7.2.4. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Germany Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Position
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Material
        • 7.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 7.3.2. France Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Position
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Material
        • 7.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Position
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Material
        • 7.3.3.2.3. By Application
    • 7.3.4. Italy Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Position
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Material
        • 7.3.4.2.3. By Application
    • 7.3.5. Spain Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Position
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Material
        • 7.3.5.2.3. By Application

8. Asia Pacific Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Position
    • 8.2.2. By Material
    • 8.2.3. By Application
    • 8.2.4. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Position
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Material
        • 8.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 8.3.2. India Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Position
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Material
        • 8.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 8.3.3. Japan Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Position
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Material
        • 8.3.3.2.3. By Application
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Position
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Material
        • 8.3.4.2.3. By Application
    • 8.3.5. Australia Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Position
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Material
        • 8.3.5.2.3. By Application

9. Middle East & Africa Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Position
    • 9.2.2. By Material
    • 9.2.3. By Application
    • 9.2.4. By Country
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Position
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Material
        • 9.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 9.3.2. UAE Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Position
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Material
        • 9.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 9.3.3. South Africa Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Position
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Material
        • 9.3.3.2.3. By Application

10. South America Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Position
    • 10.2.2. By Material
    • 10.2.3. By Application
    • 10.2.4. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Position
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Material
        • 10.3.1.2.3. By Application
    • 10.3.2. Colombia Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Position
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Material
        • 10.3.2.2.3. By Application
    • 10.3.3. Argentina Passenger Car Gear Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Position
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Material
        • 10.3.3.2.3. By Application

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
  • 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
  • 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Passenger Car Gear Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. American Axle & Manufacturing Inc.
    • 15.1.1. Business Overview
    • 15.1.2. Products & Services
    • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
    • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
  • 15.2. BorgWarner Inc.
  • 15.3. Bharat Gears Ltd
  • 15.4. The Timken Company
  • 15.5. Dynamatic Technologies Limited
  • 15.6. Franz Morat Holding GmbH & Co. KG
  • 15.7. GKN Automotive Limited
  • 15.8. Gleason Corporation
  • 15.9. IMS Gear SE & Co. KGaA
  • 15.10. ZF Friedrichshafen AG

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer