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1938377

殺菌劑市場 - 全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會及預測（按等級、類型、最終用戶、地區和競爭格局分類），2021-2031年

Biocides Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Grade, By Type, By End User, By Region & Competition, 2021-2031F
出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 185 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

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簡介目錄

全球除生物劑市場預計將從 2025 年的 108.7 億美元成長到 2031 年的 149.6 億美元，複合年成長率為 5.47%。

除生物劑是活性化學物質或微生物，旨在透過化學或生物機制消滅、阻止、中和或控制有害微生物。市場成長的促進因素包括：為應對水資源短缺，人們對高效水處理解決方案的需求日益成長；以及為防止油漆和塗料等工業產品發生微生物劣化，延長其使用壽命。此外，全球衛生意識的顯著提高也持續推動著機構和醫療保健領域對嚴格消毒通訊協定的需求。

市場概覽
預測期 2027-2031
市場規模：2025年 108.7億美元
市場規模：2031年 149.6億美元
複合年成長率：2026-2031年 5.47%
成長最快的細分市場 醫藥級
最大的市場 亞太地區

阻礙市場擴張的主要挑戰之一是複雜且分散的法規環境，這導致合規成本高且產品核可時間過長。製造地快速向亞洲轉移加劇了這種監管負擔，迫使現有西方公司應對激烈的競爭壓力和供應鏈依賴性挑戰。根據歐洲化學工業理事會預測，到2025年，中國在銷售額將達到46%，而歐洲的佔有率將萎縮至13%，凸顯了全球除生物劑供應鏈中相關人員必須解決的顯著地域差異。

市場促進因素

用水和污水處理基礎設施的擴建是市場成長的主要催化劑，這需要廣泛使用氧化性和非氧化性消毒劑來對抗生物污染並確保水安全。市政當局和工業業者正在大力投資改造老化的公用設施網路，以減少污染並保障飲用水供應，從而持續推高對化學消毒劑和膜保護劑的需求。根據英國水務監管機構（Ofwat）於2024年7月發布的“PR24擬議臨時決定”，該監管機構提案在未來五年內為供水事業提供880億英鎊的總支出預算，用於升級基礎設施和減少污染，這與消毒劑採購量的增加直接相關。

同時，建築業對木材防腐劑日益成長的需求也推動了市場發展。除生物劑對於提高木材和建築塗料的抗菌防蟲性能至關重要，能夠延長其使用壽命。建設活動的活性化，以及材料保護對建築結構耐久性的重要性，都支持了這項需求。根據美國人口普查局於2025年1月發布的《2024年11月建築支出月度報告》，預計建築支出經季節性已調整的的年化率將達到21526億美元，凸顯了需要保護的基材市場規模之大。此外，德國化學工業協會（VCI）報告稱，儘管經濟狀況嚴峻，但2024年化學和製藥行業的產量仍成長了2%，確保了這些重要添加劑的持續供應。

市場挑戰

複雜且分散的法規環境對全球除生物劑市場的成長構成重大障礙。製造商被迫應對錯綜複雜的區域性標準，例如歐洲嚴格的《除生物劑法規》(BPR) 和美國環保署 (EPA) 的特殊要求，這些要求往往要求對同一種活性成分進行重複測試和文件編制。這種全球統一性的缺失顯著推高了資本支出，迫使企業將大量資金從研發轉移到合規活動。因此，高成本和註冊核准的不確定性延緩了新型高效殺菌劑化學品的商業化進程，有效地抑制了創新並減緩了市場擴張。

這種嚴格的監管壓力直接破壞了競爭格局，加速了製造業轉移到監管框架更精簡的地區。冗長的核准流程限制了企業對市場變化的靈活應對，導致西方老牌企業難以維持盈利。這些結構性挑戰的影響也體現在主要產業參與者從傳統生產地策略性撤離。德國化學工業協會（VCI）預測，到2024年，約40%的化工企業將因持續存在的結構性負擔而考慮縮減規模或將國內生產轉移到海外，這凸顯了沉重的監管負擔不僅阻礙了本地經濟成長，而且從根本上扭曲了全球供應鏈。

市場趨勢

在嚴格的環境法規和價值鏈脫碳的迫切需求的推動下，市場正經歷著向生物基和可生物分解產品的重大轉變。製造商正在加速用植物萃取物和生物技術衍生的可再生替代品取代化石基活性成分，以避免傳統化學品帶來的毒性問題。這種轉變不僅是對監管的回應，更是企業將永續性融入其核心價值提案，並確保其在不斷變化的全球標準下實現長期生存的策略轉型。根據Arxada於2025年10月發布的《2024年永續發展報告》，該公司將其範圍1和範圍2的排放較2021年減少了61%。這反映了產業對減少環境影響的高度重視，以及生物基產品系列的加速發展。

同時，抗菌智慧塗層和表面處理技術的普及正在重塑材料保護領域，使其從簡單的防腐發展到主動抑制病原體。這一趨勢的特點是將先進的殺菌技術引入建築和工業塗料，從而在頻繁使用的環境中獲得持續的有效性和低滲漏率。一家專注於材料保護的領先特種化學品製造商的財務表現充分體現了這一應用領域的規模。根據朗盛公司於2025年3月發布的《2024年度報告》，其消費者保護業務板塊（包括材料保護產品）的銷售額預計在2024會計年度將達到20.81億歐元，凸顯了先進防腐技術的巨大商業性價值和市場需求。

目錄

第1章概述

第2章調查方法

第3章執行摘要

第4章：客戶評價

第5章 全球殺菌劑市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
    • 按金額
  • 市佔率及預測
    • 依等級（食品級、醫藥級、工業級）
    • 依類型（鹵素基、金屬基、酚類、有機酸基）
    • 按最終用戶分類（食品和個人保健產品、水處理、清潔和消毒產品、油漆和塗料、服裝和紡織品、其他）
    • 按地區
    • 按公司（2025 年）
  • 市場地圖

第6章 北美殺菌劑市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 北美洲：國家分析
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第7章 歐洲殺菌劑市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 歐洲：國家分析
    • 德國
    • 法國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 西班牙

8. 亞太地區殺菌劑市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 亞太地區：國家分析
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韓國
    • 澳洲

9. 中東和非洲殺菌劑市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 中東和非洲：國家分析
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 南非

第10章 南美洲殺菌劑市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 南美洲：國家分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥倫比亞
    • 阿根廷

第11章 市場動態

  • 促進要素
  • 任務

第12章 市場趨勢與發展

  • 併購
  • 產品發布
  • 最新進展

第13章 全球殺菌劑市場：SWOT分析

第14章：波特五力分析

  • 產業競爭
  • 新進入者的可能性
  • 供應商電力
  • 顧客權力
  • 替代品的威脅

第15章 競爭格局

  • Clariant AG
  • Lonza Group AG
  • ICL Group LTD
  • BASF SE
  • Dow Chemical Company
  • Troy Corporation
  • Ecolab USA Inc.
  • Albemarle Corporation
  • Solvay SA
  • Lanxess AG

第16章 策略建議

第17章：關於研究公司及免責聲明

簡介目錄
Product Code: 14185

The Global Biocides Market is projected to grow from USD 10.87 Billion in 2025 to USD 14.96 Billion by 2031, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 5.47%. Biocides are active chemical substances or microorganisms engineered to destroy, deter, render harmless, or control harmful organisms through chemical or biological mechanisms. Market growth is fundamentally underpinned by the rising demand for efficient water treatment solutions to address scarcity, as well as the necessity to extend the service life of industrial products, such as paints and coatings, by preventing microbial degradation. Additionally, a structural increase in global hygiene awareness continues to drive the need for robust disinfection protocols across institutional and healthcare sectors.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2027-2031
Market Size 2025USD 10.87 Billion
Market Size 2031USD 14.96 Billion
CAGR 2026-20315.47%
Fastest Growing SegmentPharmaceutical Grade
Largest MarketAsia Pacific

One significant challenge impeding market expansion is the complex and fragmented regulatory environment, which imposes high compliance costs and prolongs product approval timelines. This regulatory burden is exacerbated by the rapid migration of the manufacturing base to Asia, forcing established Western companies to navigate intense competitive pressures and supply chain dependencies. According to the European Chemical Industry Council, in 2025, China held 46% of global chemical sales whereas Europe's share contracted to 13%, highlighting the severe geographical disparity that stakeholders must manage within the global biocidal supply network.

Market Driver

The expansion of water and wastewater treatment infrastructure acts as a primary catalyst for market growth, necessitating the extensive use of oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides to control biofouling and ensure water safety. Municipalities and industrial operators are heavily investing in modernizing aging utility networks to mitigate pollution and secure potable water supplies, creating a sustained requirement for chemical disinfectants and membrane preservatives. According to Ofwat's 'PR24 Draft Determinations' in July 2024, the regulator proposed a total expenditure allowance of £88 billion for water companies over the next five years to upgrade infrastructure and reduce pollution, directly correlating with increased procurement of biocidal agents.

Simultaneously, the rising utilization of wood preservatives in construction propels the market, as biocides are essential for extending the service life of timber and architectural coatings against fungal decay and insect attack. This demand is underpinned by robust building activities where material protection is critical for structural durability. According to the U.S. Census Bureau's 'Monthly Construction Spending, November 2024' report released in January 2025, construction spending reached a seasonally adjusted annual rate of $2,152.6 billion, highlighting the scale of the substrate market requiring preservation. Furthermore, the German Chemical Industry Association (VCI) reported in 2024 that production in the chemical-pharmaceutical industry increased by 2% despite challenging economic conditions, ensuring the continuous supply of these essential additives.

Market Challenge

The complex and fragmented regulatory environment constitutes a formidable barrier to the growth of the Global Biocides Market. Manufacturers are compelled to navigate a labyrinth of divergent regional standards, such as the stringent Biocidal Products Regulation (BPR) in Europe and distinct EPA requirements in the United States, which often necessitate duplicative testing and documentation for identical active substances. This lack of global harmonization significantly inflates capital expenditure and forces companies to divert substantial financial resources from research and development toward compliance activities. Consequently, the high cost of data generation and the uncertainty surrounding registration approvals delay the commercialization of new, more efficient biocidal chemistries, effectively stifling innovation and reducing the speed of market expansion.

This intense regulatory pressure directly destabilizes the competitive landscape by accelerating the migration of manufacturing capacities to regions with more streamlined frameworks. Established Western entities struggle to maintain profitability as prolonged approval timelines prevent them from responding agilely to market shifts. The impact of these structural challenges is evident in the strategic retreat of major industry players from traditional production hubs. According to the German Chemical Industry Association (VCI), in 2024, approximately 40% of chemical industrial companies reported they were considering cutting back domestic production or relocating operations abroad due to persistent structural burdens, highlighting how the heavy regulatory weight not only hampers local growth but also fundamentally distorts the global supply network.

Market Trends

The market is undergoing a decisive shift toward bio-based and biodegradable formulations, driven by stringent environmental mandates and the urgent need to decarbonize supply chains. Manufacturers are increasingly replacing fossil-based active ingredients with renewable alternatives derived from plant extracts and biotechnology to circumvent toxicity concerns associated with traditional chemistries. This transition is not merely regulatory but strategic, as companies integrate sustainability into their core value propositions to secure long-term viability against evolving global standards. According to Arxada's '2024 Sustainability Report' from October 2025, the company achieved a 61% reduction in Scope 1 and 2 emissions relative to 2021, reflecting the intense industrial focus on reducing environmental impact which parallels the accelerated development of bio-based product portfolios.

Simultaneously, the proliferation of antimicrobial smart coatings and surfaces is reshaping the material protection landscape, moving beyond simple preservation to active pathogen mitigation. This trend is characterized by the incorporation of advanced biocide technologies into architectural and industrial coatings that offer prolonged efficacy and reduced leaching rates, essential for high-traffic environments. The scale of this application sector is evident in the financial performance of major specialty chemical entities dedicated to material preservation. According to Lanxess's 'Annual Report 2024' released in March 2025, sales in the Consumer Protection segment, which encompasses material protection products, amounted to 2.081 billion euros in fiscal year 2024, highlighting the substantial commercial value and demand for advanced preservation technologies.

Key Market Players

  • Clariant AG
  • Lonza Group AG
  • ICL Group LTD
  • BASF SE
  • Dow Chemical Company
  • Troy Corporation
  • Ecolab USA Inc.
  • Albemarle Corporation
  • Solvay SA
  • Lanxess AG

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Biocides Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Biocides Market, By Grade

  • Food Grade
  • Pharmaceutical Grade
  • Industrial Grade

Biocides Market, By Type

  • Halogen Grades
  • Metallic Grades
  • Phenolic
  • Organic Acid

Biocides Market, By End User

  • Food and Personal Care Products
  • Water Treatment
  • Cleaning & Disinfection Products
  • Paint & Coatings
  • Clothing & Textile
  • Others

Biocides Market, By Region

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Germany
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • South Korea
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Biocides Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Biocides Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Biocides Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Grade (Food Grade, Pharmaceutical Grade, Industrial Grade)
    • 5.2.2. By Type (Halogen Grades, Metallic Grades, Phenolic, Organic Acid)
    • 5.2.3. By End User (Food and Personal Care Products, Water Treatment, Cleaning & Disinfection Products, Paint & Coatings, Clothing & Textile, Others)
    • 5.2.4. By Region
    • 5.2.5. By Company (2025)
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Biocides Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Grade
    • 6.2.2. By Type
    • 6.2.3. By End User
    • 6.2.4. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Biocides Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Grade
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Type
        • 6.3.1.2.3. By End User
    • 6.3.2. Canada Biocides Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Grade
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Type
        • 6.3.2.2.3. By End User
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Biocides Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Grade
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Type
        • 6.3.3.2.3. By End User

7. Europe Biocides Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Grade
    • 7.2.2. By Type
    • 7.2.3. By End User
    • 7.2.4. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Germany Biocides Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Grade
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Type
        • 7.3.1.2.3. By End User
    • 7.3.2. France Biocides Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Grade
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Type
        • 7.3.2.2.3. By End User
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Biocides Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Grade
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Type
        • 7.3.3.2.3. By End User
    • 7.3.4. Italy Biocides Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Grade
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Type
        • 7.3.4.2.3. By End User
    • 7.3.5. Spain Biocides Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Grade
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Type
        • 7.3.5.2.3. By End User

8. Asia Pacific Biocides Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Grade
    • 8.2.2. By Type
    • 8.2.3. By End User
    • 8.2.4. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Biocides Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Grade
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Type
        • 8.3.1.2.3. By End User
    • 8.3.2. India Biocides Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Grade
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Type
        • 8.3.2.2.3. By End User
    • 8.3.3. Japan Biocides Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Grade
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Type
        • 8.3.3.2.3. By End User
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Biocides Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Grade
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Type
        • 8.3.4.2.3. By End User
    • 8.3.5. Australia Biocides Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Grade
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Type
        • 8.3.5.2.3. By End User

9. Middle East & Africa Biocides Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Grade
    • 9.2.2. By Type
    • 9.2.3. By End User
    • 9.2.4. By Country
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Biocides Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Grade
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Type
        • 9.3.1.2.3. By End User
    • 9.3.2. UAE Biocides Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Grade
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Type
        • 9.3.2.2.3. By End User
    • 9.3.3. South Africa Biocides Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Grade
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Type
        • 9.3.3.2.3. By End User

10. South America Biocides Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Grade
    • 10.2.2. By Type
    • 10.2.3. By End User
    • 10.2.4. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Biocides Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Grade
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Type
        • 10.3.1.2.3. By End User
    • 10.3.2. Colombia Biocides Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Grade
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Type
        • 10.3.2.2.3. By End User
    • 10.3.3. Argentina Biocides Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Grade
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Type
        • 10.3.3.2.3. By End User

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
  • 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
  • 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Biocides Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. Clariant AG
    • 15.1.1. Business Overview
    • 15.1.2. Products & Services
    • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
    • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
  • 15.2. Lonza Group AG
  • 15.3. ICL Group LTD
  • 15.4. BASF SE
  • 15.5. Dow Chemical Company
  • 15.6. Troy Corporation
  • 15.7. Ecolab USA Inc.
  • 15.8. Albemarle Corporation
  • 15.9. Solvay SA
  • 15.10. Lanxess AG

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer