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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1938240

護手市場 - 全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會及預測（依產品類型、銷售管道、地區及競爭格局分類，2021-2031年）

Hand Care Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Product Type, By Sales Channel, By Region & Competition, 2021-2031F
出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 182 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

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簡介目錄

全球護手市場預計將從 2025 年的 75.4 億美元成長到 2031 年的 97.5 億美元，複合年成長率為 4.38%。

此類別涵蓋多種產品，包括液體肥皂、消毒水、潤膚露和修護霜，所有產品均旨在清潔、消毒、滋潤和保護肌膚。推動這一成長的關鍵因素是全球對個人衛生和感染控制的持續關注，這使得手部衛生成為必不可少的日常習慣。此外，可支配收入的增加也使消費者能夠購買除清潔之外還能提供皮膚護理功效的高階產品。美國清潔協會 (ACI) 在 2025 年的一項調查中也印證了這一趨勢，該調查顯示，97% 的受訪者認為清潔和衛生對公共衛生至關重要，凸顯了這些習慣在消費行為中的關鍵作用。

市場概覽
預測期 2027-2031
市場規模：2025年 75.4億美元
市場規模：2031年 97.5億美元
複合年成長率：2026-2031年 4.38%
成長最快的細分市場 手洗
最大的市場 北美洲

然而，價格波動，尤其是酒精和特種油等關鍵原料的價格波動，為市場擴張帶來了重大障礙。這些投入成本的快速波動給製造商造成了財務上的不確定性，迫使他們做出艱難的選擇：要麼承受利潤率下降，要麼將更高的成本轉嫁給買家。這種經濟上的不可預測性使長期規劃變得複雜，並限制了成長潛力，尤其是在價格敏感型市場領域。

市場促進因素

全球護手市場的主要驅動力是全球個人衛生和感染預防意識的不斷提高。雖然疫情的迫切性已緩解，但病原體傳播帶來的心理影響依然強烈，人們的日常洗手頻率也居高不下。這種警覺性在寒冷季節和健康警報發布期間尤其明顯，消費者會主動強化衛生習慣以降低患病風險。例如，2024年2月布拉德利健康洗手調查顯示，74%的受訪者在季節性病毒爆發期間會更徹底、更頻繁地洗手。製造商正利用這種根深蒂固的習慣，拓展產品線，在提供臨床級衛生護理產品的同時，維護皮膚屏障的完整性，從而確保日常必需品的持續盈利。

同時，消費者對有機、潔淨標示和天然成分的偏好日益成長，從根本上改變了配方標準。消費者越來越仔細地查看標籤，以避免使用對羥基苯甲酸酯和硫酸鹽等刺激性化學物質，並擴大選擇承諾安全性和永續性的植物來源替代品。這種轉變在高階市場尤為明顯。根據英國土壤協會於2024年2月發布的《2024年認證有機美容與健康市場報告》，透明認證的清潔美容產品的銷售額預計將成長11%，達到1.51億英鎊。這種需求正推動品牌開發使用植物萃取物和生態認證成分的產品。此外，根據《2024年歐洲化妝品報告》，護膚品（包括護手）仍是歐洲市場的主導品類，零售額達301億歐元。

市場挑戰

原物料價格波動給製造商造成了財務上的不穩定，嚴重阻礙了全球護手市場的發展。酒精和特種油等關鍵成分極易受到價格突然波動的影響，從而擾亂生產預算和利潤預測。當投入成本意外上漲時，企業面臨艱難的選擇：要麼自行承擔額外成本（降低利潤率和減少創新投入），要麼將成本轉嫁給零售商和消費者。後者選擇存在抑制需求的風險，尤其是在價格敏感型細分市場，因為消費者可能會轉向價格較低的替代品或減少使用量。

這種經濟不確定性直接限制了市場擴張，因為它使長期策略規劃變得複雜。供應鏈成本的不確定性迫使製造商經常推遲新產品發布和擴張計劃。美國化學理事會指出，截至2024年，化學品製造的原料成本預計將上漲3.9%，凸顯了生產商必須應對的持續波動。因此，這些波動迫使該行業優先考慮短期生存而非持續成長，從而在經濟不確定時期限制了市場潛力。

市場趨勢

護手的「護膚化」代表著模式轉移，各大品牌擴大將通常用於臉部護膚的高濃度活性成分融入其中。消費者如今不再只是追求簡單的保濕，而是尋求能夠解決特定皮膚問題的臨床級功效，例如修復皮膚屏障、淡化色素沉著和抗衰老。這種將醫學信譽與個人護理相結合的理念正在推動皮膚科護理類別的顯著成長。例如，根據歐萊雅集團於2025年2月發布的2024年財務業績報告，其皮膚科美容部門（旗下擁有CeraVe和理膚泉等皮膚屏障修復品牌）的銷售額同比成長9.8%，優於市場平均水平。這一快速成長反映了消費者對經科學驗證、能夠為手部和身體帶來顯著皮膚益處的配方產品的需求日益成長。

同時，奢侈品和「輕奢」市場蓬勃發展，將護手提升為一種感官享受和時尚體驗。水療靈感的香氛和賞心悅目的包裝，正將產品的主要價值提案從功能性轉向情感滿足。這一趨勢引起了年輕消費者的共鳴，他們將個人保健產品視為生活方式配件和身份象徵。歐舒丹國際集團於2024年6月發布的2024會計年度財務報告印證了這一轉變，報告顯示，旗下以芬芳怡人的感官體驗產品而聞名的Sol de Janeiro品牌銷售額實現了驚人的167%的成長。這種爆炸性成長凸顯了感官吸引力和品牌聲望正如何成為全球消費者購買行為的強大驅動力。

目錄

第1章概述

第2章調查方法

第3章執行摘要

第4章：客戶評價

第5章 全球護手市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
    • 按金額
  • 市佔率及預測
    • 依產品類型（護手霜/潤膚霜、洗手液、乾洗手劑/消毒水、其他（手部口罩等））
    • 依銷售管道（多品牌商店、超級市場/大賣場、化妝品專賣店、藥妝店、線上、其他（直銷、批發商/零售商等））
    • 按地區
    • 按公司（2025 年）
  • 市場地圖

第6章：北美護手市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 北美洲：國家分析
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第7章：歐洲護手市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 歐洲：國家分析
    • 德國
    • 法國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 西班牙

第8章：亞太地區護手市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 亞太地區：國家分析
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韓國
    • 澳洲

第9章：中東和非洲護手市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 中東和非洲：國家分析
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 南非

第10章：南美洲護手市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
  • 市佔率及預測
  • 南美洲：國家分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥倫比亞
    • 阿根廷

第11章 市場動態

  • 促進要素
  • 任務

第12章 市場趨勢與發展

  • 併購
  • 產品發布
  • 最新進展

第13章 全球護手市場：SWOT分析

第14章：波特五力分析

  • 產業競爭
  • 新進入者的可能性
  • 供應商電力
  • 顧客權力
  • 替代品的威脅

第15章 競爭格局

  • Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.
  • Coty, Inc.
  • Beiersdorf AG
  • Shiseido Co., Ltd.
  • Sanofi Consumer Health Inc.
  • Philosophy, Inc.
  • Shanghai Jahwa United Co., Ltd
  • Marks & Spencer Plc.
  • The Procter & Gamble Company
  • Henkel Corporation

第16章 策略建議

第17章：關於研究公司及免責聲明

簡介目錄
Product Code: 19686

The Global Hand Care Market is projected to expand from USD 7.54 Billion in 2025 to USD 9.75 Billion by 2031, registering a CAGR of 4.38%. This sector comprises a wide variety of formulations such as liquid soaps, sanitizers, lotions, and restorative creams, all designed to cleanse, sanitize, moisturize, and protect the skin. The primary forces driving this growth include a continued global focus on personal hygiene and infection control, which has established hand sanitation as an essential daily habit. Additionally, increasing disposable incomes allow consumers to afford premium products that provide dermatological benefits beyond simple cleaning. Highlighting this sentiment, the American Cleaning Institute reported in 2025 that 97% of survey participants consider cleaning and hygiene crucial for public health, underscoring the vital role these practices play in consumer behavior.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2027-2031
Market Size 2025USD 7.54 Billion
Market Size 2031USD 9.75 Billion
CAGR 2026-20314.38%
Fastest Growing SegmentHand Wash
Largest MarketNorth America

However, market expansion faces a substantial hurdle due to the volatility of raw material prices, particularly for key ingredients like alcohol and specialized oils. Sharp fluctuations in these input costs create financial instability for manufacturers, who must navigate the difficult trade-off between absorbing reduced profit margins and passing higher costs on to buyers. This economic unpredictability complicates long-term planning and restricts growth potential, especially within market segments that are highly sensitive to price changes.

Market Driver

A primary catalyst for the Global Hand Care Market is the heightened global awareness regarding personal hygiene and infection prevention. Although the immediate urgency of the pandemic has subsided, the psychological impact of pathogen transmission remains strong, sustaining high frequencies of daily handwashing. This vigilance is particularly pronounced during colder months or amidst health alerts, where consumers proactively intensify their sanitation routines to lower illness risks. For instance, the Bradley Corporation's 'Healthy Handwashing Survey' from February 2024 indicated that 74% of respondents wash their hands more thoroughly or frequently during seasonal virus outbreaks. Manufacturers are leveraging this entrenched behavior by expanding product lines that deliver clinical-grade sanitization while preserving skin barrier integrity, thus ensuring recurring revenue from essential daily-use items.

Concurrently, there is a growing consumer preference for organic, clean label, and natural ingredients, which is fundamentally altering formulation standards. Shoppers are increasingly examining labels to avoid harsh chemicals like parabens and sulfates, favoring plant-based alternatives that promise safety and sustainability. This shift is quantitatively supported by the premium segment; according to the Soil Association Certification's 'Organic Beauty and Wellbeing Market Report 2024' released in February 2024, sales of clean beauty products with transparent credentials rose by 11% to £151 million. This demand compels brands to innovate with botanical extracts and eco-certified components. Furthermore, Cosmetics Europe reported in 2024 that skin care, including hand care, remained the dominant category in the European market, generating €30.1 billion in retail sales.

Market Challenge

The volatility of raw material prices significantly impedes the Global Hand Care Market by creating a financially precarious environment for manufacturers. Essential ingredients such as alcohol and specialized oils are subject to sharp cost fluctuations, which disrupt production budgets and profit forecasting. When input costs rise unexpectedly, companies face difficult choices: either absorb the additional expense, which erodes profit margins and reduces funds for innovation, or pass the costs on to retailers and consumers. The latter option risks suppressing demand, particularly in price-sensitive segments where consumers may switch to lower-cost alternatives or reduce their usage frequency.

This economic unpredictability directly restricts market expansion by complicating long-term strategic planning. Manufacturers frequently delay new product launches or expansion projects due to the uncertainty surrounding supply chain costs. As noted by the American Chemistry Council in 2024, feedstock costs for chemical production increased by 3.9%, highlighting the persistent instability producers must navigate. Consequently, these fluctuations force the industry to prioritize short-term survival over sustained growth, ultimately capping the market's potential during periods of economic turbulence.

Market Trends

The "Skinification" of hand care formulations signifies a paradigm shift where brands are increasingly infusing products with high-potency active ingredients typically found in facial skincare. Consumers now seek clinical-grade efficacy to address specific concerns such as barrier repair, pigmentation, and aging, moving beyond simple hydration. This convergence of medical credibility and personal care is driving substantial growth in the dermatological segment. For example, L'Oreal Finance's '2024 Annual Results' from February 2025 reported that the Dermatological Beauty Division-home to barrier-repairing brands like CeraVe and La Roche-Posay-outperformed the market with 9.8% like-for-like sales growth. This surge reflects the growing consumer preference for science-backed formulations that offer proven dermatological benefits for the hands and body.

Simultaneously, the market is seeing rapid growth in luxury and "accessible indulgence" products, elevating hand care into a sensory, fashion-forward experience. In this segment, the primary value proposition shifts from functional utility to emotional satisfaction, driven by spa-like aromatherapy scents and aesthetic, social-media-friendly packaging. This trend resonates with younger demographics who view personal care items as lifestyle accessories and status symbols. Validating this shift, L'Occitane International's 'FY2024 Annual Results' from June 2024 revealed that sales for Sol de Janeiro-a brand known for its highly scented, sensory-focused products-grew by a remarkable 167% year-over-year. Such explosive growth underscores how sensory appeal and brand prestige are becoming powerful drivers of consumer purchasing behavior globally.

Key Market Players

  • Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.
  • Coty, Inc.
  • Beiersdorf AG
  • Shiseido Co., Ltd.
  • Sanofi Consumer Health Inc.
  • Philosophy, Inc.
  • Shanghai Jahwa United Co., Ltd
  • Marks & Spencer Plc.
  • The Procter & Gamble Company
  • Henkel Corporation

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Hand Care Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Hand Care Market, By Product Type

  • Hand Cream/Moisturizer
  • Hand Wash
  • Hand Sanitizers/Disinfectants
  • Others (Hand Mask, etc.)

Hand Care Market, By Sales Channel

  • Multi Branded Stores
  • Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
  • Specialty Beauty Stores
  • Drug Stores
  • Online
  • Other (Direct Sales, Distributor/Dealers etc.)

Hand Care Market, By Region

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Germany
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • South Korea
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Hand Care Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Hand Care Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Hand Care Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Product Type (Hand Cream/Moisturizer, Hand Wash, Hand Sanitizers/Disinfectants, Others (HMask, etc.))
    • 5.2.2. By Sales Channel (Multi Branded Stores, Supermarkets/Hypermarkets, Specialty Beauty Stores, Drug Stores, Online, Other (Direct Sales, Distributor/Dealers etc.))
    • 5.2.3. By Region
    • 5.2.4. By Company (2025)
  • 5.3. Market Map

6. North America Hand Care Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Product Type
    • 6.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 6.2.3. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Product Type
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 6.3.2. Canada Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Product Type
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Product Type
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Sales Channel

7. Europe Hand Care Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Product Type
    • 7.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 7.2.3. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Germany Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Product Type
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 7.3.2. France Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Product Type
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Product Type
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 7.3.4. Italy Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Product Type
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 7.3.5. Spain Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Product Type
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Sales Channel

8. Asia Pacific Hand Care Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Product Type
    • 8.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 8.2.3. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Product Type
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 8.3.2. India Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Product Type
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 8.3.3. Japan Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Product Type
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Product Type
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 8.3.5. Australia Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Product Type
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Sales Channel

9. Middle East & Africa Hand Care Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Product Type
    • 9.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 9.2.3. By Country
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Product Type
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 9.3.2. UAE Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Product Type
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 9.3.3. South Africa Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Product Type
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Sales Channel

10. South America Hand Care Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Product Type
    • 10.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 10.2.3. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Product Type
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 10.3.2. Colombia Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Product Type
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Sales Channel
    • 10.3.3. Argentina Hand Care Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Product Type
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Sales Channel

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
  • 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
  • 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Hand Care Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.
    • 15.1.1. Business Overview
    • 15.1.2. Products & Services
    • 15.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 15.1.4. Key Personnel
    • 15.1.5. SWOT Analysis
  • 15.2. Coty, Inc.
  • 15.3. Beiersdorf AG
  • 15.4. Shiseido Co., Ltd.
  • 15.5. Sanofi Consumer Health Inc.
  • 15.6. Philosophy, Inc.
  • 15.7. Shanghai Jahwa United Co., Ltd
  • 15.8. Marks & Spencer Plc.
  • 15.9. The Procter & Gamble Company
  • 15.10. Henkel Corporation

16. Strategic Recommendations

17. About Us & Disclaimer