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市場調查報告書
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1807374

氨綸纖維市場-全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會及預測(依生產流程、最終用途產業、地區及競爭狀況分類,2020-2030 年預測)

Spandex Fibre Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Production Process, By End-Use Industry, By Region & Competition, 2020-2030F

出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 188 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

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簡介目錄

2024年,氨綸纖維市場規模為68.5億美元,預計2030年將達到99.1億美元,複合年成長率為6.53%。氨綸纖維,又稱彈性纖維或萊卡纖維,是一種源自長鏈聚氨酯的合成聚合物。它以其卓越的彈性而聞名,在拉伸性和耐用性方面優於天然橡膠。這種輕質、高柔韌性的材料耐磨、耐紫外線和耐化學腐蝕,使其成為各行各業的首選。此外,氨綸還具有優異的染色性,在裁剪時能夠保持結構完整性且不會磨損,這進一步增強了其在紡織製造業的吸引力。

市場概覽
預測期 2026-2030
2024年市場規模 68.5億美元
2030年市場規模 99.1億美元
2025-2030 年複合年成長率 6.53%
成長最快的領域 溶液乾紡絲
最大的市場 亞太地區

全球氨綸纖維市場正經歷強勁成長,這得益於人口成長、時尚潮流演變以及人們對服裝舒適性和性能日益成長的重視。氨綸最突出的用途在於紡織業,廣泛應用於運動服、泳裝、內衣和休閒服。市場對彈性和貼身服裝的需求顯著成長,尤其是在運動服領域,這刺激了氨綸混紡布料的大規模應用。氨綸纖維在醫療保健領域中發揮著至關重要的作用。其卓越的彈性和舒適性使其成為手術手套、壓力衣、繃帶和嬰兒尿布等應用的理想選擇。隨著新興經濟體對個人醫療保健的日益關注、人口老化以及可支配收入的不斷增加,對氨綸基醫療和衛生產品的需求預計將持續成長。 2023年,全球汽車產量達到約9,400萬輛,全球汽車零件市場價值達2兆美元,出口總額約7,000億美元。汽車產業的強勁成長間接支撐了全球氨綸纖維市場,尤其是在用於汽車座椅布料、內裝和室內紡織品的耐用且高彈性材料的生產方面。隨著汽車製造商越來越注重舒適性、美觀性和性能,汽車內裝對氨綸混紡材料的需求也隨之成長。隨著印度成為全球第四大汽車生產國,每年生產近600萬輛汽車,汽車產業對氨綸等先進紡織品的需求預計將進一步促進市場在工業和運輸應用領域的擴張。

汽車產業正逐漸認知到氨綸在座椅內飾和室內紡織品中的優勢,因為它具有良好的彈性和長期使用後不易變形的特性。受日益成長的永續性關注和環境法規的推動,影響市場的關鍵趨勢是開發和使用生物基原料進行氨綸纖維生產。從區域來看,亞太地區憑藉其龐大的紡織製造基地,尤其是在中國、印度和韓國等國家,在全球氨綸纖維市場佔據主導地位。總而言之,全球氨綸纖維市場預計將持續成長,這得益於服裝、醫療保健和工業領域應用的不斷擴展,以及環保生產流程的創新。

關鍵市場促進因素

醫療保健產業對氨綸纖維的需求不斷成長

主要市場挑戰

原料成本和供應鏈中斷

主要市場趨勢

電子商務與全球影響力

目錄

第 1 章:產品概述

第2章:研究方法

第3章:執行摘要

第4章:干擾:衝突、流行病與貿易壁壘

第5章:定價分析

第6章:全球氨綸纖維市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
    • 按價值
  • 市場佔有率和預測
    • 依生產製程(溶液乾紡和溶液濕紡)
    • 依最終用途產業(紡織、醫療保健、其他)
    • 按公司分類(2024)
    • 按地區
  • 市場地圖

第7章:北美氨綸纖維市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
  • 市場佔有率和預測
  • 北美:國家分析
    • 美國
    • 墨西哥
    • 加拿大

第8章:歐洲氨綸纖維市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
  • 市場佔有率和預測
  • 歐洲:國家分析
    • 法國
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 西班牙

第9章:亞太氨綸纖維市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
  • 市場佔有率和預測
  • 亞太地區:國家分析
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 韓國
    • 日本
    • 澳洲

第10章:南美洲氨綸纖維市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
  • 市場佔有率和預測
  • 南美洲:國家分析
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 哥倫比亞

第 11 章:中東和非洲氨綸纖維市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
  • 市場佔有率和預測
  • MEA:國家分析
    • 南非
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國

第 12 章:市場動態

  • 驅動程式
  • 挑戰

第13章:市場趨勢與發展

  • 最新動態
  • 產品發布
  • 併購

第 14 章: 大環境分析

第 15 章:波特五力分析

  • 產業競爭
  • 新進入者的潛力
  • 供應商的力量
  • 顧客的力量
  • 替代產品的威脅

第 16 章:競爭格局

  • Hyosung Corporation
  • INVISTA Sarl
  • Asahi Kasei Corporation
  • Toray Industries, Inc
  • Indorama Industries Ltd.
  • TK Chemical Corporatio
  • Zhejiang Huafon Spandex Co. Ltd.
  • Xiamen Lilong Spandex Co., Ltd.
  • Yantai Spandex Co., Ltd.
  • Taekwang Industrial Co. Ltd.

第 17 章:策略建議

第18章調查會社について,免責事項

簡介目錄
Product Code: 2760

Spandex Fibre Market was valued at USD 6.85 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 9.91 Billion by 2030 with a CAGR of 6.53%. Spandex fiber, also known as elastane or Lycra, is a synthetic polymer derived from a long chain of polyurethane. Celebrated for its exceptional elasticity, it outperforms natural rubber in terms of stretchability and durability. This lightweight, highly flexible material is resistant to abrasion, UV rays, and chemicals, making it a preferred choice across various industries. Additionally, spandex boasts excellent dyeability and maintains structural integrity without fraying when tailored, further enhancing its appeal in textile manufacturing.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2026-2030
Market Size 2024USD 6.85 Billion
Market Size 2030USD 9.91 Billion
CAGR 2025-20306.53%
Fastest Growing SegmentSolution Dry Spinning
Largest MarketAsia Pacific

The global spandex fiber market is witnessing robust growth, driven by a combination of rising population, evolving fashion trends, and increasing awareness of comfort and performance in apparel. Its most prominent use lies in the textile industry, where it is widely incorporated into sportswear, swimwear, innerwear, and casual wear. The demand for stretchable and body-conforming clothing has significantly increased, particularly in the activewear segment, spurring large-scale adoption of spandex-blended fabrics. Spandex fibers play a vital role in the healthcare sector. Their exceptional elasticity and comfort make them ideal for applications such as surgical gloves, compression garments, bandages, and baby diapers. With the rising focus on personal healthcare, aging populations, and increasing disposable income in emerging economies, the demand for spandex-based medical and hygiene products is expected to continue growing. In 2023, global automobile production reached approximately 94 million units, while the global automotive components market was valued at USD 2 trillion, with exports totaling around USD 700 billion. This robust growth in the automotive sector has indirectly supported the global spandex fiber market, particularly in the production of durable and stretchable materials used in car seat fabrics, upholstery, and interior textiles. As automakers increasingly focus on comfort, aesthetics, and performance, the demand for spandex-blended materials in vehicle interiors has risen. With India emerging as the fourth-largest vehicle producer globally manufacturing nearly 6 million vehicles annually automotive demand for advanced textiles like spandex is expected to contribute further to the market's expansion across industrial and transportation applications.

The automotive industry is recognizing the advantages of spandex in seating upholstery and interior textiles due to its resilience and ability to retain shape over extended use. A key trend influencing the market is the development and use of bio-based raw materials in spandex fiber production, driven by growing sustainability concerns and environmental regulations. Regionally, Asia-Pacific dominates the global spandex fiber market due to its large textile manufacturing base, especially in countries like China, India, and South Korea. In summary, the global spandex fiber market is poised for continued growth, supported by expanding applications across apparel, healthcare, and industrial sectors, along with innovations in eco-friendly production processes.

Key Market Drivers

Growing Demand of Spandex Fibre in Healthcare Industry

The global spandex fiber market is witnessing accelerated growth, largely driven by increasing demand from the healthcare sector. Spandex, also known as elastane or Lycra, is a synthetic fiber renowned for its superior elasticity, lightweight nature, and excellent recovery characteristics. Traditionally used in activewear, swimwear, and undergarments, the fiber is now gaining substantial traction in medical applications due to its ability to stretch up to five to eight times its original length and return to shape without distortion. Healthcare institutions have identified the material's unique properties as ideal for enhancing patient comfort and improving the functionality of medical textiles. Spandex-blended fabrics are increasingly utilized in compression garments such as stockings, surgical gowns, and patient apparel, where elasticity and a snug fit are essential. These garments not only ensure wearer comfort but also improve circulation and help in preventing medical complications such as deep vein thrombosis.

Spandex fibers are incorporated into wound care solutions like bandages and dressings. Their flexibility and adaptability allow for improved coverage and mobility, which are crucial in injury recovery. Orthopedic supports and braces made from spandex materials offer targeted compression and increased support for joints and muscles, accelerating rehabilitation processes. The pandemic further accelerated the demand for spandex-based products in the healthcare industry. Spandex is now widely used in manufacturing disposable personal protective equipment (PPE), including face masks, caps, gowns, and shoe covers, providing superior fit and all-day comfort for medical professionals. Spandex is also being applied in hospital bedding and furniture upholstery to improve patient comfort and support pressure distribution key for patients with reduced mobility. Global healthcare spending is projected to reach USD 18.3 trillion by 2040, accounting for approximately 12% of the projected global GDP up from USD 7.2 trillion in 2015 (10% of GDP). This surge is driven by an aging population, rising healthcare costs, and the growing demand for advanced medical treatments and technologies. As healthcare infrastructure expands and investments increase, the need for high-performance medical textiles such as spandex fiber is expected to rise. Spandex's unique stretchability and comfort make it essential in medical applications like compression garments, surgical gowns, orthopedic supports, and personal protective equipment (PPE). This growing healthcare expenditure underscores the expanding opportunities for spandex fiber manufacturers in the medical and healthcare textile sectors.

Ongoing investment in R&D is aimed at enhancing the performance of spandex fibers specifically for medical use. These innovations are enabling manufacturers to meet stringent healthcare requirements while supporting sustainability goals. As the healthcare sector continues to grow globally and patient care standards become more sophisticated, the use of spandex fiber is expected to rise further positioning it as a key driver of growth in the global spandex fiber market.

Key Market Challenges

Raw Material Costs and Supply Chain Disruptions

Spandex fibers are primarily manufactured from petrochemical-derived raw materials, such as polyurethane, which undergo intricate chemical processes to achieve the desired elastic properties. The cost of these raw materials significantly influences the overall production costs of spandex. Fluctuations in crude oil prices, geopolitical tensions, and supply-demand imbalances can all contribute to volatile raw material costs. Consequently, manufacturers face the challenge of maintaining a delicate balance between profitability and offering competitive prices to consumers. The impact of raw material cost fluctuations is felt throughout the spandex value chain. The spandex industry's heavy reliance on petrochemical feedstocks makes it susceptible to geopolitical and environmental factors, adding an additional layer of complexity to the raw material cost challenge. Supply chain disruptions have emerged as another significant challenge in the global spandex fiber market. The COVID-19 pandemic starkly highlighted the vulnerabilities within global supply chains, affecting industries across various sectors.

Spandex manufacturing heavily depends on intricate supply chains, encompassing multiple stages from raw material extraction to finished product delivery. Disruptions at any stage of this chain can lead to cascading impacts, causing delays, increased lead times, and production bottlenecks. The industry's resilience and long-term sustainability will depend on its ability to navigate these challenges. As manufacturers continue to innovate, collaborate, and adapt, the spandex industry may find ways to overcome these hurdles, ensuring a steady supply of this essential fiber to meet global demands while remaining economically viable.

Key Market Trends

E-commerce and Global Reach

In an era characterized by digital transformation and the increasing interconnectedness of global markets, industries worldwide are undergoing profound shifts in their operations and interactions with consumers. One sector that is particularly experiencing significant transformation is the spandex fiber market, driven by the dual forces of E-commerce and expanding global reach. The global expansion of the spandex fiber market has been further facilitated by the reduction of trade barriers and improvements in supply chain logistics. International shipping and trade agreements have effectively streamlined the transportation of spandex fibers and spandex-containing products to even the most remote corners of the world. Additionally, advancements in logistics and distribution have resulted in shorter delivery times and simplified the complexities associated with cross-border trade. As a result, manufacturers now have greater ease in maintaining a global presence and meeting the demands of diverse markets.

Key Market Players

  • Hyosung Corporation
  • INVISTA Sarl
  • Asahi Kasei Corporation
  • Toray Industries, Inc.
  • Indorama Industries Ltd.
  • TK Chemical Corporation
  • Zhejiang Huafon Spandex Co. Ltd.
  • Xiamen Lilong Spandex Co., Ltd.
  • Yantai Spandex Co., Ltd.
  • Taekwang Industrial Co. Ltd

Report Scope:

In this report, the Global Spandex Fibre Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Spandex Fibre Market, By Production Process:

  • Solution Dry Spinning
  • Solution Wet Spinning

Spandex Fibre Market, By End-Use Industry:

  • Textile
  • Healthcare
  • Others

Spandex Fibre Market, By region:

  • North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
  • Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • South Korea
  • Australia
  • Japan
  • Europe
  • Germany
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Spain
  • Italy
  • South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Spandex Fibre Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Spandex Fibre Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Disruptions: Conflicts, Pandemics, and Trade Barriers

5. Pricing Analysis

6. Global Spandex Fibre Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Production Process (Solution Dry Spinning and Solution Wet Spinning)
    • 6.2.2. By End-Use Industry (Textile, Healthcare, Others)
    • 6.2.3. By Company (2024)
    • 6.2.4. By Region
  • 6.3. Market Map

7. North America Spandex Fibre Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Production Process
    • 7.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 7.2.3. By Country
  • 7.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. United States Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Production Process
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 7.3.2. Mexico Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Production Process
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 7.3.3. Canada Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Production Process
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By End-Use Industry

8. Europe Spandex Fibre Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Production Process
    • 8.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 8.2.3. By Country
  • 8.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. France Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Production Process
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 8.3.2. Germany Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Production Process
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 8.3.3. United Kingdom Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Production Process
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 8.3.4. Italy Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Production Process
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 8.3.5. Spain Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Production Process
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By End-Use Industry

9. Asia-Pacific Spandex Fibre Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Production Process
    • 9.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 9.2.3. By Country
  • 9.3. Asia-Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. China Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Production Process
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 9.3.2. India Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Production Process
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 9.3.3. South Korea Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Production Process
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 9.3.4. Japan Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 9.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.4.2.1. By Production Process
        • 9.3.4.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 9.3.5. Australia Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 9.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.5.2.1. By Production Process
        • 9.3.5.2.2. By End-Use Industry

10. South America Spandex Fibre Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Production Process
    • 10.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 10.2.3. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Production Process
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 10.3.2. Argentina Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Production Process
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 10.3.3. Colombia Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Production Process
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By End-Use Industry

11. Middle East and Africa Spandex Fibre Market Outlook

  • 11.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 11.1.1. By Value
  • 11.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 11.2.1. By Production Process
    • 11.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 11.2.3. By Country
  • 11.3. MEA: Country Analysis
    • 11.3.1. South Africa Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 11.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 11.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 11.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 11.3.1.2.1. By Production Process
        • 11.3.1.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 11.3.2. Saudi Arabia Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 11.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 11.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 11.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 11.3.2.2.1. By Production Process
        • 11.3.2.2.2. By End-Use Industry
    • 11.3.3. UAE Spandex Fibre Market Outlook
      • 11.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 11.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 11.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 11.3.3.2.1. By Production Process
        • 11.3.3.2.2. By End-Use Industry

12. Market Dynamics

  • 12.1. Drivers
  • 12.2. Challenges

13. Market Trends & Developments

  • 13.1. Recent Developments
  • 13.2. Product Launches
  • 13.3. Mergers & Acquisitions

14. PESTLE Analysis

15. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 15.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 15.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 15.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 15.4. Power of Customers
  • 15.5. Threat of Substitute Product

16. Competitive Landscape

  • 16.1. Hyosung Corporation
    • 16.6.1. Business Overview
    • 16.6.2. Company Snapshot
    • 16.6.3. Products & Services
    • 16.6.4. Financials (In case of listed companies)
    • 16.6.5. Recent Developments
    • 16.6.6. SWOT Analysis
  • 16.2. INVISTA Sarl
  • 16.3. Asahi Kasei Corporation
  • 16.4. Toray Industries, Inc
  • 16.5. Indorama Industries Ltd.
  • 16.6. TK Chemical Corporatio
  • 16.7. Zhejiang Huafon Spandex Co. Ltd.
  • 16.8. Xiamen Lilong Spandex Co., Ltd.
  • 16.9. Yantai Spandex Co., Ltd.
  • 16.10. Taekwang Industrial Co. Ltd.

17. Strategic Recommendations

18. About Us & Disclaimer