固態微電池市場－全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會與預測（細分、按應用、按類型、按最終用戶、按地區、按競爭，2020-2030 年）

2024年，固態微電池市場規模為16.7億美元，預計2030年將達38.7億美元，複合年成長率為14.88%。固態微電池市場是指專注於開發、生產和商業化專為微尺度應用而設計的超小型固態電池的行業，通常採用薄膜或印刷電池技術。這些微電池使用固態電解質而非液體或凝膠電解質，從而提高了安全性和穩定性，並具備微型化潛力和更長的使用壽命，使其成為緊湊型電子設備、醫療植入物、物聯網感測器、智慧卡、RFID標籤和穿戴式技術的理想選擇。

該市場涉及廣泛的利益相關者，包括電池製造商、材料供應商、設備整合商以及依賴高可靠性、耐用性和高能量密度電源為空間受限設備供電的終端用戶產業。固態微電池因其能夠提供精準的能量輸送、高體積能量密度、快速充電以及抗漏液、膨脹或熱失控（這些是傳統鋰離子電池的常見限制）的能力而日益受到關注。隨著超低功耗和始終開啟型電子產品的快速普及，對能夠無縫嵌入微電子系統且不影響效能、尺寸或安全性的能源解決方案的需求日益成長。

關鍵市場促進因素

物聯網設備在工業和消費領域的應用日益普及

主要市場挑戰

製造成本高且可擴展性受限

主要市場趨勢

穿戴式和植入式醫療設備的普及率不斷上升

目錄

第 1 章：產品概述

第2章：研究方法

第3章：執行摘要

第4章：顧客之聲

第5章：全球固態微電池市場展望

• 市場規模和預測
  • 按價值
• 市場佔有率和預測
  • 按應用（消費性電子產品、穿戴式裝置、醫療設備、物聯網設備）
  • 按類型（薄膜電池、3D微電池、軟性微電池）
  • 按最終用戶（工業、醫療保健、電信、消費者）
  • 按地區
• 按公司分類（2024）
• 市場地圖

第6章：北美固態微電池市場展望

• 市場規模和預測
• 市場佔有率和預測
• 北美：國家分析
  • 美國
  • 加拿大
  • 墨西哥

第7章：歐洲固態微電池市場展望

• 市場規模和預測
• 市場佔有率和預測
• 歐洲：國家分析
  • 德國
  • 英國
  • 義大利
  • 法國
  • 西班牙

第8章：亞太固態微電池市場展望

• 市場規模和預測
• 市場佔有率和預測
• 亞太地區：國家分析
  • 中國
  • 印度
  • 日本
  • 韓國
  • 澳洲

第9章：南美洲固態微電池市場展望

• 市場規模和預測
• 市場佔有率和預測
• 南美洲：國家分析
  • 巴西
  • 阿根廷
  • 哥倫比亞

第10章：中東與非洲固態微電池市場展望

• 市場規模和預測
• 市場佔有率和預測
• 中東和非洲：國家分析
  • 南非
  • 沙烏地阿拉伯
  • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
  • 科威特
  • 土耳其

第 11 章：市場動態

• 驅動程式
• 挑戰

第 12 章：市場趨勢與發展

• 合併與收購（如有）
• 產品發布（如有）
• 最新動態

第13章：公司簡介

• Samsung SDI Co., Ltd.
• ProLogium Technology Co., Ltd.
• Solid Power, Inc.
• Ilika plc
• Blue Solutions (Bollore Group)
• Cymbet Corporation
• BrightVolt, Inc.
• Front Edge Technology, Inc.
• Ensurge Micropower ASA
• Sila Nanotechnologies Inc.

第 14 章：策略建議

第15章調查會社について,免責事項

The Solid-State Micro Battery Market was valued at USD 1.67 Billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 3.87 Billion by 2030 with a CAGR of 14.88%. The Solid-State Micro Battery Market refers to the industry focused on the development, production, and commercialization of ultra-compact, solid-state batteries designed for micro-scale applications, typically in the form of thin-film or printed battery technologies. These micro batteries use solid electrolytes instead of liquid or gel-based ones, offering enhanced safety, stability, miniaturization potential, and extended lifecycle-making them ideally suited for compact electronic devices, medical implants, IoT sensors, smart cards, RFID tags, and wearable technologies.

The market includes a wide range of stakeholders including battery manufacturers, material providers, device integrators, and end-use industries that rely on highly reliable, durable, and energy-dense power sources for space-constrained devices. Solid-state micro batteries are gaining traction due to their ability to provide precise energy delivery, high volumetric energy density, fast charging capability, and resistance to leakage, swelling, or thermal runaway, which are common limitations of traditional lithium-ion cells. With the rapid proliferation of ultra-low-power and always-on electronics, there is an increasing demand for energy solutions that can be seamlessly embedded into microelectronic systems without compromising performance, size, or safety.

Key Market Drivers

Rising Adoption of IoT Devices Across Industrial and Consumer Applications

The exponential growth in the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) devices across industrial, medical, and consumer applications is a primary driver for the solid-state micro battery market. IoT devices are increasingly used in sectors such as healthcare monitoring, smart homes, industrial automation, logistics, and wearable electronics. These devices demand compact, long-lasting, energy-efficient, and safe power sources that can operate without frequent maintenance or replacement. Solid-state micro batteries provide a perfect solution due to their small form factor, high energy density, wide operating temperature range, and enhanced safety profile compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries.

The demand for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and miniaturized electronics embedded in remote or inaccessible locations-such as structural health sensors in bridges, temperature sensors in machinery, or tracking devices in logistics-makes long-life and safe battery solutions imperative. Furthermore, in medical applications like pacemakers, smart pills, and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, the reliability and biocompatibility of solid-state micro batteries are critical. These batteries can be hermetically sealed, reducing the risk of leakage and enhancing longevity. The increasing need for uninterrupted power for IoT devices, particularly in scenarios where frequent battery replacement is not feasible, is steering manufacturers and developers toward adopting solid-state micro batteries.

Their solid electrolytes reduce the risk of short-circuits, making them ideal for sensitive electronic components. Additionally, the trend of miniaturization in electronics and the rise in demand for edge computing solutions further amplify the need for power sources that align with ultra-small designs. The rise of Industry 4.0 and smart infrastructure is adding pressure on companies to find battery solutions that are highly reliable, safe, and integrable into diverse form factors.

Moreover, energy harvesting IoT systems that combine solid-state micro batteries with solar, RF, or thermal energy collectors are gaining traction, especially in remote monitoring and predictive maintenance use cases. These hybrid energy solutions often rely on the excellent cycle life and fast charging capabilities of solid-state micro batteries. As the global number of connected IoT devices crosses tens of billions, the demand for power sources that meet performance, miniaturization, and safety requirements will remain a dominant force driving the growth of the solid-state micro battery market across geographies and sectors. Over 25 billion IoT devices are expected to be connected globally by 2030, driven by demand across industrial and consumer sectors. The global IoT market is projected to surpass USD 1.5 trillion by 2027, fueled by smart home, industrial automation, and wearable technologies.Smart home device adoption is growing at over 20% CAGR, with billions of units shipped annually worldwide. Industrial IoT (IIoT) solutions are expected to account for more than 35% of global IoT deployments by 2026.

Key Market Challenges

High Manufacturing Costs and Scalability Constraints

One of the most significant challenges facing the solid-state micro battery market is the high cost associated with manufacturing and the difficulty in scaling production for commercial viability. Unlike conventional lithium-ion batteries, which benefit from mature, cost-efficient supply chains and large-scale economies of scale, solid-state micro batteries rely on complex and highly sensitive manufacturing processes that involve specialized materials, cleanroom environments, and precision deposition techniques such as sputtering or vapor deposition.

These processes demand advanced infrastructure and technical expertise, substantially increasing capital expenditures for manufacturers. The materials used in these batteries-such as solid electrolytes based on ceramics, glass, or sulfides-often come with high costs and limited global availability. Moreover, many solid-state designs require multilayer structures and extremely thin films, making uniformity and yield across production batches a persistent technical hurdle. This directly impacts the cost per unit, rendering solid-state micro batteries significantly more expensive than their liquid-electrolyte counterparts, especially for mass-market applications such as wearables or disposable electronics.

Additionally, manufacturing at micro scales involves intricate design engineering, as the battery needs to maintain high energy density and mechanical stability in a miniature footprint. Small inconsistencies in layer thickness or material purity can cause short circuits or performance degradation, resulting in increased rejection rates and further cost inefficiencies. Compounding the challenge, many solid-state micro battery technologies remain in the pilot or pre-commercial stages, meaning that current production volumes are not sufficient to support widespread commercial deployment. This lack of scalability restricts their integration into mainstream consumer products and limits their competitiveness in cost-sensitive sectors. Companies attempting to scale up must invest in automation and precision tooling, often with uncertain returns due to ongoing performance limitations and changing market dynamics.

Furthermore, customization requirements for different applications-such as implantable medical devices, RFID tags, or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-introduce additional complexities in design and integration, preventing a one-size-fits-all manufacturing approach. The absence of standardized manufacturing protocols and industry-wide benchmarks also hampers cross-industry adoption. While research continues to drive innovations in material efficiency and processing techniques, these solutions have yet to reach maturity at the industrial level.

As a result, many potential users of solid-state micro batteries remain hesitant to adopt them until there is a demonstrable reduction in production costs and proof of reliable supply chains. The combined pressure of capital intensity, technical complexity, and uncertain economies of scale continues to slow down commercialization efforts, positioning high manufacturing cost and scalability as one of the most formidable barriers to the widespread adoption of solid-state micro battery technologies.

Key Market Trends

Rising Adoption in Wearable and Implantable Medical Devices

The growing demand for compact, long-lasting, and biocompatible power sources is significantly shaping the adoption of solid-state micro batteries in wearable and implantable medical devices. As the healthcare sector shifts toward more patient-centric, continuous monitoring solutions, there is an increased need for miniature energy storage systems that can operate reliably within the human body or close to it. Solid-state micro batteries are ideally suited for these applications due to their small form factor, non-flammable solid electrolytes, and ability to maintain performance across extended usage cycles without frequent replacement. These batteries provide enhanced safety by eliminating liquid electrolytes, thereby minimizing the risk of leakage, combustion, or thermal runaway-a crucial factor in sensitive medical environments.

Furthermore, with the proliferation of devices like continuous glucose monitors, smart contact lenses, implantable neurostimulators, and drug delivery systems, the importance of long-duration, maintenance-free energy solutions is expanding. These devices often require ultra-low power but consistent energy output, which is precisely the operating domain of solid-state micro batteries. Additionally, innovations in flexible and stretchable battery architectures are enabling seamless integration with next-generation biomedical devices that conform to the body's contours, improving comfort and functionality. As the population ages and chronic health conditions increase globally, the medical sector is anticipated to continue its demand for micro power solutions that can support round-the-clock diagnostics, real-time patient data collection, and personalized treatment delivery.

Solid-state micro batteries also align well with healthcare providers' goals of reducing patient downtime and minimizing the frequency of surgical procedures required to replace conventional power sources. The growing regulatory focus on safety and reliability in medical devices further fuels the transition from traditional lithium-ion and coin-cell batteries to advanced solid-state options.

Companies operating in this space are increasingly investing in R&D to develop biocompatible battery materials and packaging technologies, accelerating commercialization in clinical settings. The convergence of solid-state micro battery capabilities with the medical device industry's stringent requirements for safety, longevity, and miniaturization underscores a powerful trend that is likely to dominate the market landscape over the coming decade.

Key Market Players

• Samsung SDI Co., Ltd.
• ProLogium Technology Co., Ltd.
• Solid Power, Inc.
• Ilika plc
• Blue Solutions (Bollore Group)
• Cymbet Corporation
• BrightVolt, Inc.
• Front Edge Technology, Inc.
• Ensurge Micropower ASA
• Sila Nanotechnologies Inc.

Report Scope:

In this report, the Global Solid-State Micro Battery Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Solid-State Micro Battery Market, By Application:

• Consumer Electronics
• Wearable Devices
• Medical Devices
• IoT Devices

Solid-State Micro Battery Market, By Type:

• Thin Film Batteries
• 3D Micro Batteries
• Flexible Micro Batteries

Solid-State Micro Battery Market, By End-User:

• Industrial
• Healthcare
• Telecommunications
• Consumer

Solid-State Micro Battery Market, By Region:

• North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Europe
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • Spain
• Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • South Korea
• South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
• Middle East & Africa
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE
  • Kuwait
  • Turkey

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies presents in the Global Solid-State Micro Battery Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Solid-State Micro Battery Market report with the given Market data, Tech Sci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

• Detailed analysis and profiling of additional Market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

• 1.1. Market Definition
• 1.2. Scope of the Market
  • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
  • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
• 1.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

• 2.1. Objective of the Study
• 2.2. Baseline Methodology
• 2.3. Formulation of the Scope
• 2.4. Assumptions and Limitations
• 2.5. Sources of Research
  • 2.5.1. Secondary Research
  • 2.5.2. Primary Research
• 2.6. Approach for the Market Study
  • 2.6.1. The Bottom-Up Approach
  • 2.6.2. The Top-Down Approach
• 2.7. Methodology Followed for Calculation of Market Size & Market Shares
• 2.8. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.8.1. Data Triangulation & Validation

3. Executive Summary

• 3.1. Overview of the Market
• 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
• 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
• 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
• 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook

• 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 5.1.1. By Value
• 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 5.2.1. By Application (Consumer Electronics, Wearable Devices, Medical Devices, IoT Devices)
  • 5.2.2. By Type (Thin Film Batteries, 3D Micro Batteries, Flexible Micro Batteries)
  • 5.2.3. By End-User (Industrial, Healthcare, Telecommunications, Consumer)
  • 5.2.4. By Region
• 5.3. By Company (2024)
• 5.4. Market Map

6. North America Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook

• 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 6.1.1. By Value
• 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 6.2.1. By Application
  • 6.2.2. By Type
  • 6.2.3. By End-User
  • 6.2.4. By Country
• 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
  • 6.3.1. United States Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.1.2.1. By Application
      • 6.3.1.2.2. By Type
      • 6.3.1.2.3. By End-User
  • 6.3.2. Canada Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.2.2.1. By Application
      • 6.3.2.2.2. By Type
      • 6.3.2.2.3. By End-User
  • 6.3.3. Mexico Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 6.3.3.2.1. By Application
      • 6.3.3.2.2. By Type
      • 6.3.3.2.3. By End-User

7. Europe Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook

• 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 7.1.1. By Value
• 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 7.2.1. By Application
  • 7.2.2. By Type
  • 7.2.3. By End-User
  • 7.2.4. By Country
• 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
  • 7.3.1. Germany Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.1.2.1. By Application
      • 7.3.1.2.2. By Type
      • 7.3.1.2.3. By End-User
  • 7.3.2. United Kingdom Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.2.2.1. By Application
      • 7.3.2.2.2. By Type
      • 7.3.2.2.3. By End-User
  • 7.3.3. Italy Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.3.2.1. By Application
      • 7.3.3.2.2. By Type
      • 7.3.3.2.3. By End-User
  • 7.3.4. France Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.4.2.1. By Application
      • 7.3.4.2.2. By Type
      • 7.3.4.2.3. By End-User
  • 7.3.5. Spain Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 7.3.5.2.1. By Application
      • 7.3.5.2.2. By Type
      • 7.3.5.2.3. By End-User

8. Asia-Pacific Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook

• 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 8.1.1. By Value
• 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 8.2.1. By Application
  • 8.2.2. By Type
  • 8.2.3. By End-User
  • 8.2.4. By Country
• 8.3. Asia-Pacific: Country Analysis
  • 8.3.1. China Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.1.2.1. By Application
      • 8.3.1.2.2. By Type
      • 8.3.1.2.3. By End-User
  • 8.3.2. India Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.2.2.1. By Application
      • 8.3.2.2.2. By Type
      • 8.3.2.2.3. By End-User
  • 8.3.3. Japan Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.3.2.1. By Application
      • 8.3.3.2.2. By Type
      • 8.3.3.2.3. By End-User
  • 8.3.4. South Korea Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.4.2.1. By Application
      • 8.3.4.2.2. By Type
      • 8.3.4.2.3. By End-User
  • 8.3.5. Australia Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 8.3.5.2.1. By Application
      • 8.3.5.2.2. By Type
      • 8.3.5.2.3. By End-User

9. South America Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook

• 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 9.1.1. By Value
• 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 9.2.1. By Application
  • 9.2.2. By Type
  • 9.2.3. By End-User
  • 9.2.4. By Country
• 9.3. South America: Country Analysis
  • 9.3.1. Brazil Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.1.2.1. By Application
      • 9.3.1.2.2. By Type
      • 9.3.1.2.3. By End-User
  • 9.3.2. Argentina Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.2.2.1. By Application
      • 9.3.2.2.2. By Type
      • 9.3.2.2.3. By End-User
  • 9.3.3. Colombia Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 9.3.3.2.1. By Application
      • 9.3.3.2.2. By Type
      • 9.3.3.2.3. By End-User

10. Middle East and Africa Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook

• 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
  • 10.1.1. By Value
• 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
  • 10.2.1. By Application
  • 10.2.2. By Type
  • 10.2.3. By End-User
  • 10.2.4. By Country
• 10.3. Middle East and Africa: Country Analysis
  • 10.3.1. South Africa Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.1.2.1. By Application
      • 10.3.1.2.2. By Type
      • 10.3.1.2.3. By End-User
  • 10.3.2. Saudi Arabia Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.2.2.1. By Application
      • 10.3.2.2.2. By Type
      • 10.3.2.2.3. By End-User
  • 10.3.3. UAE Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.3.2.1. By Application
      • 10.3.3.2.2. By Type
      • 10.3.3.2.3. By End-User
  • 10.3.4. Kuwait Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 10.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.4.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.4.2.1. By Application
      • 10.3.4.2.2. By Type
      • 10.3.4.2.3. By End-User
  • 10.3.5. Turkey Solid-State Micro Battery Market Outlook
    • 10.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      • 10.3.5.1.1. By Value
    • 10.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      • 10.3.5.2.1. By Application
      • 10.3.5.2.2. By Type
      • 10.3.5.2.3. By End-User

11. Market Dynamics

• 11.1. Drivers
• 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

• 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
• 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
• 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Company Profiles

• 13.1. Samsung SDI Co., Ltd.
  • 13.1.1. Business Overview
  • 13.1.2. Key Revenue and Financials
  • 13.1.3. Recent Developments
  • 13.1.4. Key Personnel/Key Contact Person
  • 13.1.5. Key Product/Services Offered
• 13.2. ProLogium Technology Co., Ltd.
• 13.3. Solid Power, Inc.
• 13.4. Ilika plc
• 13.5. Blue Solutions (Bollore Group)
• 13.6. Cymbet Corporation
• 13.7. BrightVolt, Inc.
• 13.8. Front Edge Technology, Inc.
• 13.9. Ensurge Micropower ASA
• 13.10. Sila Nanotechnologies Inc.

14. Strategic Recommendations

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