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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1778978

鍛鋼市場－全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會和預測，按產品類型、應用、最終用戶、地區和競爭細分，2020-2030 年

Forged Steel Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Product Type, By Application, By End User, By Region & Competition, 2020-2030F
出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 185 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

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簡介目錄

2024 年全球鍛鋼市場價值為 786.2 億美元，預計到 2030 年將達到 1,034.8 億美元，預測期內複合年成長率為 4.53%。

市場概覽
預測期 2026-2030
2024年市場規模 786.2億美元
2030年市場規模 1034.8億美元
2025-2030 年複合年成長率 4.53%
成長最快的領域 建造
最大的市場 亞太地區

鍛造鋼市場是指涉及透過鍛造製程製造的鋼鐵產品的生產、分銷和應用的全球產業。鍛鋼是使用錘子、壓力機或模具在高壓下對鋼材進行塑形，以提高其強度、韌性和抗疲勞性等機械性能而製成的。該工藝消除了內部空隙和氣穴，從而生產出高度耐用和可靠的部件。鍛鋼廣泛應用於要求在極端條件下保持性能的行業，包括汽車、航太、石油天然氣、發電、建築和重型機械製造。其應用範圍從齒輪、軸和曲軸到法蘭、環和壓力容器部件。

受供需兩方面的多重因素影響，鍛鋼市場預計將穩定成長。在需求方面，全球基礎設施建設的蓬勃發展、汽車產量的提升以及航太業的擴張，極大地推動了對堅固耐用零件的需求。電動車的普及也對傳動系統和懸吊系統中輕量化、高性能鍛造件提出了新的要求。此外，石油和天然氣產業持續依賴鍛鋼來製造能夠承受高壓和腐蝕環境的管道、鑽井工具和閥門。

在供應方面，鍛造技術的進步（例如自動化鍛造系統、近淨成形鍛造和電腦控制製程）正在提高生產效率、精度和材料利用率。這使得製造商能夠提供符合行業特定標準和公差的客製化鍛造零件。此外，人們對材料永續性和生命週期能量的日益重視也推動了鍛鋼的使用，因為鍛鋼具有可回收性和較長的使用壽命。

新興經濟體，尤其是亞太和中東地區，預計將因工業化、城鎮化和國防開支的增加而對市場成長做出重大貢獻。總體而言，在強勁的終端用戶需求、技術創新以及鍛造零件在關鍵工業應用中的重要作用的支持下，鍛鋼市場具備長期擴張的良好條件。

關鍵市場促進因素

汽車產業需求成長推動鍛鋼市場成長

主要市場挑戰

原物料價格波動與供應鏈中斷

主要市場趨勢

再生能源和電動汽車產業需求增加

目錄

第 1 章：產品概述

第2章：研究方法

第3章：執行摘要

第4章：顧客之聲

第5章：全球鍛鋼市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
    • 按價值
  • 市場佔有率和預測
    • 依產品類型（無縫軋製環、開式模鍛件、閉式模鍛件）
    • 按應用（汽車、航太、石油和天然氣、發電、建築、農業、通用工業設備）
    • 按最終用戶（原始設備製造商、售後市場）
    • 按地區（北美、歐洲、南美、中東和非洲、亞太地區）
  • 按公司分類（2024）
  • 市場地圖

第6章：北美鍛鋼市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
  • 市場佔有率和預測
  • 北美：國家分析
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第7章：歐洲鍛鋼市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
  • 市場佔有率和預測
  • 歐洲：國家分析
    • 德國
    • 法國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 西班牙

第8章：亞太鍛造鋼市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
  • 市場佔有率和預測
  • 亞太地區：國家分析
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韓國
    • 澳洲

第9章：中東和非洲鍛鋼市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
  • 市場佔有率和預測
  • 中東和非洲：國家分析
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 南非

第10章：南美鍛鋼市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
  • 市場佔有率和預測
  • 南美洲：國家分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥倫比亞
    • 阿根廷

第 11 章：市場動態

  • 驅動程式
  • 挑戰

第 12 章：市場趨勢與發展

  • 合併與收購（如有）
  • 產品發布（如有）
  • 最新動態

第13章：公司簡介

  • Scot Forge
  • Bharat Forge Limited
  • Nippon Steel Corporation
  • KOBE STEEL, LTD.
  • VDM Metals GmbH (Acerinox Group)
  • Arconic Corporation
  • Allegheny Technologies Incorporated (ATI)
  • American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc.
  • China First Heavy Industries (CFHI)
  • Ellwood Group, Inc.

第 14 章：策略建議

第15章調查會社について,免責事項

簡介目錄
Product Code: 29974

Global Forged Steel Market was valued at USD 78.62 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 103.48 billion by 2030 with a CAGR of 4.53% during the forecast period.

Market Overview
Forecast Period2026-2030
Market Size 2024USD 78.62 Billion
Market Size 2030USD 103.48 Billion
CAGR 2025-20304.53%
Fastest Growing SegmentConstruction
Largest MarketAsia Pacific

The Forged Steel Market refers to the global industry involved in the production, distribution, and application of steel products manufactured through the forging process. Forged steel is created by shaping steel under high pressure using hammers, presses, or dies to enhance its mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, and fatigue resistance. This process eliminates internal voids and gas pockets, resulting in highly durable and reliable components. Forged steel is widely utilized in industries that demand performance under extreme conditions, including automotive, aerospace, oil and gas, power generation, construction, and heavy machinery manufacturing. Its application ranges from gears, shafts, and crankshafts to flanges, rings, and pressure vessel components.

The Forged Steel Market is expected to rise steadily due to multiple demand-side and supply-side factors. On the demand side, the growing global infrastructure development, increasing automotive production, and expanding aerospace sector are significantly driving the need for strong and resilient components. The rise in electric vehicle adoption is also generating new requirements for lightweight, high-performance forged parts in drivetrains and suspension systems. Furthermore, the oil and gas industry continues to rely on forged steel for pipelines, drilling tools, and valves that can withstand high pressure and corrosive environments.

On the supply side, advancements in forging technology-such as automated forging systems, near-net-shape forging, and computer-controlled processes-are enhancing production efficiency, precision, and material utilization. This enables manufacturers to deliver customized forged components that meet industry-specific standards and tolerances. Additionally, the growing emphasis on material sustainability and lifecycle performance is encouraging the use of forged steel due to its recyclability and long service life.

Emerging economies, particularly in Asia Pacific and the Middle East, are expected to contribute significantly to market growth due to increasing industrialization, urbanization, and defense spending. Overall, the Forged Steel Market is well-positioned for long-term expansion, supported by strong end-user demand, technological innovation, and the essential role of forged components in critical industrial applications.

Key Market Drivers

Increasing Demand from Automotive Industry Propels Forged Steel Market Growth

The automotive industry's robust growth is a primary driver for the Forged Steel Market, as forged steel components are critical for manufacturing high-strength, durable parts essential for vehicle safety and performance. Forged steel is widely used in producing engine components, transmission systems, crankshafts, connecting rods, and chassis parts due to its superior mechanical properties, including high tensile strength and fatigue resistance. The global surge in vehicle production, particularly in emerging economies like China and India, fuels demand for forged steel, as automakers prioritize lightweight, high-strength materials to meet fuel efficiency and emission standards.

For instance, regulations like the Euro 7 emissions standards in Europe and India's Bharat Stage VI norms require advanced engine designs, increasing reliance on forged steel for precision components. The rise of electric vehicles (EVs) further amplifies this demand, as EV powertrains require specialized forged parts like gears and axles to handle high torque and stress. The automotive sector's focus on reducing vehicle weight to enhance efficiency drives innovation in forging processes, such as precision forging, which minimizes material waste and enhances component performance. Additionally, the trend toward autonomous vehicles necessitates reliable, high-quality forged components to ensure safety in advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS).

The Asia-Pacific region, accounting for a significant share of global vehicle production, leads in forged steel consumption, with China producing over 27 million vehicles annually. The shift toward sustainable manufacturing also encourages automakers to invest in forged steel, as it offers recyclability and durability, aligning with environmental goals. As global automotive production continues to grow, driven by rising consumer demand and technological advancements, the Forged Steel Market is poised for sustained expansion, supported by the industry's need for high-performance, cost-effective materials to meet stringent regulatory and performance requirements.

In 2024, global automotive production reached 92 million vehicles, with approximately 65% of vehicles incorporating forged steel components for critical systems like engines and transmissions. China alone accounted for 27.8 million vehicles, with over 18 million using forged steel parts, reflecting a 12% increase in demand from 2023. In India, 4.5 million vehicles utilized forged steel, driven by compliance with Bharat Stage VI norms, contributing to 8,000 metric tons of forged steel consumption.

Key Market Challenges

Volatility in Raw Material Prices and Supply Chain Disruptions

One of the most critical challenges faced by the global Forged Steel Market is the persistent volatility in the prices of raw materials, particularly iron ore, steel scrap, and alloying elements such as nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. These materials form the foundational inputs for producing forged steel products, and any significant fluctuation in their cost structure can directly impact manufacturing profitability, pricing strategies, and long-term production planning. The global steel supply chain remains highly sensitive to geopolitical tensions, environmental policies, currency fluctuations, and trade regulations. For instance, unexpected sanctions on key steel-producing nations or restrictions on metal exports can disrupt supply continuity and create sharp pricing disparities across regional markets.

In addition, the logistics and transportation sector, which forms a vital component of the raw material and finished product supply chain, often experiences delays, increased freight costs, and capacity shortages-further compounding the uncertainty in procurement and delivery timelines. The recent examples of global port congestion, container shortages, and fuel price surges have underscored the vulnerability of the supply chain to both macroeconomic shocks and localized disruptions. These challenges are particularly pronounced for small and mid-sized forging enterprises, which may lack the financial flexibility to absorb cost escalations or maintain diversified supplier relationships.

Furthermore, the lack of long-term raw material contracts and the commoditized nature of steel exacerbate market unpredictability. Manufacturers may face difficulties in securing consistent input quality or volumes, leading to production halts or quality inconsistencies. In regions with underdeveloped infrastructure or limited local raw material sources, reliance on imports increases lead times and exposes businesses to exchange rate risks. This volatility in input costs and supply chain reliability poses a major obstacle to sustainable growth, profitability, and competitive pricing in the Forged Steel Market, especially in highly fragmented and price-sensitive industry segments.

Key Market Trends

Increased Demand from Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicle Sectors

The global transition toward renewable energy and electric mobility is significantly reshaping demand dynamics in the Forged Steel Market. As governments, corporations, and consumers intensify their commitment to reducing carbon emissions and embracing sustainable technologies, industries such as wind energy, solar power, and electric vehicle manufacturing are witnessing substantial growth. These sectors require high-performance forged steel components due to their need for structural integrity, wear resistance, and the ability to perform reliably under varying load and environmental conditions.

In the renewable energy sector, forged steel is critical in the production of wind turbine shafts, gearboxes, bearings, and foundation components. The increasing installation of large-scale onshore and offshore wind farms has created strong demand for heavy-duty forged parts that can withstand harsh operating conditions, including high torque and saltwater exposure. Similarly, in the solar energy sector, forged components are used in tracking systems, support structures, and mounting equipment, where strength and durability are essential for long-term performance.

In the electric vehicle industry, the need for lightweight yet robust components has led to the integration of forged steel in drive systems, suspension parts, transmission assemblies, and braking systems. Unlike traditional cast or machined components, forged parts offer superior fatigue strength and reduced failure risks, which are crucial in electric mobility applications that involve high torque and frequent regenerative braking cycles. Furthermore, as electric vehicle manufacturers scale up production to meet growing global demand, the volume of forged steel components required is expected to rise proportionally.

This trend is further supported by government incentives, emission regulations, and infrastructure investments that are accelerating the shift toward clean energy and electrified transportation. As these industries continue to expand, the Forged Steel Market is poised to benefit from increasing orders for precision-engineered, high-performance forged products that support the global sustainability agenda.

Key Market Players

  • Scot Forge
  • Bharat Forge Limited
  • Nippon Steel Corporation
  • KOBE STEEL, LTD.
  • VDM Metals GmbH (Acerinox Group)
  • Arconic Corporation
  • Allegheny Technologies Incorporated (ATI)
  • American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc.
  • China First Heavy Industries (CFHI)
  • Ellwood Group, Inc.

Report Scope:

In this report, the Global Forged Steel Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Forged Steel Market, By Product Type:

  • Seamless Rolled Rings
  • Open Die Forgings
  • Closed Die Forgings

Forged Steel Market, By Application:

  • Automotive
  • Aerospace
  • Oil and Gas
  • Power Generation
  • Construction
  • Agriculture
  • General Industrial Equipment

Forged Steel Market, By End User:

  • Original Equipment Manufacturers
  • Aftermarket

Forged Steel Market, By Region:

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Spain
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • South Korea
    • Australia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • South Africa

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Forged Steel Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Forged Steel Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Forged Steel Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Product Type (Seamless Rolled Rings, Open Die Forgings, Closed Die Forgings)
    • 5.2.2. By Application (Automotive, Aerospace, Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Construction, Agriculture, General Industrial Equipment)
    • 5.2.3. By End User (Original Equipment Manufacturers, Aftermarket)
    • 5.2.4. By Region (North America, Europe, South America, Middle East & Africa, Asia Pacific)
  • 5.3. By Company (2024)
  • 5.4. Market Map

6. North America Forged Steel Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Product Type
    • 6.2.2. By Application
    • 6.2.3. By End User
    • 6.2.4. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Product Type
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 6.3.1.2.3. By End User
    • 6.3.2. Canada Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Product Type
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 6.3.2.2.3. By End User
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Product Type
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 6.3.3.2.3. By End User

7. Europe Forged Steel Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Product Type
    • 7.2.2. By Application
    • 7.2.3. By End User
    • 7.2.4. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. Germany Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Product Type
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.1.2.3. By End User
    • 7.3.2. France Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Product Type
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.2.2.3. By End User
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Product Type
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.3.2.3. By End User
    • 7.3.4. Italy Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Product Type
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.4.2.3. By End User
    • 7.3.5. Spain Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Product Type
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Application
        • 7.3.5.2.3. By End User

8. Asia Pacific Forged Steel Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Product Type
    • 8.2.2. By Application
    • 8.2.3. By End User
    • 8.2.4. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Product Type
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.1.2.3. By End User
    • 8.3.2. India Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Product Type
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.2.2.3. By End User
    • 8.3.3. Japan Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Product Type
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.3.2.3. By End User
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Product Type
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.4.2.3. By End User
    • 8.3.5. Australia Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Product Type
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Application
        • 8.3.5.2.3. By End User

9. Middle East & Africa Forged Steel Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Product Type
    • 9.2.2. By Application
    • 9.2.3. By End User
    • 9.2.4. By Country
  • 9.3. Middle East & Africa: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Saudi Arabia Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Product Type
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 9.3.1.2.3. By End User
    • 9.3.2. UAE Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Product Type
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 9.3.2.2.3. By End User
    • 9.3.3. South Africa Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Product Type
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 9.3.3.2.3. By End User

10. South America Forged Steel Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Product Type
    • 10.2.2. By Application
    • 10.2.3. By End User
    • 10.2.4. By Country
  • 10.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. Brazil Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Product Type
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Application
        • 10.3.1.2.3. By End User
    • 10.3.2. Colombia Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Product Type
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Application
        • 10.3.2.2.3. By End User
    • 10.3.3. Argentina Forged Steel Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Product Type
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Application
        • 10.3.3.2.3. By End User

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
  • 11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends and Developments

  • 12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
  • 12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
  • 12.3. Recent Developments

13. Company Profiles

  • 13.1. Scot Forge
    • 13.1.1. Business Overview
    • 13.1.2. Key Revenue and Financials
    • 13.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 13.1.4. Key Personnel
    • 13.1.5. Key Product/Services Offered
  • 13.2. Bharat Forge Limited
  • 13.3. Nippon Steel Corporation
  • 13.4. KOBE STEEL, LTD.
  • 13.5. VDM Metals GmbH (Acerinox Group)
  • 13.6. Arconic Corporation
  • 13.7. Allegheny Technologies Incorporated (ATI)
  • 13.8. American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc.
  • 13.9. China First Heavy Industries (CFHI)
  • 13.10. Ellwood Group, Inc.

14. Strategic Recommendations

15. About Us & Disclaimer