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1582912

四氯化碳市場 - 全球產業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機會和預測，按等級、最終用戶、地區和競爭細分，2019-2029F

Carbon Tetrachloride Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Grade, By End User, By Region & Competition, 2019-2029F

出版日期: 2024年10月30日 | 出版商:

TechSci Research | 英文 185 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格

簡介目錄

2023年全球四氯化碳市場價值為5.5214億美元，預計2029年將達到7.0474億美元，預測期內複合年成長率為4.35%。四氯化碳是一種無色液體，主要用於生產冷媒，也是有機化合物合成的關鍵成分。

市場概況
預測期	2025-2029
2023 年市場規模	5.5214億美元
2029 年市場規模	7.0474億美元
2024-2029 年複合年成長率	4.35%
成長最快的細分市場	化學品
最大的市場	亞太地區

四氯化碳市場的一個重要驅動力是其在農化工業的使用，特別是在除草劑和殺蟲劑的生產。四氯化碳是生產農作物保護化學品的中間體。隨著全球農業活動不斷擴大，以滿足不斷成長的糧食需求，對農業化學品的需求仍然很高，間接推動了對四氯化碳的需求。

四氯化碳的主要應用之一是生產冷媒，特別是氯氟烴 (CFC) 和氫氯氟烴 (HCFC)。儘管由於《蒙特利爾議定書》等國際環境協定，這些冷媒的使用量有所減少，但法規較不嚴格的發展中國家仍表現出對 CFC 和 HCFC 的依賴。此外，四氯化碳繼續用於生產對環境影響較小的替代冷媒。

影響全球四氯化碳市場的主要挑戰之一是由於該化合物的高毒性和有害環境影響而實施的嚴格法規。四氯化碳被認為是一種消耗臭氧層物質，其使用在許多地區受到嚴格限制。《蒙特利爾議定書》等監管框架已導致四氯化碳的生產和消費大幅減少，特別是在已開發國家。遵守這些法規促使製造商探索替代方案，從而限制了市場成長。

主要市場促進因素

醫療保健產業對四氯化碳的需求不斷成長

農業對四氯化碳的需求不斷成長

主要市場挑戰

健康和安全問題激增

主要市場趨勢

化學製造技術創新

細分市場洞察

等級見解

最終使用者見解

區域洞察

Global Carbon Tetrachloride Market was valued at USD 552.14 Million in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 704.74 Million by 2029 with a CAGR of 4.35% during the forecast period. Carbon tetrachloride, a colorless liquid primarily used in the production of refrigerants, is also a critical component in the synthesis of organic compounds.

Market Overview
Forecast Period	2025-2029
Market Size 2023	USD 552.14 Million
Market Size 2029	USD 704.74 Million
CAGR 2024-2029	4.35%
Fastest Growing Segment	Chemicals
Largest Market	Asia Pacific

A significant driver of the carbon tetrachloride market is its usage in the agrochemical industry, particularly in the production of herbicides and insecticides. Carbon tetrachloride serves as an intermediate in the manufacturing of chemicals used for crop protection. As global agricultural activities continue to expand to meet the growing food demand, the need for agrochemicals remains high, indirectly boosting the demand for carbon tetrachloride.

One of the primary applications of carbon tetrachloride is in the production of refrigerants, especially chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Although the use of these refrigerants has decreased due to international environmental agreements such as the Montreal Protocol, developing nations, where regulations are less stringent, still show a reliance on CFCs and HCFCs. Additionally, carbon tetrachloride continues to be used in the production of alternative refrigerants with lower environmental impacts.

One of the key challenges affecting the global carbon tetrachloride market is the strict regulations imposed due to the compound's high toxicity and harmful environmental effects. Carbon tetrachloride is recognized as an ozone-depleting substance, and its usage has been heavily restricted in many regions. Regulatory frameworks like the Montreal Protocol have led to significant reductions in the production and consumption of carbon tetrachloride, particularly in the developed world. Compliance with these regulations has caused manufacturers to explore alternatives, limiting market growth.

Key Market Drivers

Growing Demand of Carbon Tetrachloride in Healthcare Industry

Carbon tetrachloride plays a crucial role in the synthesis of various organic chemicals, some of which are foundational in the pharmaceutical industry. It serves as an intermediary compound in the production of drugs, antiseptics, and disinfectants. The compound is also used in the production of pharmaceutical solvents and reagents, which are essential for manufacturing and testing a wide range of medications. As drug discovery processes evolve and the global need for pharmaceutical products grows, the demand for carbon tetrachloride has similarly expanded.

Furthermore, the use of carbon tetrachloride in the healthcare industry is supported by advancements in chemical production technologies that prioritize efficiency and precision. Its application in the synthesis of chlorinated compounds, such as chloroform, enhances its importance, particularly as these compounds serve as intermediates in various pharmaceutical processes.

The pharmaceutical industry's robust growth, fueled by factors such as population expansion, increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, and the aging global population, has led to a rise in demand for critical raw materials like carbon tetrachloride. According to industry reports, the global pharmaceutical market is expected to witness substantial growth, with many regions, particularly emerging economies, investing heavily in expanding healthcare infrastructure and services. This increased demand for pharmaceuticals directly correlates with a surge in demand for carbon tetrachloride, which is indispensable in drug manufacturing processes.

Additionally, the ongoing focus on research and development (R&D) in medical sciences is bolstering the use of specialty chemicals, including carbon tetrachloride. The expansion of R&D activities, particularly in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), involves the use of carbon tetrachloride for critical intermediate steps, further driving its market growth.

Growing Demand of Carbon Tetrachloride in Agriculture Industry

Carbon tetrachloride has been utilized in agriculture, primarily as a solvent for oils, fats, and waxes, as well as in pesticides. Though the compound's use as a fumigant has declined due to environmental concerns, it still plays a critical role in formulating specific agricultural chemicals. The chemical's ability to dissolve organic materials efficiently and its low reactivity make it ideal for use in preparing active ingredients in pesticides and herbicides.

In particular, carbon tetrachloride's role as a solvent aids in enhancing the performance of crop protection products, which is increasingly important as global agricultural productivity demands grow. This trend is driven by the rising global population and the need for higher crop yields to meet food security challenges. As such, the agricultural industry is seeking out more effective chemical solutions, driving the demand for solvents like carbon tetrachloride to ensure higher efficacy in plant protection products.

Extraction is a widely employed laboratory method used for the removal of pesticides from soil and water systems, often favored for its effectiveness in isolating contaminants for further analysis. This method encompasses both solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), each playing a crucial role in pesticide analysis. Specifically, in the LLE technique, chlorinated solvents such as tetrachloroethane, chlorobenzene, and carbon tetrachloride, as well as n-hexane, are frequently utilized. These solvents are instrumental in assessing the toxicity levels of pesticides, as they enable the efficient separation and concentration of pesticide residues from environmental samples. By employing these solvents, researchers are able to evaluate the environmental impact and potential health risks associated with pesticide contamination.

The global carbon tetrachloride market is influenced by the shifting agricultural practices, including an increasing focus on sustainable farming and the adoption of precision agriculture techniques. These methods aim to improve crop productivity while minimizing environmental damage, which places a premium on high-performance chemical inputs. Although the use of carbon tetrachloride has been restricted in some regions due to environmental regulations, its controlled use in agricultural applications remains a critical factor in maintaining its market presence.

Moreover, emerging economies in regions such as Asia-Pacific and Latin America are experiencing rapid agricultural growth, spurring the demand for crop protection chemicals. Countries in these regions are expanding their agricultural output to meet both domestic consumption and export needs, further amplifying the demand for carbon tetrachloride as a solvent in pesticide production.

Key Market Challenges

Surge in Health and Safety Concerns

One of the most significant health concerns associated with carbon tetrachloride is its impact on human health when inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin. Prolonged exposure to this chemical can cause severe liver and kidney damage, central nervous system disorders, and even cancer. Classified as a Group 2B carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), CCl4 has been linked to increased risks of liver cancer. The occupational exposure limits for this compound are strictly regulated in many countries, further hampering its usage in industrial applications.

Due to these toxicological effects, industries that still rely on carbon tetrachloride face growing pressure to mitigate worker exposure. These concerns have led to costly investments in protective equipment, ventilation systems, and monitoring technologies. For companies, the additional costs of ensuring a safe working environment while maintaining productivity are becoming a formidable challenge.

Environmental safety is another area where carbon tetrachloride usage has come under scrutiny. As a volatile organic compound (VOC), CCl4 contributes significantly to ozone layer depletion and greenhouse gas emissions. The Montreal Protocol, an international treaty aimed at phasing out substances that deplete the ozone layer, has already imposed stringent restrictions on the use of carbon tetrachloride in several industries, particularly in refrigeration and cleaning solvents. Countries like the United States and those in the European Union have enacted regulations to limit its usage and promote the adoption of safer, more environmentally friendly alternatives.

These regulatory barriers are having a profound effect on market dynamics. The costs of complying with environmental regulations, coupled with the risk of fines for non-compliance, are prompting many companies to reconsider their reliance on carbon tetrachloride. As a result, demand is shifting towards more sustainable and eco-friendly substitutes, which are now gaining favor in various industrial applications.

Key Market Trends

Technological Innovations in Chemical Manufacturing

One of the most notable trends in the global carbon tetrachloride market is the adoption of advanced production techniques that streamline manufacturing processes. These innovations enable companies to increase production efficiency and reduce costs while maintaining high-quality standards. For instance, continuous-flow reactors and automation systems have revolutionized the chemical industry by allowing for precise control over reaction conditions, resulting in better yields and consistent product quality.

Automation has also minimized human intervention in manufacturing processes, leading to increased safety and reduced risk of contamination. This shift towards automated systems not only improves operational efficiency but also enhances the overall sustainability of carbon tetrachloride production by reducing energy consumption and waste generation.

The integration of digital technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), is transforming the way chemical manufacturers operate. In the carbon tetrachloride market, these technologies are being used to optimize production processes, enhance quality control, and improve decision-making. AI-powered predictive analytics, for instance, enable manufacturers to anticipate equipment failures, optimize resource allocation, and reduce downtime, resulting in more efficient operations.

IoT-enabled sensors and monitoring systems provide real-time data on various parameters, such as temperature, pressure, and chemical composition, allowing for precise control over production conditions. This level of control ensures that the manufacturing process remains consistent, resulting in higher-quality carbon tetrachloride products. Moreover, these digital tools facilitate greater transparency and traceability across the supply chain, which is becoming increasingly important for meeting regulatory requirements and consumer demands for sustainable products.

Segmental Insights

Grade Insights

Based on Grade, Pharmaceutical have emerged as the fastest growing segment in the Global Carbon Tetrachloride Market in 2023. One of the primary reasons for the rapid growth of carbon tetrachloride in the pharmaceutical sector is its use as a solvent and intermediate in the synthesis of complex organic compounds. The pharmaceutical industry relies on precision in chemical reactions, and carbon tetrachloride's stability and ability to facilitate halogenation reactions are critical for producing certain APIs. It acts as a reaction medium in the manufacturing of antibiotics, antivirals, and other life-saving drugs, contributing to high demand within this sector.

The growing focus on global health initiatives, such as combating infectious diseases and addressing healthcare needs in developing nations, has also boosted the pharmaceutical sector's demand for chemicals like carbon tetrachloride. As more pharmaceutical companies ramp up production to meet the rising demand for essential medicines, particularly in response to health crises and pandemics, carbon tetrachloride continues to play a pivotal role in enabling efficient drug manufacturing processes.

End User Insights

Based on End User, Chemicals have emerged as the fastest growing segment in the Global Carbon Tetrachloride Market during the forecast period. The increasing demand for solvents and reactants in various industrial applications significantly drives the market. Carbon tetrachloride is extensively utilized in the production of chlorinated solvents, which are essential for various manufacturing processes, including the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other specialty chemicals.

The rise of emerging economies has led to an escalation in industrial activities, further boosting the demand for carbon tetrachloride. As these economies continue to develop, there is a corresponding increase in the production of consumer goods and chemicals, enhancing the need for efficient solvents.

Stringent regulations surrounding environmental safety and the transition towards sustainable alternatives have prompted manufacturers to seek effective solutions for chemical processing. Carbon tetrachloride's role as a key intermediate in the production of fluorocarbons and refrigerants underscores its importance in modern industrial applications.

Ongoing innovations in chemical manufacturing processes are enhancing the efficiency and applicability of carbon tetrachloride, making it a preferred choice among manufacturers. This combination of factors positions the chemicals segment as a dynamic and rapidly expanding area within the global carbon tetrachloride market.

Regional Insights

Based on Region, Asia Pacific have emerged as the dominating region in the Global Carbon Tetrachloride Market in 2023. The region has experienced significant industrial growth, particularly in countries such as China and India. This industrialization has led to increased demand for carbon tetrachloride, which is used in various applications, including solvent production, chemical manufacturing, and as a feedstock in the synthesis of other chemicals.

The expanding chemical industry in Asia Pacific has been a major driver for carbon tetrachloride consumption. The region is home to several large chemical manufacturers, contributing to the heightened demand for carbon tetrachloride in processes such as polymer production and refrigerant formulations.

The robust economic development in many Asia Pacific countries has led to increased consumption across multiple sectors, including automotive, electronics, and pharmaceuticals, all of which utilize carbon tetrachloride in various applications.

The region's proximity to raw material sources and established supply chains enhances the efficiency of carbon tetrachloride production. This geographic advantage helps manufacturers reduce operational costs and improve market competitiveness.

Significant investments in infrastructure and technology in the Asia Pacific region have facilitated the growth of the carbon tetrachloride market. Improved transportation networks and production facilities enable quicker distribution and supply to end-users.

Key Market Players

ARIHANT SOLVENTS AND CHEMICALS
Chemtex Speciality Limited
East India Chemicals International
Meghmani Finechem Limited
Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Ltd.
Kem One Group
LGC Limited
Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.
Merck KGaA
Occidental Petroleum Corp.

Report Scope

In this report, the Global Carbon Tetrachloride Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Carbon Tetrachloride Market, By Grade:

Pharmaceutical
Industrial
Analytical
Others

Carbon Tetrachloride Market, By End User:

Cleaning
Chemicals
Agriculture
Paints
Plastics & Rubber
Others

Carbon Tetrachloride Market, By Region:

North America
- United States
- Canada
- Mexico
Europe
- France
- United Kingdom
- Italy
- Germany
- Spain
Asia Pacific
- China
- India
- Japan
- Australia
- South Korea
South America
- Brazil
- Argentina
- Colombia
Middle East & Africa
- South Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Carbon Tetrachloride Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Carbon Tetrachloride Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

1. Product Overview

1.1. Market Definition
1.2. Scope of the Market
- 1.2.1. Markets Covered
- 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
- 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Baseline Methodology
2.3. Key Industry Partners
2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
2.5. Forecasting Methodology
2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

3.1. Overview of the Market
3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

4. Impact of COVID-19 on Global Carbon Tetrachloride Market

5. Global Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook

5.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 5.1.1. By Value
5.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 5.2.1. By Grade (Pharmaceutical, Industrial, Analytical, Others)
- 5.2.2. By End User (Cleaning, Chemicals, Agriculture, Paints, Plastics & Rubber, Others)
- 5.2.3. By Region
- 5.2.4. By Company (2023)
5.3. Market Map

6. North America Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook

6.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 6.1.1. By Value
6.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 6.2.1. By Grade
- 6.2.2. By End User
- 6.2.3. By Country
6.3. North America: Country Analysis
- 6.3.1. United States Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
  - 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.1.2.1. By Grade
    - 6.3.1.2.2. By End User
- 6.3.2. Mexico Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
  - 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.2.2.1. By Grade
    - 6.3.2.2.2. By End User
- 6.3.3. Canada Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
  - 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.3.3.2.1. By Grade
    - 6.3.3.2.2. By End User

7. Europe Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook

7.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.1.1. By Value
7.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 7.2.1. By Grade
- 7.2.2. By End User
- 7.2.3. By Country
7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
- 7.3.1. France Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
  - 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.1.2.1. By Grade
    - 7.3.1.2.2. By End User
- 7.3.2. Germany Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
  - 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.2.2.1. By Grade
    - 7.3.2.2.2. By End User
- 7.3.3. United Kingdom Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
  - 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.3.2.1. By Grade
    - 7.3.3.2.2. By End User
- 7.3.4. Italy Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
  - 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.4.2.1. By Grade
    - 7.3.4.2.2. By End User
- 7.3.5. Spain Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
  - 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.3.5.2.1. By Grade
    - 7.3.5.2.2. By End User

8. Asia Pacific Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook

8.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.1.1. By Value
8.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 8.2.1. By Grade
- 8.2.2. By End User
- 8.2.3. By Country
8.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
- 8.3.1. China Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
  - 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.1.2.1. By Grade
    - 8.3.1.2.2. By End User
- 8.3.2. India Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
  - 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.2.2.1. By Grade
    - 8.3.2.2.2. By End User
- 8.3.3. South Korea Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
  - 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.3.2.1. By Grade
    - 8.3.3.2.2. By End User
- 8.3.4. Japan Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
  - 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.4.2.1. By Grade
    - 8.3.4.2.2. By End User
- 8.3.5. Australia Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
  - 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.3.5.2.1. By Grade
    - 8.3.5.2.2. By End User

9. South America Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook

9.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 9.1.1. By Value
9.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 9.2.1. By Grade
- 9.2.2. By End User
- 9.2.3. By Country
9.3. South America: Country Analysis
- 9.3.1. Brazil Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
  - 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.3.1.2.1. By Grade
    - 9.3.1.2.2. By End User
- 9.3.2. Argentina Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
  - 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.3.2.2.1. By Grade
    - 9.3.2.2.2. By End User
- 9.3.3. Colombia Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
  - 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.3.3.2.1. By Grade
    - 9.3.3.2.2. By End User

10. Middle East and Africa Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook

10.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 10.1.1. By Value
10.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 10.2.1. By Grade
- 10.2.2. By End User
- 10.2.3. By Country
10.3. MEA: Country Analysis
- 10.3.1. South Africa Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
  - 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 10.3.1.2.1. By Grade
    - 10.3.1.2.2. By End User
- 10.3.2. Saudi Arabia Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
  - 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 10.3.2.2.1. By Grade
    - 10.3.2.2.2. By End User
- 10.3.3. UAE Carbon Tetrachloride Market Outlook
  - 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
  - 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 10.3.3.2.1. By Grade
    - 10.3.3.2.2. By End User

11. Market Dynamics

11.1. Drivers
11.2. Challenges

12. Market Trends & Developments

12.1. Merger & Acquisition (If Any)
12.2. Product Launches (If Any)
12.3. Recent Developments

13. Global Carbon Tetrachloride Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porters Five Forces Analysis

14.1. Competition in the Industry
14.2. Potential of New Entrants
14.3. Power of Suppliers
14.4. Power of Customers
14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

15.1. ARIHANT SOLVENTS AND CHEMICALS
- 15.1.1. Business Overview
- 15.1.2. Company Snapshot
- 15.1.3. Products & Services
- 15.1.4. Financials (As Reported)
- 15.1.5. Recent Developments
- 15.1.6. Key Personnel Details
- 15.1.7. SWOT Analysis
15.2. Chemtex Speciality Limited
15.3. East India Chemicals International
15.4. Meghmani Finechem Limited
15.5. Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Ltd.
15.6. Kem One Group
15.7. LGC Limited
15.8. Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.
15.9. Merck KGaA
15.10. Occidental Petroleum Corp.