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低粘度聚α烯烴市場 - 2018-2028年全球行業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機遇和預測，按類型、按應用、地區和競爭細分
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1315678

低粘度聚α烯烴市場 - 2018-2028年全球行業規模、佔有率、趨勢、機遇和預測，按類型、按應用、地區和競爭細分

Low Viscosity Poly Alpha Olefin Market- Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, 2018-2028F Segmented By Type, By Application, By Region and Competition
出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 113 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

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簡介目錄

低粘度聚α烯烴市場預計到2028年將以驚人的速度成長。聚α烯烴是一種合成化合物，用於生產不同的合成潤滑劑，可用作潤滑劑、油和其他產品。低粘度聚α烯烴是用作工業和汽車潤滑劑的最傳統和最重要的合成基礎油之一。與礦物油基礎油相比，它具有低揮發性、優異的低溫性能和增強的氧化穩定性。

汽車行業不斷成長的需求推動市場成長

人們對車輛造成的污染的認知不斷增強，並開發先進、強大的引擎，需要創新和先進的潤滑油解決方案。如果沒有先進的潤滑油添加劑化學品和適當的潤滑油成分，就不可能製造出現代引擎和變速箱。低粘度聚α-烯烴表現出優異的性能，例如低溫流動性、增強的熱穩定性和氧化穩定性、低揮發性和影響引擎性能的較高粘度指數，例如最大限度地減少油耗、提高能源效率等。在發展中國家和經濟體，2021年汽車產量約為45,772,571輛，比2020年增加8%。低粘度聚α-烯烴產品是乘用車合成潤滑油和油品的主要基礎材料。汽車引擎、重型柴油引擎、變速器和變速箱。因此，汽車需求的成長預計將在預測期內推動低粘度聚α-烯烴市場的發展。

工業應用需求不斷成長推動市場成長

低粘度聚α烯烴潤滑劑主要用於石油產品性能不充分的應用，例如在極高和極低的溫度下、在極端的生存條件下；然而，現在應用領域確實有所增加。它們還用於需要獨特特性（如長壽、提高設備效率或不易燃性）以保證機器平穩運行的情況。當企業需要降低機器可靠性、油品壽命、能源消耗、生物分解性和安全性等方面的成本時，低粘度聚α烯烴潤滑劑非常有用。目前，不同的製造單位不斷發展，以滿足不斷成長的人口的需求。製造業約佔世界 GDP 的 16%和所有僱員的 14%，因為它在全球範圍內獲得了巨大的需求。因此，對有助於機械平穩運行的低粘度聚α-烯烴的需求預計將會成長。因此，工業應用需求的增加預計將直接影響預測期內低粘度聚α-烯烴市場的成長。

新興經濟體不斷成長的需求推動市場成長

日益嚴格的操作法規和性能標準推動了齒輪傳動系統中潤滑技術的不斷發展。需要改進的齒輪潤滑技術和潤滑劑組合物來滿足各種動力總成應用（包括汽車、航空和船舶）中不斷增加的負載能力、速度、溫度和性能預期的工業需求。公司大力加大研發力度，開發創新產品並為其申請專利。這些舉措使企業像Gillette一樣享有先發優勢，並成為市場領導者。

最近的發展

ExxonMobil化學專利公司為基於1-癸烯和1-十二烷的低粘度聚α烯烴製成的產品申請了專利，該專利將於2026年到期。該PAO 由1-癸烯和1-十二烷混合物組成，具有低粘度和優異的性能。使用包含醇的促進劑系統的低溫特性。

可用的客製化

根據給定的市場資料，TechSci Research 可根據公司的具體需求提供客製化服務。本報告可以使用以下自定義選項：

公司資訊

  • 其他市場參與者（最多五個）的詳細分析和概況分析。

目錄

第1章：類型概述

  • 市場定義
  • 市場範圍
    • 涵蓋的市場
    • 研究年份
    • 主要市場細分

第2章：研究方法

  • 研究目的
  • 基線方法
  • 主要行業合作夥伴
  • 主要協會和二手資料來源
  • 預測方法
  • 資料三角測量和驗證
  • 假設和限制

第3章：執行摘要

  • 市場概況
  • 主要市場細分概述
  • 主要市場參與者概述
  • 重點地區/國家概況
  • 市場促進因素、挑戰、趨勢概述

第4章：全球低粘度聚α烯烴市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
    • 按價值和數量
  • 市場佔有率及預測
    • 按類型（粘度小於 5 cSt、粘度 5-10 cSt）
    • 按應用（氣霧劑、粘合劑/密封劑、精煉/石油和天然氣生產、潤滑劑和油脂製造商、金屬加工、化妝品、採礦等）
    • 按地區（北美、歐洲、亞太地區、南美、中東和非洲）
    • 按公司分類 (2022)
  • 市場地圖
    • 按類型
    • 按應用
    • 按地區

第5章：北美低粘度聚α烯烴市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
    • 按價值和數量
  • 市場佔有率及預測
    • 按類型
    • 按應用
    • 按國家/地區
  • 定價分析
  • 北美：國家分析
    • 美國
    • 墨西哥
    • 加拿大

第6章：歐洲低粘度聚α烯烴市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
    • 按價值和數量
  • 市場佔有率及預測
    • 按類型
    • 按應用
    • 按國家/地區
  • 定價分析
  • 歐洲：國家分析
    • 德國
    • 西班牙
    • 英國
    • 法國
    • 義大利

第7章：亞太地區低粘度聚α烯烴市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
    • 按價值和數量
  • 市場佔有率及預測
    • 按類型
    • 按應用
    • 按國家/地區
  • 定價分析
  • 亞太地區：國家分析
    • 中國
    • 日本
    • 印度
    • 馬來西亞
    • 澳洲

第8章：南美低粘度聚α烯烴市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
    • 按價值和數量
  • 市場佔有率及預測
    • 按類型
    • 按應用
    • 按國家/地區
  • 定價分析
  • 南美洲：國家分析
    • 巴西
    • 哥倫比亞
    • 阿根廷

第9章：中東和非洲低粘度聚α烯烴市場展望

  • 市場規模及預測
    • 按價值和數量
  • 市場佔有率及預測
    • 按類型
    • 按應用
    • 按國家/地區
  • 定價分析
  • MEA：國家分析
    • 南非低粘度聚α-烯烴
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯低粘度聚α-烯烴
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國低粘度聚α-烯烴
    • 卡達低粘度聚α-烯烴
    • 埃及低粘度聚α-烯烴

第10章：市場動態

  • 促進因素
    • 煉油/石油和天然氣生產的需求不斷成長
    • 汽車行業需求不斷成長
    • 化妝品需求上升
  • 挑戰
    • 對人體的不良影響
    • 原料價格波動

第11章：市場趨勢與發展

  • 持續研發的大量投資
  • 產品發布會
  • 併購

第12章：全球低粘度聚α烯烴市場：SWOT 分析

第13章：波特的五力分析

  • 行業競爭
  • 新進入者的潛力
  • 供應商的力量
  • 客戶的力量
  • 替代型威脅

第14章：競爭格局

  • 商業概覽
  • 產品類型
  • 最近的發展
  • 財務（據報導）
  • 主要人員
    • INEOS Group Holdings SA
    • Exxonmobil Chemical International Services Limited
    • Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC
    • Shanghai Matex Chemicals Co., Ltd.
    • Dowpol Chemical International Corporation
    • RB Products Holding, LLC

第15章：戰略建議

簡介目錄
Product Code: 14799

Low Viscosity Poly Alpha Olefin market is anticipated to increase at an impressive rate through 2028. Poly alpha olefin is a synthetic chemical compound used to produce different synthetic lubricants that can be used as a lubricant, oil, and other products. Low-viscosity poly alpha olefin is one of the most conventional & significant synthetic base oil utilized as industrial and automotive lubricants. It has low volatility, excellent low-temperature performance properties, and enhanced oxidative stability compared to mineral oil base stocks.

Due to its different properties, it is demanded by different end-user industries such as aerosol, adhesives/sealants, refining/oil & gas production, lubricant & grease manufacturers, metal working, cosmetics, mining, and other industries. Growing demand for vehicles such as cars, buses, and airplanes, where low-viscosity poly alpha olefin-based lubricant & engine oil is needed, will propel the low-viscosity poly alpha olefin market. Apart from these, government policies and initiatives to push the transportation infrastructure are expected to drive the demand for low-viscosity poly alpha olefin in the forecasted period.

Growing Demand from Automobile Industries is Driving the Market Growth

Growing people's awareness of pollution created by vehicles and developing advanced and powerful engines require innovative and advanced lubrication & oil solution. Creating modern engines and transmissions is impossible without advanced lubricant additive chemicals and appropriate lubricant composition. Low viscosity poly alpha olefin exhibits excellent performance, such as low-temperature fluidity, enhanced thermal & oxidative stability, low volatility, and higher viscosity index that impact the engine performance, such as minimizing oil consumption, better energy efficiency, and others. In developing countries and economies, around 45,772,571 units of vehicles were produced in the year 2021, which is 8% more in number compared to 2020. The low-viscosity poly alpha olefin products are the primary base material for synthetic lubricants and oils used in passenger car engines, heavy-duty diesel engines, transmissions, and gearboxes. Hence, the growing demand for vehicles is expected to propel the low-viscosity poly alpha olefin market in the forecasted period.

Rising Demand from Industrial Application to Propel the Market Growth

Low-viscosity poly alpha olefin lubricants were primarily created and utilized for applications where petroleum products' performance was unsatisfactory such as at extremely high and low temperatures, under extreme survival conditions; however, now application areas have certainly increased. They were also employed in situations where unique characteristics, like long life, increased equipment efficiency, or non-flammability, were required for the smooth functioning of the machine. Low-viscosity poly alpha olefin lubricants are helpful when firms need to reduce costs in areas like machine dependability, oil life, energy consumption, biodegradability, and safety. Currently, different manufacturing units are growing around to satisfy the need & demands of the growing population. The manufacturing sector makes up roughly 16% of the world's GDP and 14% of all employees, as it is gaining significant demand worldwide. Hence, the demand for low-viscosity poly alpha olefin that helps machinery function smoothly is expected to grow. Therefore, the increasing demand for industrial applications is expected to directly influence Low Viscosity Poly Alpha Olefin market growth in the forecasted period.

Increasing Demand from Emerging Economies is Driving the Market Growth

Growing lubrication technologies in gear transmission systems are being driven by operating regulations and performance standards that are getting more stringent. Improved gear lubrication techniques and lubricant compositions are required to fulfill the industrial demands of increasing load capacity, speed, temperature, and performance expectations in various powertrain applications, including automotive, aviation, and marine. Companies are intensively increasing their R&D to develop innovative products and patent them. These steps led firms to enjoy the first mover advantage, the same way as Gillette enjoyed, and became the market leader.

Recent Developments

ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc filed a patent for the product made from low-viscosity poly alpha olefin based on 1-decene and 1-dodecane that will expire in 2026. The PAO comprises a 1-decene and 1-dodecane mixture with low viscosity and excellent cold temperature properties using a promoter system comprising alcohol.

Market Segmentation

Global Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin market is segmented based on type and application. Based on type, the market is divided into Viscosity of Less than 5 cSt and Viscosity 5-10 cSt. Based on application, the market is divided into aerosol, adhesives/sealants, refining/oil & gas production, lubricant & grease manufacturers, metal working, cosmetics, mining, and others.

Market Players

INEOS Group Holdings S.A., Exxonmobil Chemical International Services Limited, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC, Shanghai Matex Chemicals Co., Ltd., Dowpol Chemical International Corporation, and RB Products Holding, L.L.C. are the key players operating in the global low viscosity poly alpha olefin market.

Report Scope

In this report, the global Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends, which have also been detailed below:

Global Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market, By Type:

  • Viscosity Less than 5 cSt
  • Viscosity 5-10 cSt

Global Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market, By Application:

  • Aerosol
  • Adhesives/Sealants
  • Refining/Oil & Gas Production
  • Lubricant & Grease Manufacturers
  • Metal Working
  • Cosmetics
  • Mining
  • Others

Global Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market, By Region:

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • France
    • United Kingdom
    • Spain
    • Italy
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Malaysia
    • Australia
    • Japan
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • Egypt

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in global low-viscosity poly alpha olefin market.

Available Customizations

With the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Type Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Global Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook

  • 4.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 4.1.1. By Value & Volume
  • 4.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 4.2.1. By Type (Viscosity Less than 5 cSt, Viscosity 5-10 cSt)
    • 4.2.2. By Application (Aerosol, Adhesives/Sealants, Refining/Oil & Gas Production, Lubricant & Grease Manufacturers, Metal Working, Cosmetics, Mining and Others)
    • 4.2.3. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa)
    • 4.2.4. By Company (2022)
  • 4.3. Market Map
    • 4.3.1. By Type
    • 4.3.2. By Application
    • 4.3.3. By Region

5. North America Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value & Volume
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Type
    • 5.2.2. By Application
    • 5.2.3. By Country
  • 5.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 5.4. North America: Country Analysis
    • 5.4.1. United States Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 5.4.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 5.4.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 5.4.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 5.4.1.2.1. By Type
        • 5.4.1.2.2. By Application
    • 5.4.2. Mexico Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 5.4.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 5.4.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 5.4.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 5.4.2.2.1. By Type
        • 5.4.2.2.2. By Application
    • 5.4.3. Canada Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 5.4.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 5.4.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 5.4.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 5.4.3.2.1. By Type
        • 5.4.3.2.2. By Application

6. Europe Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value & Volume
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Type
    • 6.2.2. By Application
    • 6.2.3. By Country
  • 6.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 6.4. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 6.4.1. Germany Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 6.4.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.4.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 6.4.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.4.1.2.1. By Type
        • 6.4.1.2.2. By Application
    • 6.4.2. Spain Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 6.4.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.4.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 6.4.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.4.2.2.1. By Type
        • 6.4.2.2.2. By Application
    • 6.4.3. United Kingdom Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 6.4.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.4.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 6.4.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.4.3.2.1. By Type
        • 6.4.3.2.2. By Application
    • 6.4.4. France Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 6.4.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.4.4.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 6.4.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.4.4.2.1. By Type
        • 6.4.4.2.2. By Application
    • 6.4.5. Italy Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 6.4.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.4.5.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 6.4.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.4.5.2.1. By Type
        • 6.4.5.2.2. By Application

7. Asia-Pacific Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value & Volume
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Type
    • 7.2.2. By Application
    • 7.2.3. By Country
  • 7.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 7.4. Asia-Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 7.4.1. China Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 7.4.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.4.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 7.4.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.4.1.2.1. By Type
        • 7.4.1.2.2. By Application
    • 7.4.2. Japan Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 7.4.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.4.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 7.4.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.4.2.2.1. By Type
        • 7.4.2.2.2. By Application
    • 7.4.3. India Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 7.4.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.4.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 7.4.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.4.3.2.1. By Type
        • 7.4.3.2.2. By Application
    • 7.4.4. Malaysia Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 7.4.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.4.4.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 7.4.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.4.4.2.1. By Type
        • 7.4.4.2.2. By Application
    • 7.4.5. Australia Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 7.4.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.4.5.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 7.4.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.4.5.2.1. By Type
        • 7.4.5.2.2. By Application

8. South America Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value & Volume
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Type
    • 8.2.2. By Application
    • 8.2.3. By Country
  • 8.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 8.4. South America: Country Analysis
    • 8.4.1. Brazil Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 8.4.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.4.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 8.4.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.4.1.2.1. By Type
        • 8.4.1.2.2. By Application
    • 8.4.2. Colombia Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 8.4.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.4.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 8.4.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.4.2.2.1. By Type
        • 8.4.2.2.2. By Application
    • 8.4.3. Argentina Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 8.4.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.4.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 8.4.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.4.3.2.1. By Type
        • 8.4.3.2.2. By Application

9. Middle East and Africa Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value & Volume
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Type
    • 9.2.2. By Application
    • 9.2.3. By Country
  • 9.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 9.4. MEA: Country Analysis
    • 9.4.1. South Africa Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 9.4.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.4.1.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 9.4.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.4.1.2.1. By Type
        • 9.4.1.2.2. By Application
    • 9.4.2. Saudi Arabia Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 9.4.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.4.2.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 9.4.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.4.2.2.1. By Type
        • 9.4.2.2.2. By Application
    • 9.4.3. UAE Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 9.4.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.4.3.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 9.4.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.4.3.2.1. By Type
        • 9.4.3.2.2. By Application
    • 9.4.4. Qatar Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 9.4.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.4.4.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 9.4.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.4.4.2.1. By Type
        • 9.4.4.2.2. By Application
    • 9.4.5. Egypt Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market Outlook
      • 9.4.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.4.5.1.1. By Value & Volume
      • 9.4.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.4.5.2.1. By Type
        • 9.4.5.2.2. By Application

10. Market Dynamics

  • 10.1. Drivers
    • 10.1.1. Rising demand for refining/oil & gas production
    • 10.1.2. Growing demand from automobile industries
    • 10.1.3. Rising demand of cosmetic product
  • 10.2. Challenges
    • 10.2.1. Adverse effect on humans
    • 10.2.2. Fluctuation of raw material price

11. Market Trends & Developments

  • 11.1. Intense investment for ongoing R&D
  • 11.2. Product launch
  • 11.3. Merger and Acquisition

12. Global Low Viscosity Poly alpha olefin Market: SWOT Analysis

13. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 13.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 13.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 13.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 13.4. Power of Customers
  • 13.5. Threat of Substitute Type

14. Competitive Landscape

  • 14.1. Business Overview
  • 14.2. Type Offerings
  • 14.3. Recent Developments
  • 14.4. Financials (As Reported)
  • 14.5. Key Personnel
    • 14.5.1. INEOS Group Holdings S.A.
    • 14.5.2. Exxonmobil Chemical International Services Limited
    • 14.5.3. Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC
    • 14.5.4. Shanghai Matex Chemicals Co., Ltd.
    • 14.5.5. Dowpol Chemical International Corporation
    • 14.5.6. RB Products Holding, L.L.C.

15. Strategic Recommendations