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歐洲鋼絲繩市場預測（2031年）-區域分析-依產品類型、類型、最終用途

Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Forecast to 2031 - Regional Analysis - by Product Type, Type, End Use

出版日期: 2025年04月14日 | 出版商:

The Insight Partners | 英文 128 Pages | 訂單完成後即時交付

價格

簡介目錄圖表

2023 年歐洲鋼絲繩市場價值為 21.3406 億美元，預計到 2031 年將達到 29.5846 億美元；預計 2023 年至 2031 年的複合年成長率為 4.2%。

石油天然氣產業對鋼絲繩的需求旺盛，推動歐洲鋼絲繩市場發展

在石油和天然氣行業，鋼絲繩因其高抗張強度和耐鏽蝕性而用於鑽井作業。它們也作為井下工具的重要組成部分用於生產。鋼絲繩也用於海上作業中的繫泊、拖纜和工作纜繩。例如，義大利政府於2022年10月宣布了在現有天然氣產能基礎上擴大天然氣產量的計畫。該計劃還包括在全國範圍內建造新的海上天然氣鑽井平台。

此外，為了滿足人口激增帶來的能源需求，石油生產公司正在加大對石油產量的投入，這進一步刺激了對鋼絲繩的需求。因此，石油和天然氣產業對鋼絲繩的高需求正在推動市場發展。

歐洲鋼絲繩市場概況

歐洲鋼絲繩市場的成長受到石油和天然氣、採礦、海洋和漁業需求成長以及該地區建築業發展等因素的推動。在歐洲，由於住宅、商業和工業建築的興起，建築業正在成長。在歐洲，由於 COVID-10 大流行引發的事態發展以及緊張的地緣政治局勢，許多企業被迫重新評估其全球戰略。在遠離市場的地區建立生產基地是一種風險。因此，越來越多的公司在歐洲建立生產設施。這些公司在國家和國際層面都找到了對其決策的支持。各國政府也支持專注於該地區產能建設的公司。例如，歐洲晶片法案是作為加強歐盟半導體生態系統的更廣泛措施的一部分提出的；該法案於2023年9月生效。《歐洲晶片法案》著重於不同的戰略目標，例如建造和加強該地區在先進晶片設計、製造和封裝方面的創新能力，並建立到2030年實現產量提升的適當框架。起重機廣泛應用於各種工業建築。該地區工業建築活動的增加推動了對起重機的需求，進而推動了對鋼絲繩的需求。

據歐盟委員會稱，歐洲主要礦區位於芬蘭和瑞典北部的芬諾斯坎迪亞帶、瑞典的伯格斯拉根、伊比利亞半島的華力西帶以及中歐的銅金礦帶。根據英國地質調查局2023年發布的《世界礦產產量報告》，英國精煉鉛產量從2019年的34.28萬噸增加到2021年的36.26萬噸。報告也顯示，芬蘭和俄羅斯的鉻產量有所成長。因此，該地區採礦活動的成長推動了對鋼絲繩的需求。

歐洲鋼絲繩市場收入及預測（2031年）（百萬美元）

歐洲鋼絲繩市場細分

歐洲鋼絲繩市場按類型、產品類型、最終用途和國家分類。

根據產品類型，歐洲鋼絲繩市場細分為不銹鋼鋼絲繩、鍍鋅鋼絲繩、碳鋼絲繩和塗層鋼絲繩。 2023年，鍍鋅鋼絲繩佔據了歐洲鋼絲繩市場的最大佔有率。

就類型而言，歐洲鋼絲繩市場分為常規捻和同向撚。 2023年，常規捻鋼絲繩佔據了歐洲鋼絲繩市場較大的佔有率。

根據最終用途，歐洲鋼絲繩市場分為採礦、石油和天然氣、建築施工、海洋和漁業以及其他領域。 2023年，建築施工領域佔據了歐洲鋼絲繩市場的最大佔有率。

根據國家/地區，歐洲鋼絲繩市場分為德國、英國、法國、義大利、俄羅斯和歐洲其他地區。 2023年，歐洲其他地區佔據了歐洲鋼絲繩市場佔有率的主導地位。

Drahtseile Gebr Henschel GmbH、Usha Martin Ltd、TEUFELBERGER、ArcelorMittal SA、PFEIFER Holding GmbH & Co. KG、WireCo 和 Bekaert 是歐洲鋼絲繩市場的一些領先公司。

In the oil & gas industry, steel wire ropes are used in drilling applications owing to their high tensile strength and resistance to rust and corrosion. They are also used in production as an important component in downhole tools. Steel wire ropes are also used for mooring, towlines, and working lines in offshore operations. For instance, in October 2022, the Italian government announced plans to augment its gas production from the current gas production capacity. This plan also includes the construction of new offshore gas rigs across the country.

Furthermore, oil-producing companies are spending more on increasing oil production to meet the rising energy demand due to the booming population, further creating a demand for steel wire ropes. Thus, the high demand for steel wire ropes from the oil & gas industry is driving the market.

Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Overview

The Europe steel wire rope market growth is driven by factors such as rising demand from oil & gas, mining, marine, and fishing industries and the development of the building & construction industry in the region. In Europe, the building & construction industry is growing due to a rise in residential, commercial, and industrial construction. In Europe, many businesses have been forced to reassess their global strategy due to developments triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic and exacerbated by the tense geopolitical situation. It is a risk to build production sites in areas that are far from the market. Hence, various companies are increasingly building production facilities in Europe. These companies are finding support for their decisions both at the national and international levels. Governments of various countries are also supporting companies focused on capacity building in the region. For instance, the European Chips Act Regulation was proposed as part of a broader package of measures for strengthening the EU's semiconductor ecosystem; it entered into force in September 2023. The European Chips Act focuses on different strategic objectives, such as building and reinforcing the region's capacity to innovate in the design, manufacturing, and packaging of advanced chips, setting up an adequate framework to increase production by 2030. Cranes are widely used in different industrial constructions. The increase in industrial construction activities in the region drives the demand for cranes, and this, in turn, drives the demand for steel wire ropes.

According to the European Commission, major mining areas in Europe are located in the Fennoscandian belt in northern Finland and Sweden, Bergslagen (Sweden), the Variscan Belt of Iberia, and the Central European Kupferschiefer mineral belt. As per the World Mineral Production report by the British Geological Survey published in 2023, refined lead production in the UK grew from 342.8 thousand metric tons in 2019 to 362.6 thousand metric tons in 2021. The report also revealed a rise in chromium production in Finland and Russia. Thus, the growth in mining activities in the region drives the demand for steel wire ropes.

Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)

Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Segmentation

The Europe steel wire rope market is categorized into type, product type, end use, and country.

Based on product type, the Europe steel wire rope market is segmented into stainless steel wire rope, galvanized steel wire rope, carbon steel wire ropes, and coated steel wire ropes. The galvanized steel wire rope segment held the largest Europe steel wire rope market share in 2023.

In terms of type, the Europe steel wire rope market is segmented into regular lay and lang lay. The regular lay segment held a larger Europe steel wire rope market share in 2023.

By end use, the Europe steel wire rope market is divided into mining, oil and gas, building and construction, marine and fishing, and others. The building and construction segment held segment held the largest Europe steel wire rope market share in 2023.

Based on country, the Europe steel wire rope market is categorized into Germany, the UK, France, Italy, Russia, and the Rest of Europe. The Rest of Europe dominated the Europe steel wire rope market share in 2023.

Drahtseile Gebr Henschel GmbH, Usha Martin Ltd, TEUFELBERGER, ArcelorMittal SA, PFEIFER Holding GmbH & Co. KG, WireCo, and Bekaert. are some of the leading companies operating in the Europe steel wire rope market.

1. Introduction

1.1 The Insight Partners Research Report Guidance
1.2 Market Segmentation
1.3 Limitations and Assumptions

2. Executive Summary

2.1 Key Insights
2.2 Market Attractiveness

3. Research Methodology

3.1 Secondary Research
3.2 Primary Research
- 3.2.1 Hypothesis formulation:
- 3.2.2 Macro-economic factor analysis:
- 3.2.3 Developing base number:
- 3.2.4 Data Triangulation:
- 3.2.5 Country level data:

4. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Landscape

4.1 Overview
4.2 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 4.2.1 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 4.2.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.2.3 Threat of New Entrants
- 4.2.4 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry
- 4.2.5 Threat of Substitutes
4.3 Ecosystem Analysis
- 4.3.1 Raw Material Suppliers:
- 4.3.2 Manufacturers:
- 4.3.3 Distributors/Suppliers:
- 4.3.4 End-Use Industry:
- 4.3.5 List of Vendors in the Value Chain

5. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Key Market Dynamics

5.1 Market Drivers
- 5.1.1 Strong Growth in Building and Construction Industry
- 5.1.2 High Demand for Steel Wire Ropes from Oil & Gas Industry
5.2 Restraint
- 5.2.1 Fluctuations in Prices of Raw Materials
5.3 Opportunity
- 5.3.1 Increasing Demand for Galvanized Steel Wire Ropes
5.4 Future Trend
- 5.4.1 Focus on Recycling Steel Wire Ropes
5.5 Impact Analysis

6. Steel Wire Rope Market - Europe Analysis

6.1 Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Volume (Kilo Tons), 2021-2031
6.2 Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Volume Forecast and Analysis (Kilo Tons)
6.3 Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Revenue (US$ Million), 2023-2031
6.4 Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Forecast and Analysis

7. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Analysis - by Product Type

7.1 Stainless Steel Wire Rope
- 7.1.1 Overview
- 7.1.2 Stainless Steel Wire Rope: Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons)
- 7.1.3 Stainless Steel Wire Rope: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
7.2 Galvanized Steel Wire Rope
- 7.2.1 Overview
- 7.2.2 Galvanized Steel Wire Rope: Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons)
- 7.2.3 Galvanized Steel Wire Rope: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
7.3 Carbon Steel Wire Ropes
- 7.3.1 Overview
- 7.3.2 Carbon Steel Wire Ropes: Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons)
- 7.3.3 Carbon Steel Wire Ropes: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
7.4 Coated Steel Wire Ropes
- 7.4.1 Overview
- 7.4.2 Coated Steel Wire Ropes: Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons)
- 7.4.3 Coated Steel Wire Ropes: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)

8. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Revenue Analysis - by Type

8.1 Regular Lay
- 8.1.1 Overview
- 8.1.2 Regular Lay: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
8.2 Lang Lay
- 8.2.1 Overview
- 8.2.2 Lang Lay: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)

9. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Revenue Analysis - by End Use

9.1 Mining
- 9.1.1 Overview
- 9.1.2 Mining: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
9.2 Oil and Gas
- 9.2.1 Overview
- 9.2.2 Oil and Gas: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
9.3 Building and Construction
- 9.3.1 Overview
- 9.3.2 Building and Construction: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
9.4 Marine and Fishing
- 9.4.1 Overview
- 9.4.2 Marine and Fishing: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
9.5 Others
- 9.5.1 Overview
- 9.5.2 Others: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)

10. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Country Analysis

10.1 Europe
- 10.1.1 Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by Key Countries, 2023 and 2031 (%)
  - 10.1.1.1 Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Volume and Forecast and Analysis - by Country
  - 10.1.1.2 Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Revenue and Forecast and Analysis - by Country
  - 10.1.1.3 Germany Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
    - 10.1.1.3.1 Germany Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by Product Type
    - 10.1.1.3.2 Germany Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by Type
    - 10.1.1.3.3 Germany Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by End Use
  - 10.1.1.4 France Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
    - 10.1.1.4.1 France Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by Product Type
    - 10.1.1.4.2 France Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by Type
    - 10.1.1.4.3 France Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by End Use
  - 10.1.1.5 United Kingdom Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
    - 10.1.1.5.1 United Kingdom Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by Product Type
    - 10.1.1.5.2 United Kingdom Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by Type
    - 10.1.1.5.3 United Kingdom Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by End Use
  - 10.1.1.6 Italy Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
    - 10.1.1.6.1 Italy Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by Product Type
    - 10.1.1.6.2 Italy Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by Type
    - 10.1.1.6.3 Italy Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by End Use
  - 10.1.1.7 Russia Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
    - 10.1.1.7.1 Russia Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by Product Type
    - 10.1.1.7.2 Russia Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by Type
    - 10.1.1.7.3 Russia Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by End Use
  - 10.1.1.8 Rest of Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
    - 10.1.1.8.1 Rest of Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by Product Type
    - 10.1.1.8.2 Rest of Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by Type
    - 10.1.1.8.3 Rest of Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by End Use

11. Competitive Landscape

11.1 Heat Map Analysis by Key Players
11.2 Company Positioning & Concentration

12. Industry Landscape

12.1 Overview
12.2 Market Initiative
12.3 New Product Development
12.4 Merger and Acquisition

13. Company Profiles

13.1 Drahtseile Gebr Henschel GmbH
- 13.1.1 Key Facts
- 13.1.2 Business Description
- 13.1.3 Products and Services
- 13.1.4 Financial Overview
- 13.1.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.1.6 Key Developments
13.2 Usha Martin Ltd
- 13.2.1 Key Facts
- 13.2.2 Business Description
- 13.2.3 Products and Services
- 13.2.4 Financial Overview
- 13.2.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.6 Key Developments
13.3 TEUFELBERGER
- 13.3.1 Key Facts
- 13.3.2 Business Description
- 13.3.3 Products and Services
- 13.3.4 Financial Overview
- 13.3.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.3.6 Key Developments
13.4 ArcelorMittal SA
- 13.4.1 Key Facts
- 13.4.2 Business Description
- 13.4.3 Products and Services
- 13.4.4 Financial Overview
- 13.4.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.4.6 Key Developments
13.5 PFEIFER Holding GmbH & Co. KG
- 13.5.1 Key Facts
- 13.5.2 Business Description
- 13.5.3 Products and Services
- 13.5.4 Financial Overview
- 13.5.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.5.6 Key Developments
13.6 WireCo
- 13.6.1 Key Facts
- 13.6.2 Business Description
- 13.6.3 Products and Services
- 13.6.4 Financial Overview
- 13.6.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.6.6 Key Developments
13.7 Bekaert
- 13.7.1 Key Facts
- 13.7.2 Business Description
- 13.7.3 Products and Services
- 13.7.4 Financial Overview
- 13.7.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.7.6 Key Developments

14. Appendix

14.1 About The Insight Partners

簡介目錄圖表

List Of Tables

Table 1. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Segmentation
Table 2. List of Vendors
Table 3. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons)
Table 4. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Table 5. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons) - by Product Type
Table 6. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by Product Type
Table 7. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by Type
Table 8. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by End Use
Table 9. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons) - by Country
Table 10. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by Country
Table 11. Germany Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons) - by Product Type
Table 12. Germany Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by Product Type
Table 13. Germany Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by Type
Table 14. Germany Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by End Use
Table 15. France Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons) - by Product Type
Table 16. France Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by Product Type
Table 17. France Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by Type
Table 18. France Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by End Use
Table 19. United Kingdom Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons) - by Product Type
Table 20. United Kingdom Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by Product Type
Table 21. United Kingdom Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by Type
Table 22. United Kingdom Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by End Use
Table 23. Italy Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons) - by Product Type
Table 24. Italy Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by Product Type
Table 25. Italy Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by Type
Table 26. Italy Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by End Use
Table 27. Russia Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons) - by Product Type
Table 28. Russia Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by Product Type
Table 29. Russia Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by Type
Table 30. Russia Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by End Use
Table 31. Rest of Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons) - by Product Type
Table 32. Rest of Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by Product Type
Table 33. Rest of Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by Type
Table 34. Rest of Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million) - by End Use

List Of Figures

Figure 1. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Segmentation, by Country
Figure 2. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Porter's Analysis
Figure 3. Ecosystem: Europe Steel Wire Rope Market
Figure 4. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Key Market Dynamics
Figure 5. Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints
Figure 6. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Volume (Kilo Tons), 2021-2031
Figure 7. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Revenue (US$ Million), 2023-2031
Figure 8. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Share (%) - Product Type, 2023 and 2031
Figure 9. Stainless Steel Wire Rope: Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons)
Figure 10. Stainless Steel Wire Rope: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 11. Galvanized Steel Wire Rope: Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons)
Figure 12. Galvanized Steel Wire Rope: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Carbon Steel Wire Ropes: Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons)
Figure 14. Carbon Steel Wire Ropes: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 15. Coated Steel Wire Ropes: Steel Wire Rope Market - Volume and Forecast to 2031 (Kilo Tons)
Figure 16. Coated Steel Wire Ropes: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 17. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Share (%) - Type, 2023 and 2031
Figure 18. Regular Lay: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 19. Lang Lay: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 20. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Share (%) - End Use, 2023 and 2031
Figure 21. Mining: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Oil and Gas: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Building and Construction: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Marine and Fishing: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Others: Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 26. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Revenue, by Key Countries, (2023)(US$ Mn)
Figure 27. Europe Steel Wire Rope Market Breakdown by Key Countries, 2023 and 2031 (%)
Figure 28. Germany Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 29. France Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 30. United Kingdom Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Italy Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Russia Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Rest of Europe Steel Wire Rope Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2031 (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Heat Map Analysis by Key Players
Figure 35. Company Positioning & Concentration