查看購物車
  • English
  • Japanese
  • Korean
封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1904679

綠色氫氣生產及應用市場預測至2032年：全球能源來源、儲存方式、生產規模、純度、技術、應用及區域分析

Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Forecasts to 2032 - Global Analysis By Energy Source (Solar Energy, Hydropower, Wind Energy and Biomass), Storage, Production Scale, Purity Level, Technology, Application and By Geography
出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格

根據 Stratistics MRC 的一項研究，預計到 2025 年，全球綠氫生產和應用市場價值將達到 112 億美元，到 2032 年將達到 1,219 億美元，在預測期內的複合年成長率將達到 40.6%。

綠色氫氣的生產和應用是指利用太陽能、風能和水力等再生能源來源電解水製取氫氣，以實現近零碳排放。這種清潔氫氣可應用於交通運輸、發電、工業生產和儲能等多個領域。綠色氫氣基於成熟的化學原理，並由現代可再生能源技術驅動，為石化燃料提供了永續的替代方案。它在排放減碳的產業脫碳、增強能源安全以及支持全球氣候目標和長期永續方面發揮關鍵作用。

氣候中和與淨零排放目標

全球邁向氣候中和和淨零排放的步伐是綠氫能市場發展的關鍵驅動力。各國政府和各產業都面臨能源系統脫碳的壓力，尤其是在鋼鐵、化工和重型運輸等難以減排的產業。利用可再生能源生產的綠氫能與各國氫能戰略和氣候政策高度契合。強而有力的監管支持、補貼和長期脫碳藍圖正在刺激投資，並將綠氫能定位為全球能源轉型的重要基石。

高昂的生產成本

高昂的生產成本仍是綠氫能普及應用的主要障礙。電解技術、可再生能源發電及相關基礎設施都需要大量的資本投入。此外，營業成本也受到電價和電解效率的影響。與傳統的灰色氫相比，綠氫的成本競爭力仍然較弱，這限制了其近期的大規模部署。雖然隨著規模化生產和技術創新，成本有望下降，但價格方面的挑戰仍會阻礙市場滲透。

技術進步

技術進步為綠色氫能市場帶來了巨大的機會。電解效率、材料科學和可再生能源整合的創新正在推動成本降低並提高生產擴充性。先進的儲存、壓縮和分配技術的進步進一步增強了商業性可行性。數位化和自動化也有助於最佳化氫氣生產系統。隨著技術的成熟和規模經濟的實現，綠氫能有望在全球範圍內的工業、交通和儲能應用領域迅速發展。

供應鏈挑戰

供應鏈挑戰對市場成長構成威脅。電解、催化劑和可再生能源基礎設施等關鍵零件的供不應求可能會延遲計劃執行。對專用材料和全球供應商的依賴加劇了地緣政治緊張局勢和物流中斷的風險。此外，倉儲和運輸基礎設施的匱乏進一步阻礙了專案的部署。加強供應鏈韌性並推進本地化對於及時擴大綠色氫能生產和應用計劃至關重要。

新冠疫情的感染疾病：

新冠疫情初期，由於供應鏈延遲、勞動力短缺和投資延遲，綠色氫能計劃受到衝擊​​。然而，這場危機也加速了各國政府將清潔能源納入經濟復甦戰略的進程。綠色氫能已成為獎勵策略和長期能源轉型計畫的關鍵組成部分。疫情後，投資回升、政策支持加強以及永續性措施的推進，進一步增強了市場動力，使綠氫能成為建構具有韌性的低碳能源體系的重要支柱。

預計在預測期內，壓縮氣體細分市場將佔據最大的市場佔有率。

由於擁有完善的儲存和運輸基礎設施，預計壓縮氣體領域在預測期內將佔據最大的市場佔有率。與液化氫氣相比，壓縮氫氣因其相對簡單和成本效益高，被廣泛應用於工業、運輸和能源領域。高壓儲存技術和安全標準的進步進一步推動了其應用。壓縮氣體與現有分銷系統的兼容性使其成為綠色氫能早期應用的首選。

預計在預測期內，交通運輸業將呈現最高的複合年成長率。

在預測期內，交通運輸領域預計將呈現最高的成長率，這主要得益於氫燃料電池汽車、巴士、卡車和火車的日益普及。綠色氫能非常適合重型和長途運輸，因為它具有續航里程長、加氫速度快和零排放等優點。政府補貼、排放法規以及對加氫基礎設施的投資正在加速氫能的普及。隨著交通運輸領域脫碳成為優先事項，氫能出行預計將快速成長。

佔比最大的地區：

由於政府的大力支持、大規模的可再生能源產能和積極的氫能策略，亞太地區預計將在預測期內佔據最大的市場佔有率。中國、日本、韓國和澳洲等國家正在大力投資綠色氫氣的生產、基礎設施和出口能力。快速的工業化、不斷成長的能源需求和脫碳目標將進一步推動綠色氫氣的普及應用，使亞太地區成為全球綠色氫氣生產和應用中心。

複合年成長率最高的地區：

由於對可再生能源、氫能中心和先進電解槽技術的投資不斷增加，預計北美地區在預測期內將呈現最高的複合年成長率。強力的政策舉措，包括清潔能源激勵措施和基礎設施建設資金，正在支持市場的快速擴張。該地區對交通運輸和工業部門脫碳的重視、技術領先地位以及私營部門的積極參與，再加上綠色氫能的推廣，正在加速美國和加拿大綠色氫能的普及應用。

免費客製化服務：

購買此報告的客戶可以選擇以下免費自訂選項之一：

  • 公司概況
    • 對其他市場公司（最多 3 家公司）進行全面分析
    • 對主要企業進行SWOT分析（最多3家公司）
  • 區域細分
    • 根據客戶要求，提供主要國家的市場估算和預測以及複合年成長率（註：可行性需確認）。
  • 競爭標竿分析
    • 根據主要企業的產品系列、地理覆蓋範圍和策略聯盟進行基準分析

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第2章 前言

  • 摘要
  • 相關利益者
  • 調查範圍
  • 調查方法
  • 研究材料

第3章 市場趨勢分析

  • 促進要素
  • 抑制因素
  • 機會
  • 威脅
  • 技術分析
  • 應用分析
  • 新興市場
  • 新冠疫情的感染疾病

第4章 波特五力分析

  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 買方的議價能力
  • 替代品的威脅
  • 新進入者的威脅
  • 競爭對手之間的競爭

第5章 全球綠色氫氣生產及應用市場（依能源來源）

  • 太陽能
  • 水力發電
  • 風力發電
  • 生質能

6. 全球綠色氫氣生產及應用市場（依儲存方式分類）

  • 壓縮氣體
  • 化學品儲存
  • 液態氫
  • 金屬氫化物

第7章 全球綠色氫氣生產及應用市場（依生產規模分類）

  • 小規模
  • 中號
  • 大規模

8. 全球綠色氫氣生產及應用市場（依純度等級分類）

  • 工業級
  • 燃料電池等級

9. 全球綠色氫氣生產及應用市場（依技術分類）

  • 質子交換膜（PEM）電解槽
  • 固體氧化物電解池（SOEC）
  • 鹼性電解槽
  • 其他新興技術

第10章 全球綠色氫氣生產及應用市場（依應用領域分類）

  • 發電
  • 住宅和商業供暖
  • 運輸
  • 工業應用
  • 其他用途

第11章 全球綠色氫氣生產及應用市場（按地區分類）

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 法國
    • 西班牙
    • 其他歐洲
  • 亞太地區
    • 日本
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 紐西蘭
    • 韓國
    • 亞太其他地區
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 其他南美洲
  • 中東和非洲
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 卡達
    • 南非
    • 其他中東和非洲地區

第12章 重大進展

  • 協議、夥伴關係、合作和合資企業
  • 併購
  • 新產品發布
  • 業務拓展
  • 其他關鍵策略

第13章：企業概況

  • Air Liquide
  • Cummins
  • Air Products and Chemicals
  • Enapter
  • Linde
  • Snam
  • Siemens Energy
  • HydrogenPro AS
  • ENGIE
  • BP
  • Nel ASA
  • ACWA Power
  • ITM Power
  • Iberdrola
  • McPhy Energy
Product Code: SMRC32987

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market is accounted for $11.2 billion in 2025 and is expected to reach $121.9 billion by 2032 growing at a CAGR of 40.6% during the forecast period. Green Hydrogen Production & Applications refers to the generation of hydrogen using renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, or hydropower, through water electrolysis, resulting in near-zero carbon emissions. This clean hydrogen is utilized across multiple sectors, including transportation, power generation, industrial processing, and energy storage. Rooted in established chemical principles yet driven by modern renewable technologies, green hydrogen offers a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. It plays a vital role in decarbonizing hard-to-abate industries, enhancing energy security, and supporting global climate objectives and long-term sustainable development.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Climate Neutrality & Net Zero Targets

Global commitments toward climate neutrality and net-zero emissions are the primary drivers of the green hydrogen market. Governments and industries are under increasing pressure to decarbonize energy systems and hard-to-abate sectors such as steel, chemicals, and heavy transport. Green hydrogen, produced using renewable energy, aligns directly with national hydrogen strategies and climate policies. Strong regulatory support, subsidies, and long-term decarbonization roadmaps are accelerating investment, positioning green hydrogen as a cornerstone of the global energy transition.

Restraint:

High Production Costs

High production costs remain a significant restraint for green hydrogen adoption. Electrolysis technology, renewable power generation, and associated infrastructure require substantial capital investment. Additionally, operating costs are influenced by electricity prices and electrolyzer efficiency. Compared to conventional grey hydrogen, green hydrogen remains less cost-competitive, limiting near-term large-scale deployment. Although costs are expected to decline with scale and innovation, affordability challenges continue to slow market penetration.

Opportunity:

Advancements in technology

Technological advancements present a major opportunity for the green hydrogen market. Innovations in electrolyzer efficiency, materials science, and renewable energy integration are driving cost reductions and improving production scalability. Development of advanced storage, compression, and distribution technologies further enhances commercial viability. Digitalization and automation are also optimizing hydrogen production systems. As technology matures and economies of scale are realized, green hydrogen is poised to expand rapidly across industrial, mobility, and energy storage applications worldwide.

Threat:

Supply Chain Challenges

Supply chain challenges pose a threat to the market's growth. Limited availability of critical components such as electrolyzers, catalysts, and renewable energy infrastructure can delay project execution. Dependence on specialized materials and global suppliers increases vulnerability to geopolitical tensions and logistical disruptions. Additionally, infrastructure gaps for storage and transportation further complicate deployment. Addressing supply chain resilience and localization will be critical to ensuring timely scaling of green hydrogen production and application projects.

Covid-19 Impact:

The Covid-19 pandemic initially disrupted green hydrogen projects due to supply chain delays, labor shortages, and postponed investments. However, the crisis also accelerated government focus on clean energy as part of economic recovery strategies. Green hydrogen gained prominence in stimulus packages and long-term energy transition plans. Post-pandemic, renewed investments, policy support, and sustainability commitments have strengthened market momentum, positioning green hydrogen as a key pillar of resilient and low-carbon energy systems.

The compressed gas segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The compressed gas segment is expected to account for the largest market share during the forecast period, due to its established storage and transportation infrastructure. Compressed hydrogen is widely used across industrial, mobility, and energy applications because of its relative simplicity and cost-effectiveness compared to liquefaction. Advancements in high-pressure storage technologies and safety standards further support adoption. Its compatibility with existing distribution systems makes compressed gas a preferred choice for early-stage green hydrogen deployment.

The transportation segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Over the forecast period, the transportation segment is predicted to witness the highest growth rate, due to rising adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, buses, trucks, and trains. Green hydrogen offers long driving ranges, fast refueling, and zero tailpipe emissions, making it suitable for heavy-duty and long-distance transport. Government incentives, emission regulations, and investments in hydrogen refueling infrastructure are accelerating deployment. As decarbonization of transport becomes a priority, hydrogen mobility is expected to grow rapidly.

Region with largest share:

During the forecast period, the Asia Pacific region is expected to hold the largest market share, due to strong government support, large-scale renewable energy capacity, and aggressive hydrogen strategies. Countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, and Australia are investing heavily in green hydrogen production, infrastructure, and export capabilities. Rapid industrialization, growing energy demand, and decarbonization goals further drive adoption, positioning Asia Pacific as a global hub for green hydrogen production and applications.

Region with highest CAGR:

Over the forecast period, the North America region is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR, owing to increasing investments in renewable energy, hydrogen hubs, and advanced electrolyzer technologies. Strong policy initiatives, including clean energy incentives and infrastructure funding, support rapid market expansion. The region's focus on decarbonizing transportation and industrial sectors, combined with technological leadership and private-sector participation, is accelerating green hydrogen deployment across the United States and Canada.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players in Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market include Air Liquide, Cummins, Air Products and Chemicals, Enapter, Linde, Snam, Siemens Energy, HydrogenPro AS, ENGIE, BP, Nel ASA, ACWA Power, ITM Power, Iberdrola, and McPhy Energy.

Key Developments:

In December 2025, Siemens and GlobalFoundries have forged a strategic partnership to deploy AI-driven manufacturing technologies that enhance semiconductor fabrication efficiency, reliability, and security. By integrating AI-enabled automation, predictive maintenance, and advanced digital solutions across chip production, they aim to bolster global semiconductor supply chains and support demand for next-generation autonomous and connected platforms.

In November 2025, Siemens and HD Hyundai signed a strategic Memorandum of Understanding to modernize the U.S. shipbuilding industry by applying Siemens' digital technologies and HD Hyundai's engineering expertise to enhance design, automation, workforce skills, and competitiveness, strengthening maritime infrastructure and resilience.

Energy Sources Covered:

  • Solar Energy
  • Hydropower
  • Wind Energy
  • Biomass

Storages Covered:

  • Compressed Gas
  • Chemical Storage
  • Liquid Hydrogen
  • Metal Hydrides

Production Scales Covered:

  • Small-Scale
  • Medium-Scale
  • Large-Scale

Purity Levels Covered:

  • Industrial Grade
  • Fuel Cell Grade

Technologies Covered:

  • Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Electrolyzer
  • Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC)
  • Alkaline Electrolyzer
  • Other Emerging Technologies

Applications Covered:

  • Power Generation
  • Residential & Commercial Heating
  • Transportation
  • Industrial Use
  • Other Applications

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2024, 2025, 2026, 2028, and 2032
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Technology Analysis
  • 3.7 Application Analysis
  • 3.8 Emerging Markets
  • 3.9 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market, By Energy Source

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Solar Energy
  • 5.3 Hydropower
  • 5.4 Wind Energy
  • 5.5 Biomass

6 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market, By Storage

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Compressed Gas
  • 6.3 Chemical Storage
  • 6.4 Liquid Hydrogen
  • 6.5 Metal Hydrides

7 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market, By Production Scale

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Small-Scale
  • 7.3 Medium-Scale
  • 7.4 Large-Scale

8 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market, By Purity Level

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Industrial Grade
  • 8.3 Fuel Cell Grade

9 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market, By Technology

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Electrolyzer
  • 9.3 Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC)
  • 9.4 Alkaline Electrolyzer
  • 9.5 Other Emerging Technologies

10 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market, By Application

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Power Generation
  • 10.3 Residential & Commercial Heating
  • 10.4 Transportation
  • 10.5 Industrial Use
  • 10.6 Other Applications

11 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market, By Geography

  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 North America
    • 11.2.1 US
    • 11.2.2 Canada
    • 11.2.3 Mexico
  • 11.3 Europe
    • 11.3.1 Germany
    • 11.3.2 UK
    • 11.3.3 Italy
    • 11.3.4 France
    • 11.3.5 Spain
    • 11.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 11.4 Asia Pacific
    • 11.4.1 Japan
    • 11.4.2 China
    • 11.4.3 India
    • 11.4.4 Australia
    • 11.4.5 New Zealand
    • 11.4.6 South Korea
    • 11.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 11.5 South America
    • 11.5.1 Argentina
    • 11.5.2 Brazil
    • 11.5.3 Chile
    • 11.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 11.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 11.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 11.6.2 UAE
    • 11.6.3 Qatar
    • 11.6.4 South Africa
    • 11.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

12 Key Developments

  • 12.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 12.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 12.3 New Product Launch
  • 12.4 Expansions
  • 12.5 Other Key Strategies

13 Company Profiling

  • 13.1 Air Liquide
  • 13.2 Cummins
  • 13.3 Air Products and Chemicals
  • 13.4 Enapter
  • 13.5 Linde
  • 13.6 Snam
  • 13.7 Siemens Energy
  • 13.8 HydrogenPro AS
  • 13.9 ENGIE
  • 13.10 BP
  • 13.11 Nel ASA
  • 13.12 ACWA Power
  • 13.13 ITM Power
  • 13.14 Iberdrola
  • 13.15 McPhy Energy

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Region (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Energy Source (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Solar Energy (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Hydropower (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Wind Energy (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Biomass (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Storage (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Compressed Gas (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Chemical Storage (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Liquid Hydrogen (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Metal Hydrides (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Production Scale (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Small-Scale (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Medium-Scale (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Large-Scale (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Purity Level (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Industrial Grade (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Fuel Cell Grade (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Technology (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Electrolyzer (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Alkaline Electrolyzer (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Other Emerging Technologies (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Application (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Power Generation (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Residential & Commercial Heating (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Transportation (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Industrial Use (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Green Hydrogen Production & Applications Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2024-2032) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.