封面
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1817974

2032 年植物來源護膚市場預測:按產品類型、特性、成分類型、應用、最終用戶和地區進行的全球分析

Plant-Based Skincare Market Forecasts to 2032 - Global Analysis By Product Type, Nature, Ingredient Type, Application, End User and By Geography

出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格

根據 Stratistics MRC 的數據,全球植物來源護膚市場預計在 2025 年達到 77 億美元,到 2032 年將達到 143 億美元,預測期內的複合年成長率為 9.2%。

植物來源護膚是指主要採用植物成分、植物萃取物和天然油脂而非合成化學品或動物性物質配製而成的化妝品和皮膚護理產品。這些產品利用植物營養素、抗氧化劑、維生素和必需脂肪酸來滋養、保護和煥活肌膚。它們通常受到純素、零殘忍和注重永續發展的消費者的青睞。植物來源護膚強調親膚性和天然活性成分,旨在提供有效效果的同時,最大限度地減少刺激、環境影響以及對人工添加劑和刺激性防腐劑的依賴。

據 EWG 稱,消費者越來越遠離傳統化妝品中的合成物質,更注重成分的透明度和安全性,並尋求植物來源成分。

人們對天然和有機護膚的認知日益增強

消費者對天然和有機護膚品益處的認知日益加深,推動了市場的發展。人們對合成化學品的擔憂日益加劇,加上清潔美容的潮流,促使消費者轉向植物來源配方。社群媒體、健康達人和皮膚科醫生也正在提升消費者的認知度。消費者對透明度、永續性和環保採購的偏好日益成長,進一步推動了需求。年輕族群和具有環保意識的消費者尤其推動了人們對天然護膚品的接受度。因此,天然護膚正從小眾市場走向全球主流市場。

植物來源活性劑的穩定性有限

植物萃取、精油和天然抗氧化劑等植物來源活性成分的穩定性有限,是一大阻礙因素。這些化合物易受光、氧氣和溫度波動的影響而劣化,從而縮短保存期限並降低產品功效。製造商面臨著在避免使用合成穩定劑的同時保持一致性的挑戰。由於特殊的封裝和儲存方法,高昂的製造成本也限制了產品的可用性。這種技術限制制約了擴充性和市場滲透率,尤其是在競爭激烈、性能標準嚴格的全球護膚市場。

高階和奢侈護膚行業的成長

高階奢華護膚市場為植物來源品牌帶來了巨大的成長機會。富裕消費者日益追求以稀有植物成分、永續包裝和個人化配方為特色的高性能天然產品。高階定位使品牌能夠在保持高利潤率的同時,合理定價。全球奢侈品零售商和線上平台正在拓展其清潔美容產品線,並進一步提升其知名度。可支配收入的增加和消費者生活方式的改變將加速對植物來源高階護膚的需求,為市場參與者鋪平一條利潤豐厚的道路。

類似產品市場飽和

植物來源護膚市場面臨過度飽和的威脅,許多品牌都在銷售類似「天然」和「有機」的產品。這削弱了品牌差異化,並導致消費者產生混淆。 「綠色清洗」行為加劇了信任問題,有些產品甚至未能達到真正的植物來源或有機標準。現有企業和新興企業之間的激烈競爭給定價和淨利率帶來了壓力。如果缺乏配方、透明度和認證方面的創新,品牌可能會在擁擠的市場中迷失方向,儘管消費者需求強勁,但成長潛力仍會受到抑制。

COVID-19的影響

新冠疫情植物來源護膚市場產生了多方面的影響。最初,供應鏈中斷和零售店關閉導致銷售放緩,尤其是在線下高階通路。然而,疫情加速了消費者對自我護理、潔淨標示、天然和健康產品的偏好。電商平台已成為主要的分銷管道,顯著提升了線上認知度。消費者越來越重視護膚的透明度和真實性,鞏固了植物來源品牌的地位。隨著疫情過後健康趨勢的持續,植物來源護膚憑藉其韌性和長期的消費者忠誠度繼續蓬勃發展。

預計在預測期內,乳霜和乳液細分市場將佔據最大佔有率

乳霜和乳液因其多功能性、易用性和廣泛的消費者偏好,預計將佔據市場主導地位。這些產品富含天然油脂、萃取物和保濕成分,非常適合日常護膚。其從保濕到抗衰老和舒緩的多功能性正在推動需求。各大品牌正在創新,推出純素、有機和無過敏原配方,以提升其吸引力。乳霜和乳液在零售和線上通路的廣泛分銷,仍然是植物來源護膚的基石。

比最大的地區

預計亞太地區將在預測期內佔據最大的市場佔有率,這得益於其豐富的草藥、自然療法和美容儀式傳統。印度、中國、日本和韓國等國家對植物護膚有著濃厚的文化親和性。不斷成長的中產階級人口、不斷成長的可支配收入以及蓬勃發展的電子商務進一步刺激了植物護膚品的普及。利用傳統植物來源配方的本土品牌正在提升其市場滲透率。再加上政府對有機農業和天然成分生產的支持,亞太地區預計將在全球植物來源護膚市場佔據主導地位。

複合年成長率最高的地區

在預測期內,北美預計將呈現最高的複合年成長率,這與對清潔美容、永續性和無農藥產品的強勁需求有關。美國和加拿大的消費者正迅速轉向透明且環保的護膚選擇。高認知度加上網主導行銷正在加速其普及。高階零售商和直銷平台正在提升產品的可近性。純素配方和生物基活性成分的創新將進一步增強成長。在成熟的美容產業和日益成長的綠色健康偏好的推動下,北美正引領市場加速發展。

免費客製化服務

此報告的訂閱者可以選擇以下免費自訂選項之一:

  • 公司簡介
    • 全面分析其他市場參與者(最多 3 家公司)
    • 主要企業的SWOT分析(最多3家公司)
  • 區域細分
    • 根據客戶興趣對主要國家進行的市場估計、預測和複合年成長率(註:基於可行性檢查)
  • 競爭基準化分析
    • 根據產品系列、地理分佈和策略聯盟對主要企業基準化分析

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第2章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相關利益者
  • 調查範圍
  • 調查方法
    • 資料探勘
    • 數據分析
    • 數據檢驗
    • 研究途徑
  • 研究材料
    • 主要研究資料
    • 次級研究資訊來源
    • 先決條件

第3章市場走勢分析

  • 驅動程式
  • 抑制因素
  • 機會
  • 威脅
  • 產品分析
  • 應用分析
  • 最終用戶分析
  • 新興市場
  • COVID-19的影響

第4章 波特五力分析

  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 買方的議價能力
  • 替代品的威脅
  • 新進入者的威脅
  • 競爭對手之間的競爭

5. 全球植物來源護膚市場(依產品類型)

  • 乳霜和乳液
  • 磨砂去角質
  • 潔面乳/爽膚水
  • 精油
  • 香脂奶油
  • 精華液和面膜

第6章全球植物來源護膚市場(依類型)

  • 有機產品
  • 傳統天然產品

7. 全球植物來源護膚市場(依成分類型)

  • 植物萃取物
  • 植物奶油
  • 保濕劑和植物來源維生素
  • 特殊待遇
  • 化妝品和香水

第8章全球植物來源護膚市場(按應用)

  • 臉部保養
  • 身體保養
  • 特殊待遇

9. 全球植物來源護膚市場(依最終用戶分類)

  • 個人
  • 商業的

第 10 章全球植物來源護膚市場(按地區)

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 法國
    • 西班牙
    • 其他歐洲國家
  • 亞太地區
    • 日本
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 紐西蘭
    • 韓國
    • 其他亞太地區
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地區
  • 中東和非洲
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 卡達
    • 南非
    • 其他中東和非洲地區

第11章 重大進展

  • 協議、夥伴關係、合作和合資企業
  • 收購與合併
  • 新產品發布
  • 業務擴展
  • 其他關鍵策略

第12章 公司概況

  • L'Oreal SA
  • The Estee Lauder Companies Inc.
  • Unilever PLC
  • Natura &Co
  • Beiersdorf AG
  • Kao Corporation
  • Procter & Gamble Co.
  • Johnson & Johnson
  • Kenvue Inc.
  • Shiseido Company, Limited
  • Coty Inc.
  • Amorepacific Corporation
  • Henkel AG & Co. KGaA
  • Clorox Company
  • Colgate-Palmolive Company
  • LG Household & Health Care Ltd.
  • L'Occitane International SA
  • Reckitt Benckiser Group plc
Product Code: SMRC30937

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Plant-Based Skincare Market is accounted for $7.7 billion in 2025 and is expected to reach $14.3 billion by 2032 growing at a CAGR of 9.2% during the forecast period. Plant-based skincare refers to cosmetic and dermatological products formulated primarily with botanical ingredients, plant extracts, and natural oils instead of synthetic chemicals or animal-derived substances. These products utilize phytonutrients, antioxidants, vitamins, and essential fatty acids to nourish, protect, and rejuvenate the skin. They often appeal to vegan, cruelty-free, and sustainability-focused consumers. By emphasizing gentle, naturally active compounds, plant-based skincare aims to deliver effective results while minimizing irritation, environmental impact, and dependence on artificial additives or harsh preservatives.

According to the EWG, consumers are increasingly seeking plant-derived ingredients to avoid synthetics found in conventional cosmetics, prioritizing ingredient transparency and safety.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Rising awareness of natural and organic skincare

The market is propelled by rising consumer awareness of the benefits of natural and organic skincare products. Growing concerns about synthetic chemicals, coupled with the clean beauty trend, are driving consumers toward plant-derived formulations. Social media, wellness influencers, and dermatologists are amplifying awareness. Increasing preference for transparency, sustainability, and eco-friendly sourcing further boosts demand. Younger demographics and environmentally conscious consumers are especially fueling adoption. As a result, natural skincare is transitioning from a niche to a mainstream global phenomenon.

Restraint:

Limited stability of plant-based actives

A major restraint lies in the limited stability of plant-based active ingredients such as botanical extracts, essential oils, and natural antioxidants. These compounds are prone to degradation under light, oxygen, or temperature fluctuations, reducing shelf life and product efficacy. Manufacturers face challenges in maintaining consistency while avoiding synthetic stabilizers. Higher production costs due to specialized encapsulation and preservation methods also limit accessibility. This technical limitation constrains scalability and market penetration, particularly in highly competitive global skincare markets with strict performance standards.

Opportunity:

Growth in premium and luxury skincare segments

The premium and luxury skincare segments present a significant growth opportunity for plant-based brands. Affluent consumers increasingly seek high-performance natural products with exotic botanicals, sustainable packaging, and personalized formulations. Premium positioning allows brands to justify higher pricing while maintaining strong margins. Global luxury retailers and online platforms are expanding their clean beauty offerings, further boosting visibility. With rising disposable incomes and shifting consumer lifestyles, demand for premium plant-based skincare is set to accelerate, opening lucrative avenues for market players.

Threat:

Market saturation with similar product claims

The plant-based skincare market faces a threat from oversaturation, with numerous brands marketing products under similar "natural" and "organic" claims. This dilutes brand differentiation and creates consumer confusion. Greenwashing practices exacerbate trust issues, as some products fail to meet true plant-based or organic standards. Intense competition among both established players and emerging startups pressures pricing and margins. Without innovation in formulations, transparency, and certifications, brands risk being lost in a crowded landscape, slowing growth potential despite strong consumer demand.

Covid-19 Impact:

COVID-19 had a mixed impact on the plant-based skincare market. Initially, supply chain disruptions and retail closures slowed sales, especially in offline premium channels. However, the pandemic accelerated consumer preference for self-care, clean-label, and natural wellness products. E-commerce platforms became primary distribution channels, significantly boosting online visibility. Consumers increasingly valued transparency and authenticity in skincare, strengthening the position of plant-based brands. As post-pandemic wellness trends persist, plant-based skincare continues to thrive with resilience and long-term consumer loyalty.

The creams & lotions segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The creams & lotions segment is expected to dominate the market, owing to its versatility, ease of application, and widespread consumer preference. These products are enriched with natural oils, extracts, and hydrating agents that appeal to daily skincare routines. Their multifunctional benefits, ranging from moisturization to anti-aging and soothing, strengthen their demand. Brands are innovating with vegan, organic, and allergen-free formulations, enhancing appeal. With broad distribution across retail and online channels, creams and lotions remain the cornerstone of plant-based skincare.

The dry segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Over the forecast period, the dry segment is predicted to witness the highest growth rate, reinforced by rising demand for concentrated, waterless skincare formats. Dry formulations such as powders, bars, and solid cleansers appeal to eco-conscious consumers due to minimal packaging and lower carbon footprints. They offer extended shelf life and reduced need for preservatives, addressing plant-based stability concerns. With sustainability becoming a key purchasing driver, innovative dry formats are gaining momentum. This positions the segment as the fastest-growing category globally.

Region with largest share:

During the forecast period, the Asia Pacific region is expected to hold the largest market share, ascribed to its rich tradition of herbal medicine, natural remedies, and beauty rituals. Countries like India, China, Japan, and South Korea have strong cultural affinity for botanical skincare. Expanding middle-class populations, rising disposable incomes, and booming e-commerce further strengthen adoption. Local brands leveraging traditional plant-based formulations enhance market penetration. Combined with government support for organic farming and natural ingredient production, Asia Pacific secures dominance in the global plant-based skincare market.

Region with highest CAGR:

Over the forecast period, the North America region is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR associated with strong demand for clean beauty, sustainability, and cruelty-free products. Consumers in the U.S. and Canada are rapidly shifting toward transparent and eco-conscious skincare choices. High levels of awareness, coupled with influencer-driven marketing, accelerate adoption. Premium retailers and direct-to-consumer platforms boost product accessibility. Innovation in vegan formulations and bio-based actives further strengthens growth. With a mature beauty industry and rising preference for green wellness, North America leads in market acceleration.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players in Plant-Based Skincare Market include L'Oreal S.A., The Estee Lauder Companies Inc., Unilever PLC, Natura &Co, Beiersdorf AG, Kao Corporation, Procter & Gamble Co., Johnson & Johnson, Kenvue Inc., Shiseido Company, Limited, Coty Inc., Amorepacific Corporation, Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Clorox Company, Colgate-Palmolive Company, LG Household & Health Care Ltd., L'Occitane International S.A., and Reckitt Benckiser Group plc

Key Developments:

In Aug 2025, The Estee Lauder Companies Inc. introduced "Nutrient-Rich Fermentation," a night cream powered by bio-fermented snow mushrooms and chia seeds, designed to deliver intense hydration and improve skin elasticity with a 100% plant-derived formula.

In July 2025, Unilever PLC (under the Dove brand) announced "Melanin-Balance Tonic," a gentle exfoliating toner made with fermented papaya and licorice root, specifically formulated to even skin tone and reduce the appearance of dark spots for melanin-rich skin.

In June 2025, Natura &Co commercialized its "Amazonian Superfruit Retinol Alternative," a potent blend of buriti oil and bacuri extract that mimics the effects of retinol to reduce wrinkles without the associated sensitivity, making it suitable for all skin types.

Product Types Covered:

  • Creams & Lotions
  • Scrub Exfoliators
  • Cleansers & Toners
  • Essential Oils
  • Balms & Butters
  • Serums & Masks

Natures Covered:

  • Organic Products
  • Conventional Natural Products

Ingredient Types Covered:

  • Sensors
  • Probes and Analyzers
  • Software and Services

Applications Covered:

  • Facial Care
  • Body Care
  • Specialized Treatments

End Users Covered:

  • Personal
  • Commercial

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2024, 2025, 2026, 2028, and 2032
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Product Analysis
  • 3.7 Application Analysis
  • 3.8 End User Analysis
  • 3.9 Emerging Markets
  • 3.10 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market, By Product Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Creams & Lotions
  • 5.3 Scrub Exfoliators
  • 5.4 Cleansers & Toners
  • 5.5 Essential Oils
  • 5.6 Balms & Butters
  • 5.7 Serums & Masks

6 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market, By Nature

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Organic Products
  • 6.3 Conventional Natural Products

7 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market, By Ingredient Type

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Botanical Extracts
  • 7.3 Plant Butters
  • 7.4 Humectants & Plant-Based Vitamins
  • 7.5 Specialized Treatments
  • 7.6 Makeup & Fragrances

8 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market, By Application

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Facial Care
  • 8.3 Body Care
  • 8.4 Specialized Treatments

9 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market, By End User

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Personal
  • 9.3 Commercial

10 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market, By Geography

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 North America
    • 10.2.1 US
    • 10.2.2 Canada
    • 10.2.3 Mexico
  • 10.3 Europe
    • 10.3.1 Germany
    • 10.3.2 UK
    • 10.3.3 Italy
    • 10.3.4 France
    • 10.3.5 Spain
    • 10.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 10.4 Asia Pacific
    • 10.4.1 Japan
    • 10.4.2 China
    • 10.4.3 India
    • 10.4.4 Australia
    • 10.4.5 New Zealand
    • 10.4.6 South Korea
    • 10.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 10.5 South America
    • 10.5.1 Argentina
    • 10.5.2 Brazil
    • 10.5.3 Chile
    • 10.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 10.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 10.6.2 UAE
    • 10.6.3 Qatar
    • 10.6.4 South Africa
    • 10.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

11 Key Developments

  • 11.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 11.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 11.3 New Product Launch
  • 11.4 Expansions
  • 11.5 Other Key Strategies

12 Company Profiling

  • 12.1 L'Oreal S.A.
  • 12.2 The Estee Lauder Companies Inc.
  • 12.3 Unilever PLC
  • 12.4 Natura &Co
  • 12.5 Beiersdorf AG
  • 12.6 Kao Corporation
  • 12.7 Procter & Gamble Co.
  • 12.8 Johnson & Johnson
  • 12.9 Kenvue Inc.
  • 12.10 Shiseido Company, Limited
  • 12.11 Coty Inc.
  • 12.12 Amorepacific Corporation
  • 12.13 Henkel AG & Co. KGaA
  • 12.14 Clorox Company
  • 12.15 Colgate-Palmolive Company
  • 12.16 LG Household & Health Care Ltd.
  • 12.17 L'Occitane International S.A.
  • 12.18 Reckitt Benckiser Group plc

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Region (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Product Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Creams & Lotions (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Scrub Exfoliators (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Cleansers & Toners (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Essential Oils (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Balms & Butters (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Serums & Masks (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Nature (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Organic Products (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Conventional Natural Products (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Ingredient Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Botanical Extracts (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Plant Butters (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Humectants & Plant-Based Vitamins (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Specialized Treatments (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Makeup & Fragrances (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Application (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Facial Care (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Body Care (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Specialized Treatments (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By End User (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Personal (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Plant-Based Skincare Market Outlook, By Commercial (2024-2032) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.