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市場調查報告書
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1725130

2032 年塞閥市場預測:按類型、設計、材料、致動器、閥門尺寸、應用、最終用戶、地區進行全球分析

Plug Valve Market Forecasts to 2032 - Global Analysis By Type, Design, Material, Actuation, Valve Size, Application, End User and By Geography

出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格

根據 Stratistics MRC 的數據,全球塞閥市場預計在 2025 年達到 46 億美元,到 2032 年將達到 74 億美元,預測期內的複合年成長率為 6.8%。

塞閥是一種四分之一迴轉閥,透過旋轉腔室內的圓柱形或錐形塞子來控制管道中的流體流動。它們旨在提供有效的密封,並透過以最小的阻力打開、關閉或節流來調節液體或氣體。堅固的結構即使在高壓和高溫環境下也能可靠運作。塞閥因其耐用性和低維護性而廣泛用於石油和天然氣、化學加工和水處理等行業。它們有潤滑、非潤滑和可擴展塞閥等類型,每種類型都針對特定的應用而量身定做。

在惡劣環境下仍具有強大的性能

塞閥廣泛應用於需要耐用性、耐高溫、耐壓力波動和耐腐蝕環境的場合。它們的可靠性和適應性使其成為石油和天然氣、化學加工和污水處理等行業的重要組成部分。此外,技術進步改進了密封機制,延長了使用壽命並最大限度地降低了維護成本。

高扭力要求

與其他類型的閥門相比,塞閥需要更大的力才能操作,這會導致自動化系統的消費量增加。這項因素需要更強大的致動器,從而增加了最終用戶的初始投資和持續營運成本。此外,在高扭力條件下長時間使用會導致磨損,需要經常維修。

更加關注排放法規

各行各業擴大採用排放氣體策略來遵守嚴格的法規,從而對具有卓越密封性能的閥門的需求增加。塞閥以其緊密的關閉特性而聞名,在防止有害氣體和液體洩漏方面發揮著至關重要的作用。製造商也正在投資永續材料和先進的密封技術,以符合全球永續性目標。

現有公司與新興企業之間的激烈競爭

現有企業已憑藉廣泛的產品系列和先進的技術站穩了腳跟,使得新參與企業難以獲得市場佔有率。此外,某些應用中對球閥和蝶閥的偏好迫使塞閥製造商擴大其產品供應。具有競爭力的定價策略和持續的產品創新已成為企業在市場上脫穎而出的關鍵。

COVID-19的影響:

COVID-19 疫情對塞閥市場產生了多種影響,擾亂了供應鏈,同時加速了對可靠工業設備的需求。最初的停工和生產暫停導致生產延遲和關鍵零件短缺,影響了全球的交貨。然而,該行業逐漸適應了不斷變化的形勢,更加重視自動化和遠端監控,並因其可靠性而青睞塞閥。這場危機也強調了強大的管道基礎設施的重要性,並促使對高效流量控制解決方案的投資。

潤滑塞閥市場預計將成為預測期內最大的市場

預計預測期內潤滑塞閥部分將佔據最大的市場佔有率。這是因為這些閥門因其出色的密封性能和平穩的操作而備受追捧,使其成為高壓應用的理想選擇。它們減少摩擦的能力確保了較長的使用壽命、最大限度地減少磨損並延長了維護週期。石油和天然氣、石化和污水處理等處理行業青睞潤滑塞閥,因為它們能夠有效處理高黏度流體和刺激性化學物質。

預計在預測期內,手動部分將實現最高的複合年成長率。

由於手動部分簡單、經濟高效且適合低維護應用,預計在預測期內將出現最高的成長率。它易於操作且在非關鍵系統中具有高可靠性,對於希望降低操作複雜性的行業來說是一個有吸引力的選擇。隨著全球基礎設施計劃的擴張,對手動塞閥的需求預計會成長,特別是在優先考慮基本但高效的流體控制機制的地區。

比最大的地區

在預測期內,亞太地區預計將因大規模工業化和基礎設施發展而佔據最大的市場佔有率。製造業、化工業和能源業的快速擴張刺激了塞閥在各種應用中的廣泛應用。在中國和印度等國家,政府正在投資管道計劃和水處理廠,進一步刺激了市場需求。

複合年成長率最高的地區:

在預測期內,由於石油和天然氣基礎設施投資的增加以及嚴格的環境法規,預計北美將呈現最高的複合年成長率。對提高管道效率和減少排放氣體的重視正在推動對具有增強密封能力的先進塞閥的需求。此外,閥門自動化和遠端監控技術的進步正在推動其在該地區的應用。

免費客製化服務

訂閱此報告的客戶可享有以下免費自訂選項之一:

  • 公司簡介
    • 對其他市場公司(最多 3 家公司)進行全面分析
    • 主要企業的SWOT分析(最多3家公司)
  • 地理細分
    • 根據客戶興趣對主要國家市場進行估計、預測和複合年成長率(註:基於可行性檢查)
  • 競爭基準化分析
    • 根據產品系列、地理分佈和策略聯盟對主要企業基準化分析

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第2章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相關利益者
  • 研究範圍
  • 調查方法
    • 資料探勘
    • 數據分析
    • 數據檢驗
    • 研究途徑
  • 研究材料
    • 主要研究資料
    • 次級研究資訊來源
    • 先決條件

第3章市場走勢分析

  • 驅動程式
  • 限制因素
  • 機會
  • 威脅
  • 應用分析
  • 最終用戶分析
  • 新興市場
  • COVID-19的影響

第4章 波特五力分析

  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 買家的議價能力
  • 替代品的威脅
  • 新進入者的威脅
  • 競爭對手之間的競爭

第5章全球塞閥市場(按類型)

  • 潤滑塞閥
  • 無潤滑塞閥
  • 偏心塞閥
  • 膨脹塞閥
  • 多通塞閥

6. 全球塞閥市場按類型

  • 雙向塞閥
  • 三通塞閥

第7章全球塞閥市場(依材料)

  • 鑄鐵
  • 不銹鋼
  • 黃銅
  • 塑膠
  • 合金
  • 其他材料

第 8 章全球塞閥市場(按致動器)

  • 手動的
  • 氣壓
  • 電動式的
  • 油壓

第9章 全球塞閥市場(依閥門尺寸)

  • 最多 1 英寸
  • 1英寸至6英寸
  • 6英寸至25英寸
  • 25吋或以上

第 10 章全球塞閥市場(按應用)

  • 開/關控制
  • 定向流控制
  • 檢疫服務
  • 節流

第 11 章全球塞閥市場(依最終用戶)

  • 石油和天然氣
  • 水和污水處理
  • 化工/石化
  • 發電
  • 製藥
  • 飲食
  • 紙漿和造紙
  • 其他最終用戶

第 12 章全球塞閥市場(按地區)

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 義大利
    • 法國
    • 西班牙
    • 其他歐洲國家
  • 亞太地區
    • 日本
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 紐西蘭
    • 韓國
    • 其他亞太地區
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地區
  • 中東和非洲
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 卡達
    • 南非
    • 其他中東和非洲地區

第13章 重大進展

  • 協議、夥伴關係、合作和合資企業
  • 收購與合併
  • 新產品發布
  • 業務擴展
  • 其他關鍵策略

第14章 公司概況

  • W-industries
  • Velan
  • Val-Matic Valve & Mfg. Corporation
  • Swagelok
  • Siebe
  • Schlumberger
  • Pentair
  • NTGD Valve(China)Co. LTD
  • KSB SE
  • Kitz Corp
  • Henry Pratt Company
  • Flowserve
  • Emerson Electric Company
  • Daniels Techteam
  • Crane Co.
  • Cameron International
  • Baker Hughes
  • Aalberts Industries
  • 3Z Plug Valve
Product Code: SMRC29276

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Plug Valve Market is accounted for $4.6 billion in 2025 and is expected to reach $7.4 billion by 2032 growing at a CAGR of 6.8% during the forecast period. Plug valve is a quarter-turn valve used to control fluid flow in pipelines by rotating a cylindrical or conical plug inside a chamber. Designed for efficient sealing, it regulates liquids or gases by opening, closing, or throttling flow with minimal resistance. Its robust construction allows for reliable operation in high-pressure and high-temperature environments. Plug valves are commonly used in industries like oil and gas, chemical processing, and water treatment due to their durability and low maintenance. Variants include lubricated, non-lubricated, and expanding plug valves, each tailored for specific applications.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Robust performance in harsh environments

Plug valves are widely used in applications requiring durability and resistance to high temperatures, pressure variations, and corrosive environments. Their reliability and adaptability make them an essential component in industries such as oil and gas, chemical processing, and wastewater treatment. Additionally, technological advancements are improving their sealing mechanisms, enhancing operational longevity and minimizing maintenance costs.

Restraint:

Higher torque requirements

Compared to other valve types, plug valves need substantial force for actuation, which can lead to increased energy consumption in automated systems. This factor necessitates more powerful actuators, elevating the initial investment and ongoing operational expenses for end-users. Moreover, prolonged usage under high torque conditions can contribute to wear and tear, necessitating frequent servicing.

Opportunity:

Increasing focus on fugitive emissions control

Industries are increasingly adopting emission-reduction strategies to meet stringent regulations which have led to higher demand for valves with superior sealing capabilities. Plug valves, known for their tight shutoff characteristics, are playing a crucial role in preventing leakage of hazardous gases and fluids. Manufacturers are also investing in sustainable materials and advanced sealing technologies to align with global sustainability goals.

Threat:

Intense competition from established and emerging players

Established companies have a strong foothold with extensive product portfolios and advanced technologies, making it challenging for new entrants to capture market share. Additionally, the growing preference for ball valves and butterfly valves in certain applications is adding pressure on plug valve manufacturers to enhance their offerings. Competitive pricing strategies and continuous product innovation are becoming vital for companies to differentiate themselves in the market.

Covid-19 Impact:

The COVID-19 pandemic had a mixed impact on the plug valve market, disrupting supply chains while also accelerating demand for reliable industrial equipment. Initial lockdowns and manufacturing halts led to production delays and shortages of critical components, affecting deliveries worldwide. However, industries gradually adapted to the changing landscape, emphasizing automation and remote monitoring, which favored plug valves due to their dependability. The crisis also reinforced the importance of robust pipeline infrastructure, prompting investments in efficient flow control solutions.

The lubricated plug valves segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The lubricated plug valves segment is expected to account for the largest market share during the forecast period because these valves are highly sought after for their superior sealing properties and smooth operation, making them ideal for high-pressure applications. Their ability to reduce friction ensures longevity, minimizing wear and extending maintenance cycles. Industries such as oil and gas, petrochemicals, and wastewater treatment favor lubricated plug valves due to their effectiveness in handling viscous fluids and aggressive chemicals.

The manual segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Over the forecast period, the manual segment is predicted to witness the highest growth rate due to their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for low-maintenance applications. Their ease of operation and reliability in non-critical systems make them an attractive choice for industries aiming to reduce operational complexity. As infrastructure projects expand globally, demand for manual plug valves is expected to rise, particularly in regions prioritizing basic yet efficient fluid control mechanisms.

Region with largest share:

During the forecast period, the Asia Pacific region is expected to hold the largest market share riven by extensive industrialization and infrastructure development. Rapid expansion in manufacturing, chemicals, and energy sectors is fueling the adoption of plug valves across diverse applications. Governments in countries like China and India are investing in pipeline projects and water treatment facilities, further bolstering market demand.

Region with highest CAGR:

Over the forecast period, the North America region is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR with increasing investments in oil and gas infrastructure and stringent environmental regulations. The emphasis on improving pipeline efficiency and reducing emissions is driving demand for advanced plug valves with enhanced sealing capabilities. Additionally, technological advancements in valve automation and remote monitoring are boosting adoption in the region.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players in Plug Valve Market include W-industries, Velan, Val-Matic Valve & Mfg. Corporation, Swagelok, Siebe, Schlumberger, Pentair, NTGD Valve (China) Co. LTD, KSB SE, Kitz Corp, Henry Pratt Company, Flowserve, Emerson Electric Company, Daniels Techteam, Crane Co., Cameron International, Baker Hughes, Aalberts Industries and 3Z Plug Valve.

Key Developments:

In January 2025, Emerson announced its agreement to acquire the remaining shares of AspenTech it does not already own, in an all-cash deal valued at $7.2 billion. This acquisition aims to strengthen Emerson's position in industrial automation.

In January 2025, Velan Inc. unveiled a set of strategic initiatives focused on improving its operational efficiency and competitive positioning in the global valve market. These efforts include streamlining manufacturing processes, optimizing its supply chain, and investing in advanced automation.

Types Covered:

  • Lubricated Plug Valves
  • Non-Lubricated Plug Valves
  • Eccentric Plug Valves
  • Expanding Plug Valves
  • Multi-Port Plug Valves

Designs Covered:

  • Two-Way Plug Valves
  • Three-Way Plug Valves

Materials Covered:

  • Cast Iron
  • Stainless Steel
  • Brass
  • Plastic
  • Alloy
  • Other Materials

Actuations Covered:

  • Manual
  • Pneumatic
  • Electric
  • Hydraulic

Valve Sizes Covered:

  • Up to 1"
  • 1"-6"
  • 6"-25"
  • Above 25"

Applications Covered:

  • On/Off Control
  • Directional Flow Control
  • Isolation Services
  • Throttling

End Users Covered:

  • Oil & Gas
  • Water & Wastewater Treatment
  • Chemical & Petrochemical
  • Power Generation
  • Pharmaceutical
  • Food & Beverage
  • Pulp & Paper
  • Other End Users

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2024, 2025, 2026, 2028, and 2032
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Application Analysis
  • 3.7 End User Analysis
  • 3.8 Emerging Markets
  • 3.9 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Plug Valve Market, By Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Lubricated Plug Valves
  • 5.3 Non-Lubricated Plug Valves
  • 5.4 Eccentric Plug Valves
  • 5.5 Expanding Plug Valves
  • 5.6 Multi-Port Plug Valves

6 Global Plug Valve Market, By Design

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Two-Way Plug Valves
  • 6.3 Three-Way Plug Valves

7 Global Plug Valve Market, By Material

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Cast Iron
  • 7.3 Stainless Steel
  • 7.4 Brass
  • 7.5 Plastic
  • 7.6 Alloy
  • 7.7 Other Materials

8 Global Plug Valve Market, By Actuation

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Manual
  • 8.3 Pneumatic
  • 8.4 Electric
  • 8.5 Hydraulic

9 Global Plug Valve Market, By Valve Size

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Up to 1"
  • 9.3 1"-6"
  • 9.4 6"-25"
  • 9.5 Above 25"

10 Global Plug Valve Market, By Application

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 On/Off Control
  • 10.3 Directional Flow Control
  • 10.4 Isolation Services
  • 10.5 Throttling

11 Global Plug Valve Market, By End User

  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Oil & Gas
  • 11.3 Water & Wastewater Treatment
  • 11.4 Chemical & Petrochemical
  • 11.5 Power Generation
  • 11.6 Pharmaceutical
  • 11.7 Food & Beverage
  • 11.8 Pulp & Paper
  • 11.9 Other End Users

12 Global Plug Valve Market, By Geography

  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 North America
    • 12.2.1 US
    • 12.2.2 Canada
    • 12.2.3 Mexico
  • 12.3 Europe
    • 12.3.1 Germany
    • 12.3.2 UK
    • 12.3.3 Italy
    • 12.3.4 France
    • 12.3.5 Spain
    • 12.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 12.4 Asia Pacific
    • 12.4.1 Japan
    • 12.4.2 China
    • 12.4.3 India
    • 12.4.4 Australia
    • 12.4.5 New Zealand
    • 12.4.6 South Korea
    • 12.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 12.5 South America
    • 12.5.1 Argentina
    • 12.5.2 Brazil
    • 12.5.3 Chile
    • 12.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 12.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 12.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 12.6.2 UAE
    • 12.6.3 Qatar
    • 12.6.4 South Africa
    • 12.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

13 Key Developments

  • 13.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 13.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 13.3 New Product Launch
  • 13.4 Expansions
  • 13.5 Other Key Strategies

14 Company Profiling

  • 14.1 W-industries
  • 14.2 Velan
  • 14.3 Val-Matic Valve & Mfg. Corporation
  • 14.4 Swagelok
  • 14.5 Siebe
  • 14.6 Schlumberger
  • 14.7 Pentair
  • 14.8 NTGD Valve (China) Co. LTD
  • 14.9 KSB SE
  • 14.10 Kitz Corp
  • 14.11 Henry Pratt Company
  • 14.12 Flowserve
  • 14.13 Emerson Electric Company
  • 14.14 Daniels Techteam
  • 14.15 Crane Co.
  • 14.16 Cameron International
  • 14.17 Baker Hughes
  • 14.18 Aalberts Industries
  • 14.19 3Z Plug Valve

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Region (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Lubricated Plug Valves (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Non-Lubricated Plug Valves (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Eccentric Plug Valves (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Expanding Plug Valves (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Multi-Port Plug Valves (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Design (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Two-Way Plug Valves (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Three-Way Plug Valves (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Material (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Cast Iron (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Stainless Steel (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Brass (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Plastic (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Alloy (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Other Materials (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Actuation (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Manual (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Pneumatic (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Electric (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Hydraulic (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Valve Size (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Up to 1" (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By 1"-6" (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By 6"-25" (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Above 25" (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Application (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By On/Off Control (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Directional Flow Control (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Isolation Services (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 32 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Throttling (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 33 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By End User (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 34 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Oil & Gas (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 35 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Water & Wastewater Treatment (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 36 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Chemical & Petrochemical (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 37 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Power Generation (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 38 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Pharmaceutical (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 39 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Food & Beverage (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 40 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Pulp & Paper (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 41 Global Plug Valve Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2024-2032) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.