The global market for Checkout Scales was estimated to be worth US$ 1125 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 1531 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 4.6% during the forecast period 2025-2031.
This report provides a comprehensive assessment of recent tariff adjustments and international strategic countermeasures on Checkout Scales cross-border industrial footprints, capital allocation patterns, regional economic interdependencies, and supply chain reconfigurations.
"Checkout scales" typically refers to weighing scales used at the point of sale in retail stores. These scales are used to weigh items such as fruits, vegetables, and other goods sold by weight. They help ensure that customers are charged accurately based on the weight of the items they are purchasing. These scales are an essential tool in retail operations, ensuring fairness in transactions and providing accurate inventory management.
The global market trend often involves the adoption of advanced technology in various industries, including retail. Checkout scales are no exception, with trends leaning towards the integration of advanced features such as touchscreens, barcode scanning, RFID technology, and connectivity with POS systems for seamless transactions and data management.
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of contactless and mobile payment methods worldwide. Checkout scales may incorporate NFC technology or QR code scanning capabilities to facilitate these payment methods, offering customers a safer and more convenient checkout experience.
AI-powered checkout scales can automate various tasks, such as product identification, weight measurement, and pricing calculations. This automation streamlines the checkout process, reducing the need for manual intervention and speeding up transactions, thereby improving efficiency and reducing wait times for customers.
The retail industry is undergoing a significant transformation with the increasing adoption of automation technologies. Checkout scales play a crucial role in this automation process, enabling faster and more efficient checkout processes. The demand for checkout scales is driven by retailers' desire to streamline operations, reduce waiting times, and improve overall customer experience.
The global retail sector continues to grow, driven by factors such as urbanization, rising disposable incomes, and changing consumer preferences. As more retail businesses emerge, the demand for checkout scales increases to support the expanding checkout operations across various retail formats like supermarkets, hypermarkets, convenience stores, and specialty stores.
Many countries have regulations and standards in place that require businesses to accurately measure and label products sold by weight. Checkout scales that comply with these regulations are in high demand as they help businesses adhere to legal requirements and prevent potential penalties or legal disputes.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Checkout Scales, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Checkout Scales by region & country, by Type, and by Application.
The Checkout Scales market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (K Units) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Checkout Scales.
Market Segmentation
By Company
- Mettler Toledo
- DIGI Group
- Bizerba SE
- Yongkang Huaying Weighing Apparatus
- Shanghai Yousheng Weighing Apparatus
- Kaifeng Group
- Pinnacle Technology Corp
- Zhejiang Bawang Weighing Apparatus
- Dibal, S.A.
- EPELSA
- Detecto
- Guangdong Senssun Weighing Apparatus Group
- Rice Lake Weighing Systems/Ishida
- Shenzhen SED Initta Technology
- CAS Corporation
- Avery Berkel
- T-Scale
- Guangzhou Heshi Office Equipment
- Guangzhou Zonerich Business Machine
- Ronsson (Beijing) Technology
- Shekel Scales
- Nuweigh Pty Ltd.
- Soehnle Industrial Solutions
Segment by Type
- Electronic Pricing Scales
- PC-Based Scales
- AI & Scanner Scales
Segment by Application
- Supermarket
- Farmers Market
- Bulk Foods Store
- Other
By Region
- North America
- Asia-Pacific
- China
- Japan
- South Korea
- Southeast Asia
- India
- Australia
- Rest of Asia-Pacific
- Europe
- Germany
- France
- U.K.
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Nordic Countries
- Rest of Europe
- Latin America
- Mexico
- Brazil
- Rest of Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
- Turkey
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Rest of MEA
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (value, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Checkout Scales manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Checkout Scales in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.
Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Checkout Scales in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Conclusion.
Table of Contents
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Checkout Scales Product Introduction
- 1.2 Global Checkout Scales Market Size Forecast
- 1.2.1 Global Checkout Scales Sales Value (2020-2031)
- 1.2.2 Global Checkout Scales Sales Volume (2020-2031)
- 1.2.3 Global Checkout Scales Sales Price (2020-2031)
- 1.3 Checkout Scales Market Trends & Drivers
- 1.3.1 Checkout Scales Industry Trends
- 1.3.2 Checkout Scales Market Drivers & Opportunity
- 1.3.3 Checkout Scales Market Challenges
- 1.3.4 Checkout Scales Market Restraints
- 1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
- 1.5 Study Objectives
- 1.6 Years Considered
2 Competitive Analysis by Company
- 2.1 Global Checkout Scales Players Revenue Ranking (2024)
- 2.2 Global Checkout Scales Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
- 2.3 Global Checkout Scales Players Sales Volume Ranking (2024)
- 2.4 Global Checkout Scales Sales Volume by Company Players (2020-2025)
- 2.5 Global Checkout Scales Average Price by Company (2020-2025)
- 2.6 Key Manufacturers Checkout Scales Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
- 2.7 Key Manufacturers Checkout Scales Product Offered
- 2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Checkout Scales
- 2.9 Checkout Scales Market Competitive Analysis
- 2.9.1 Checkout Scales Market Concentration Rate (2020-2025)
- 2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Checkout Scales Revenue in 2024
- 2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Checkout Scales as of 2024)
- 2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Segmentation by Type
- 3.1 Introduction by Type
- 3.1.1 Electronic Pricing Scales
- 3.1.2 PC-Based Scales
- 3.1.3 AI & Scanner Scales
- 3.2 Global Checkout Scales Sales Value by Type
- 3.2.1 Global Checkout Scales Sales Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 3.2.2 Global Checkout Scales Sales Value, by Type (2020-2031)
- 3.2.3 Global Checkout Scales Sales Value, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
- 3.3 Global Checkout Scales Sales Volume by Type
- 3.3.1 Global Checkout Scales Sales Volume by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 3.3.2 Global Checkout Scales Sales Volume, by Type (2020-2031)
- 3.3.3 Global Checkout Scales Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
- 3.4 Global Checkout Scales Average Price by Type (2020-2031)
4 Segmentation by Application
- 4.1 Introduction by Application
- 4.1.1 Supermarket
- 4.1.2 Farmers Market
- 4.1.3 Bulk Foods Store
- 4.1.4 Other
- 4.2 Global Checkout Scales Sales Value by Application
- 4.2.1 Global Checkout Scales Sales Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 4.2.2 Global Checkout Scales Sales Value, by Application (2020-2031)
- 4.2.3 Global Checkout Scales Sales Value, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
- 4.3 Global Checkout Scales Sales Volume by Application
- 4.3.1 Global Checkout Scales Sales Volume by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
- 4.3.2 Global Checkout Scales Sales Volume, by Application (2020-2031)
- 4.3.3 Global Checkout Scales Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
- 4.4 Global Checkout Scales Average Price by Application (2020-2031)
5 Segmentation by Region
- 5.1 Global Checkout Scales Sales Value by Region
- 5.1.1 Global Checkout Scales Sales Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 5.1.2 Global Checkout Scales Sales Value by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.1.3 Global Checkout Scales Sales Value by Region (2026-2031)
- 5.1.4 Global Checkout Scales Sales Value by Region (%), (2020-2031)
- 5.2 Global Checkout Scales Sales Volume by Region
- 5.2.1 Global Checkout Scales Sales Volume by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 5.2.2 Global Checkout Scales Sales Volume by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.2.3 Global Checkout Scales Sales Volume by Region (2026-2031)
- 5.2.4 Global Checkout Scales Sales Volume by Region (%), (2020-2031)
- 5.3 Global Checkout Scales Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
- 5.4 North America
- 5.4.1 North America Checkout Scales Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.4.2 North America Checkout Scales Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 5.5 Europe
- 5.5.1 Europe Checkout Scales Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.5.2 Europe Checkout Scales Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 5.6 Asia Pacific
- 5.6.1 Asia Pacific Checkout Scales Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.6.2 Asia Pacific Checkout Scales Sales Value by Region (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 5.7 South America
- 5.7.1 South America Checkout Scales Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.7.2 South America Checkout Scales Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 5.8 Middle East & Africa
- 5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Checkout Scales Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Checkout Scales Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
6 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions
- 6.1 Key Countries/Regions Checkout Scales Sales Value Growth Trends, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
- 6.2 Key Countries/Regions Checkout Scales Sales Value and Sales Volume
- 6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Checkout Scales Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Checkout Scales Sales Volume, 2020-2031
- 6.3 United States
- 6.3.1 United States Checkout Scales Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.3.2 United States Checkout Scales Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.3.3 United States Checkout Scales Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.4 Europe
- 6.4.1 Europe Checkout Scales Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.4.2 Europe Checkout Scales Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.4.3 Europe Checkout Scales Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.5 China
- 6.5.1 China Checkout Scales Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.5.2 China Checkout Scales Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.5.3 China Checkout Scales Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.6 Japan
- 6.6.1 Japan Checkout Scales Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.6.2 Japan Checkout Scales Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.6.3 Japan Checkout Scales Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.7 South Korea
- 6.7.1 South Korea Checkout Scales Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.7.2 South Korea Checkout Scales Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.7.3 South Korea Checkout Scales Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.8 Southeast Asia
- 6.8.1 Southeast Asia Checkout Scales Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.8.2 Southeast Asia Checkout Scales Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.8.3 Southeast Asia Checkout Scales Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
- 6.9 India
- 6.9.1 India Checkout Scales Sales Value, 2020-2031
- 6.9.2 India Checkout Scales Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
- 6.9.3 India Checkout Scales Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
7 Company Profiles
- 7.1 Mettler Toledo
- 7.1.1 Mettler Toledo Company Information
- 7.1.2 Mettler Toledo Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.1.3 Mettler Toledo Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.1.4 Mettler Toledo Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.1.5 Mettler Toledo Recent Development
- 7.2 DIGI Group
- 7.2.1 DIGI Group Company Information
- 7.2.2 DIGI Group Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.2.3 DIGI Group Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.2.4 DIGI Group Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.2.5 DIGI Group Recent Development
- 7.3 Bizerba SE
- 7.3.1 Bizerba SE Company Information
- 7.3.2 Bizerba SE Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.3.3 Bizerba SE Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.3.4 Bizerba SE Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.3.5 Bizerba SE Recent Development
- 7.4 Yongkang Huaying Weighing Apparatus
- 7.4.1 Yongkang Huaying Weighing Apparatus Company Information
- 7.4.2 Yongkang Huaying Weighing Apparatus Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.4.3 Yongkang Huaying Weighing Apparatus Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.4.4 Yongkang Huaying Weighing Apparatus Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.4.5 Yongkang Huaying Weighing Apparatus Recent Development
- 7.5 Shanghai Yousheng Weighing Apparatus
- 7.5.1 Shanghai Yousheng Weighing Apparatus Company Information
- 7.5.2 Shanghai Yousheng Weighing Apparatus Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.5.3 Shanghai Yousheng Weighing Apparatus Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.5.4 Shanghai Yousheng Weighing Apparatus Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.5.5 Shanghai Yousheng Weighing Apparatus Recent Development
- 7.6 Kaifeng Group
- 7.6.1 Kaifeng Group Company Information
- 7.6.2 Kaifeng Group Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.6.3 Kaifeng Group Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.6.4 Kaifeng Group Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.6.5 Kaifeng Group Recent Development
- 7.7 Pinnacle Technology Corp
- 7.7.1 Pinnacle Technology Corp Company Information
- 7.7.2 Pinnacle Technology Corp Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.7.3 Pinnacle Technology Corp Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.7.4 Pinnacle Technology Corp Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.7.5 Pinnacle Technology Corp Recent Development
- 7.8 Zhejiang Bawang Weighing Apparatus
- 7.8.1 Zhejiang Bawang Weighing Apparatus Company Information
- 7.8.2 Zhejiang Bawang Weighing Apparatus Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.8.3 Zhejiang Bawang Weighing Apparatus Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.8.4 Zhejiang Bawang Weighing Apparatus Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.8.5 Zhejiang Bawang Weighing Apparatus Recent Development
- 7.9 Dibal, S.A.
- 7.9.1 Dibal, S.A. Company Information
- 7.9.2 Dibal, S.A. Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.9.3 Dibal, S.A. Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.9.4 Dibal, S.A. Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.9.5 Dibal, S.A. Recent Development
- 7.10 EPELSA
- 7.10.1 EPELSA Company Information
- 7.10.2 EPELSA Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.10.3 EPELSA Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.10.4 EPELSA Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.10.5 EPELSA Recent Development
- 7.11 Detecto
- 7.11.1 Detecto Company Information
- 7.11.2 Detecto Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.11.3 Detecto Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.11.4 Detecto Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.11.5 Detecto Recent Development
- 7.12 Guangdong Senssun Weighing Apparatus Group
- 7.12.1 Guangdong Senssun Weighing Apparatus Group Company Information
- 7.12.2 Guangdong Senssun Weighing Apparatus Group Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.12.3 Guangdong Senssun Weighing Apparatus Group Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.12.4 Guangdong Senssun Weighing Apparatus Group Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.12.5 Guangdong Senssun Weighing Apparatus Group Recent Development
- 7.13 Rice Lake Weighing Systems/Ishida
- 7.13.1 Rice Lake Weighing Systems/Ishida Company Information
- 7.13.2 Rice Lake Weighing Systems/Ishida Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.13.3 Rice Lake Weighing Systems/Ishida Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.13.4 Rice Lake Weighing Systems/Ishida Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.13.5 Rice Lake Weighing Systems/Ishida Recent Development
- 7.14 Shenzhen SED Initta Technology
- 7.14.1 Shenzhen SED Initta Technology Company Information
- 7.14.2 Shenzhen SED Initta Technology Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.14.3 Shenzhen SED Initta Technology Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.14.4 Shenzhen SED Initta Technology Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.14.5 Shenzhen SED Initta Technology Recent Development
- 7.15 CAS Corporation
- 7.15.1 CAS Corporation Company Information
- 7.15.2 CAS Corporation Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.15.3 CAS Corporation Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.15.4 CAS Corporation Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.15.5 CAS Corporation Recent Development
- 7.16 Avery Berkel
- 7.16.1 Avery Berkel Company Information
- 7.16.2 Avery Berkel Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.16.3 Avery Berkel Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.16.4 Avery Berkel Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.16.5 Avery Berkel Recent Development
- 7.17 T-Scale
- 7.17.1 T-Scale Company Information
- 7.17.2 T-Scale Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.17.3 T-Scale Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.17.4 T-Scale Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.17.5 T-Scale Recent Development
- 7.18 Guangzhou Heshi Office Equipment
- 7.18.1 Guangzhou Heshi Office Equipment Company Information
- 7.18.2 Guangzhou Heshi Office Equipment Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.18.3 Guangzhou Heshi Office Equipment Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.18.4 Guangzhou Heshi Office Equipment Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.18.5 Guangzhou Heshi Office Equipment Recent Development
- 7.19 Guangzhou Zonerich Business Machine
- 7.19.1 Guangzhou Zonerich Business Machine Company Information
- 7.19.2 Guangzhou Zonerich Business Machine Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.19.3 Guangzhou Zonerich Business Machine Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.19.4 Guangzhou Zonerich Business Machine Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.19.5 Guangzhou Zonerich Business Machine Recent Development
- 7.20 Ronsson (Beijing) Technology
- 7.20.1 Ronsson (Beijing) Technology Company Information
- 7.20.2 Ronsson (Beijing) Technology Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.20.3 Ronsson (Beijing) Technology Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.20.4 Ronsson (Beijing) Technology Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.20.5 Ronsson (Beijing) Technology Recent Development
- 7.21 Shekel Scales
- 7.21.1 Shekel Scales Company Information
- 7.21.2 Shekel Scales Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.21.3 Shekel Scales Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.21.4 Shekel Scales Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.21.5 Shekel Scales Recent Development
- 7.22 Nuweigh Pty Ltd.
- 7.22.1 Nuweigh Pty Ltd. Company Information
- 7.22.2 Nuweigh Pty Ltd. Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.22.3 Nuweigh Pty Ltd. Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.22.4 Nuweigh Pty Ltd. Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.22.5 Nuweigh Pty Ltd. Recent Development
- 7.23 Soehnle Industrial Solutions
- 7.23.1 Soehnle Industrial Solutions Company Information
- 7.23.2 Soehnle Industrial Solutions Introduction and Business Overview
- 7.23.3 Soehnle Industrial Solutions Checkout Scales Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
- 7.23.4 Soehnle Industrial Solutions Checkout Scales Product Offerings
- 7.23.5 Soehnle Industrial Solutions Recent Development
8 Industry Chain Analysis
- 8.1 Checkout Scales Industrial Chain
- 8.2 Checkout Scales Upstream Analysis
- 8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
- 8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
- 8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
- 8.3 Midstream Analysis
- 8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
- 8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
- 8.5.1 Checkout Scales Sales Model
- 8.5.2 Sales Channel
- 8.5.3 Checkout Scales Distributors
9 Research Findings and Conclusion
10 Appendix
- 10.1 Research Methodology
- 10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 10.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
- 10.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
- 10.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
- 10.1.2 Data Source
- 10.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
- 10.1.2.2 Primary Sources
- 10.2 Author Details
- 10.3 Disclaimer