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市場調查報告書
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1801285

全球連網汽車雲市場：產業分析、規模、佔有率、成長、趨勢與預測（2025-2032 年）

Connected Vehicle Cloud Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2025 - 2032
出版日期: | 出版商: Persistence Market Research | 英文 200 Pages | 商品交期: 2-5個工作天內

價格
簡介目錄

主要發現

  • 連網汽車雲端市場規模：451億美元（2025年）
  • 預計市場價值：1054億美元（2032年）
  • 全球市場成長率：12.9%（2025年至2032年的複合年成長率）

連網汽車雲端市場 - 報告範圍

連網汽車雲端技術是智慧型運輸系統(ITS) 的支柱，能夠實現車輛、基礎設施和雲端平台之間的即時通訊。它支援遠距離診斷、預測性維護、資訊娛樂、車聯網 (V2X)通訊和無線 (OTA) 軟體更新等服務。該市場的目標客戶包括汽車原始設備製造商 (OEM)、遠端資訊處理提供商、車隊營運商和雲端服務供應商，他們都希望提升安全性、移動性和用戶體驗。市場成長的驅動力包括：電動和自動駕駛汽車的快速擴張、對無縫連接日益成長的需求，以及政府支持智慧運輸生態系統的舉措。

市場成長動力

全球連網汽車雲端市場的發展得益於物聯網在汽車應用中的廣泛應用以及汽車數位化投資的不斷成長。 5G基礎設施和邊緣運算的進步顯著提高了車輛通訊速度並降低了延遲，從而實現了更有效率的即時數據處理。消費者對個人化和車聯網駕駛體驗的期望不斷提高，加之嚴格的安全法規和排放目標，促使汽車製造商整合車聯網雲端解決方案。此外，出行即服務 (MaaS) 模式和共享汽車平台的激增，催生了對雲端基礎的強大協調和管理系統的需求。

市場限制

儘管前景光明，但連網汽車雲端市場仍面臨網路安全、資料隱私和互通性等挑戰。車輛與雲端平台之間交換的資料量不斷增加，引發了人們對未授權存取、駭客攻擊和資料外洩的擔憂。監管的不確定性以及跨地區和跨製造商標準化通訊協定的缺乏，進一步加劇了實施的複雜性。此外，高昂的基礎設施成本以及舊有系統與雲端基礎平台的複雜整合可能會阻礙其應用，尤其是在汽車供應鏈中的中小型企業。

市場機會

連網汽車雲端市場為下一代創新和跨產業合作提供了重要機會。人工智慧、機器學習和區塊鏈與雲端技術的融合，為預測分析、安全資料交換和自動化車輛決策鋪平了道路。隨著都市化加快、智慧型手機普及率上升以及汽車保有率上升，亞太地區和拉丁美洲的新興市場蘊藏著巨大的潛力。汽車製造商、通訊業者和雲端服務供應商之間的策略合作夥伴關係對於提供可擴展、可靠且功能豐富的車聯網解決方案至關重要。

本報告研究並分析了全球連網汽車雲市場，評估了成長動力、趨勢、機會和挑戰等關鍵市場動態，並提供了有關市場結構的詳細見解。

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第2章 市場概述

  • 市場範圍和定義
  • 價值鏈分析
  • 宏觀經濟因素
    • 全球GDP展望
    • 全球GDP展望
    • 全球經濟成長預測
    • 全球都市化進程
    • 其他宏觀經濟因素
  • 預測因子－相關性和影響力
  • 評估COVID-19的影響
  • PESTLE分析
  • 波特五力分析
  • 地緣政治緊張局勢：其對市場的影響
  • 監管和技術格局

第3章 市場動態

  • 驅動程式
  • 抑制因素
  • 機會
  • 趨勢

第4章 價格趨勢分析（2019-2032）

  • 區域定價分析
  • 價格：按細分市場
  • 影響價格的因素

第5章全球連網汽車雲端市場展望：實際情況（2019-2024 年）與預測（2025-2032 年）

  • 主要亮點
  • 全球連網汽車雲端市場展望：發展模式
    • 簡介/主要發現
    • 市場規模表現分析：依發展模式（2019-2024）
    • 目前市場規模預測：依發展模式（2025-2032）
      • 私有雲端
      • 公共雲端
      • 混合雲端
    • 市場吸引力分析：發展模式
  • 全球連網汽車雲端市場展望：連結方法
    • 簡介/主要發現
    • 按連結類型分類的市場規模績效分析（2019-2024 年）
    • 按連接類型分類的當前市場規模預測（2025-2032）
      • 內建連接
      • 整合連接
      • 有線連接
    • 市場吸引力分析：連結方法
  • 全球連網汽車雲端市場展望：服務類型
    • 簡介/主要發現
    • 市場規模績效分析：依服務類型（2019-2024）
    • 按服務類型分類的當前市場規模預測（2025-2032）
      • 車輛管理
      • 資訊娛樂服務
      • 安全與保全服務
      • 駕駛輔助服務
    • 市場吸引力分析：服務類型
  • 全球連網汽車雲端市場展望：車型
    • 簡介/主要發現
    • 依車輛類型分類的市場規模表現分析（2019-2024）
    • 按車型分類的當前市場規模預測（2025-2032）
      • 搭乘用車
      • 商用車
    • 市場吸引力分析：車型

第6章 全球連網汽車雲端市場展望-地區

  • 主要亮點
  • 市場規模績效分析：按地區（2019-2024）
  • 目前市場規模預測：按地區（2025-2032）
    • 北美洲
    • 歐洲
    • 東亞
    • 南亞和大洋洲
    • 拉丁美洲
    • 中東和非洲
  • 市場吸引力分析：地區

第7章北美連網汽車雲端市場展望：實際情況（2019-2024 年）與預測（2025-2032 年）

第 8 章。歐洲連網汽車雲端市場展望：實際情況（2019-2024 年）與預測（2025-2032 年）

第9章東亞連網汽車雲端市場展望：實際結果（2019-2024 年）與預測（2025-2032 年）

第 10 章。南亞和大洋洲連網汽車雲端市場展望：實際情況（2019-2024 年）和預測（2025-2032 年）

第 11 章：拉丁美洲連網汽車雲端市場展望：實際情況（2019-2024 年）和預測（2025-2032 年）

第 12 章：中東和非洲連網汽車雲端市場展望：實際情況（2019-2024 年）和預測（2025-2032 年）

第13章競爭格局

  • 市場佔有率分析（2025年）
  • 市場結構
    • 競賽實力圖譜
    • 競爭對手儀表板
  • 公司簡介
    • Microsoft Corporation
    • IBM Corporation
    • Amazon Web Services, Inc.
    • Google LLC
    • Cisco Systems, Inc.
    • Oracle Corporation
    • Verizon Communications Inc.
    • Intel Corporation
    • Siemens AG
    • Robert Bosch GmbH

第14章 附錄

簡介目錄
Product Code: PMRREP33494

Persistence Market Research has recently released a comprehensive report on the worldwide market for connected vehicle cloud. The report offers a thorough assessment of crucial market dynamics, including drivers, trends, opportunities, and challenges, providing detailed insights into the market structure.

Key Insights:

  • Connected Vehicle Cloud Market Size (2025E): USD 45.1 Billion
  • Projected Market Value (2032F): USD 105.4 Billion
  • Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2025 to 2032): 12.9%

Connected Vehicle Cloud Market - Report Scope:

Connected vehicle cloud technology forms the backbone of intelligent transportation systems, enabling real-time communication between vehicles, infrastructure, and cloud platforms. It supports services such as remote diagnostics, predictive maintenance, infotainment, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, and over-the-air (OTA) software updates. The market caters to automotive OEMs, telematics providers, fleet operators, and cloud service vendors aiming to offer enhanced safety, mobility, and user experience. Market growth is fueled by the rapid expansion of electric and autonomous vehicles, increasing demand for seamless connectivity, and government initiatives supporting smart mobility ecosystems.

Market Growth Drivers:

The global connected vehicle cloud market is propelled by the proliferation of IoT in automotive applications and growing investments in vehicle digitization. Advancements in 5G infrastructure and edge computing significantly enhance vehicle communication speeds and reduce latency, making real-time data processing more efficient. Rising consumer expectations for personalized and connected driving experiences, coupled with stringent safety regulations and emissions targets, are encouraging automakers to integrate connected cloud solutions. Furthermore, the surge in mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) models and shared vehicle platforms necessitates robust cloud-based coordination and management systems.

Market Restraints:

Despite the promising outlook, the connected vehicle cloud market faces challenges related to cybersecurity, data privacy, and interoperability. The increasing volume of data exchange between vehicles and cloud platforms raises concerns over unauthorized access, hacking, and data breaches. Regulatory uncertainties and a lack of standardized communication protocols across regions and manufacturers further complicate implementation. Additionally, the high infrastructure costs and complexity of integrating legacy systems with cloud-based platforms may hinder adoption, particularly among small and medium enterprises in the automotive supply chain.

Market Opportunities:

The connected vehicle cloud market presents vast opportunities driven by next-generation innovations and cross-industry collaborations. The convergence of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain with cloud technologies opens new avenues for predictive analytics, secure data exchange, and automated vehicle decision-making. Emerging markets in Asia-Pacific and Latin America offer untapped potential due to growing urbanization, increasing smartphone penetration, and rising automobile ownership. Strategic alliances between automakers, telecom operators, and cloud providers are critical to delivering scalable, reliable, and feature-rich connected mobility solutions.

Key Questions Answered in the Report:

  • What are the primary factors driving the growth of the connected vehicle cloud market globally?
  • Which services and applications are gaining traction in the connected vehicle ecosystem?
  • How are advancements in 5G and AI transforming the connected vehicle landscape?
  • Who are the leading players in the connected vehicle cloud market, and what are their strategic initiatives?
  • What are the future growth opportunities across different regions and verticals?

Competitive Intelligence and Business Strategy:

These companies are investing in advanced analytics, edge computing capabilities, and secure APIs to provide flexible and scalable cloud platforms tailored for automotive clients. Collaborations with original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), Tier 1 suppliers, and telecom operators enable faster deployment and regional adaptation. Furthermore, the emphasis on open-source platforms, developer ecosystems, and continuous innovation reinforces competitive advantage in a rapidly evolving connected mobility environment.

Key Companies Profiled:

  • Microsoft Corporation
  • IBM Corporation
  • Amazon Web Services, Inc.
  • Google LLC
  • Oracle Corporation
  • Cisco System, Inc.
  • Verizon Communications Inc.
  • Intel Corporation
  • Siemens AG
  • Robert Bosch GmbH.

Connected Vehicle Cloud Market Research Segmentation:

By Development Model:

  • Private Cloud
  • Public Cloud
  • Hybrid Cloud

By Connectivity Mode:

  • Embedded Connectivity
  • Integrated Connectivity
  • Tethered Connectivity

By Service Type:

  • Vehicle Management
  • Infotainment Services
  • Safety and Security Services
  • Driver Assistance Services

By Vehicle Type:

  • Passenger Vehicles
  • Commercial Vehicles

By Region:

  • North America
  • Latin America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Middle East and Africa

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1. Global Connected Vehicle Cloud Market Snapshot 2025 and 2032
  • 1.2. Market Opportunity Assessment, 2025-2032, US$ Mn
  • 1.3. Key Market Trends
  • 1.4. Industry Developments and Key Market Events
  • 1.5. Demand Side and Supply Side Analysis
  • 1.6. PMR Analysis and Recommendations

2. Market Overview

  • 2.1. Market Scope and Definitions
  • 2.2. Value Chain Analysis
  • 2.3. Macro-Economic Factors
    • 2.3.1. Global GDP Outlook
    • 2.3.2. Global GDP Outlook
    • 2.3.3. Global economic Growth Forecast
    • 2.3.4. Global Urbanization Growth
    • 2.3.5. Other Macro-economic Factors
  • 2.4. Forecast Factors - Relevance and Impact
  • 2.5. COVID-19 Impact Assessment
  • 2.6. PESTLE Analysis
  • 2.7. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
  • 2.8. Geopolitical Tensions: Market Impact
  • 2.9. Regulatory and Technology Landscape

3. Market Dynamics

  • 3.1. Drivers
  • 3.2. Restraints
  • 3.3. Opportunities
  • 3.4. Trends

4. Price Trend Analysis, 2019-2032

  • 4.1. Region-wise Price Analysis
  • 4.2. Price by Segments
  • 4.3. Price Impact Factors

5. Global Connected Vehicle Cloud Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 5.1. Key Highlights
  • 5.2. Global Connected Vehicle Cloud Market Outlook: Development Model
    • 5.2.1. Introduction/Key Findings
    • 5.2.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis by Development Model, 2019-2024
    • 5.2.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Development Model, 2025-2032
      • 5.2.3.1. Private Cloud
      • 5.2.3.2. Public Cloud
      • 5.2.3.3. Hybrid Cloud
    • 5.2.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Development Model
  • 5.3. Global Connected Vehicle Cloud Market Outlook: Connectivity Mode
    • 5.3.1. Introduction/Key Findings
    • 5.3.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis by Connectivity Mode, 2019-2024
    • 5.3.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Connectivity Mode, 2025-2032
      • 5.3.3.1. Embedded Connectivity
      • 5.3.3.2. Integrated Connectivity
      • 5.3.3.3. Tethered Connectivity
    • 5.3.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Connectivity Mode
  • 5.4. Global Connected Vehicle Cloud Market Outlook: Service Type
    • 5.4.1. Introduction/Key Findings
    • 5.4.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis by Service Type, 2019-2024
    • 5.4.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Service Type, 2025-2032
      • 5.4.3.1. Vehicle Management
      • 5.4.3.2. Infotainment Services
      • 5.4.3.3. Safety and Security Services
      • 5.4.3.4. Driver Assistance Services
    • 5.4.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Service Type
  • 5.5. Global Connected Vehicle Cloud Market Outlook: Vehicle Type
    • 5.5.1. Introduction/Key Findings
    • 5.5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis by Vehicle Type, 2019-2024
    • 5.5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2025-2032
      • 5.5.3.1. Passenger Vehicles
      • 5.5.3.2. Commercial Vehicles
    • 5.5.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Vehicle Type

6. Global Connected Vehicle Cloud Market Outlook: Region

  • 6.1. Key Highlights
  • 6.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis by Region, 2019-2024
  • 6.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Region, 2025-2032
    • 6.3.1. North America
    • 6.3.2. Europe
    • 6.3.3. East Asia
    • 6.3.4. South Asia & Oceania
    • 6.3.5. Latin America
    • 6.3.6. Middle East & Africa
  • 6.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Region

7. North America Connected Vehicle Cloud Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 7.1. Key Highlights
  • 7.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 7.3. North America Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country, 2025-2032
    • 7.3.1. U.S.
    • 7.3.2. Canada
  • 7.4. North America Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Development Model, 2025-2032
    • 7.4.1. Private Cloud
    • 7.4.2. Public Cloud
    • 7.4.3. Hybrid Cloud
  • 7.5. North America Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Connectivity Mode, 2025-2032
    • 7.5.1. Embedded Connectivity
    • 7.5.2. Integrated Connectivity
    • 7.5.3. Tethered Connectivity
  • 7.6. North America Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Service Type, 2025-2032
    • 7.6.1. Vehicle Management
    • 7.6.2. Infotainment Services
    • 7.6.3. Safety and Security Services
    • 7.6.4. Driver Assistance Services
  • 7.7. North America Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2025-2032
    • 7.7.1. Passenger Vehicles
    • 7.7.2. Commercial Vehicles

8. Europe Connected Vehicle Cloud Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 8.1. Key Highlights
  • 8.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 8.3. Europe Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country, 2025-2032
    • 8.3.1. Germany
    • 8.3.2. Italy
    • 8.3.3. France
    • 8.3.4. U.K.
    • 8.3.5. Spain
    • 8.3.6. Russia
    • 8.3.7. Rest of Europe
  • 8.4. Europe Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Development Model, 2025-2032
    • 8.4.1. Private Cloud
    • 8.4.2. Public Cloud
    • 8.4.3. Hybrid Cloud
  • 8.5. Europe Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Connectivity Mode, 2025-2032
    • 8.5.1. Embedded Connectivity
    • 8.5.2. Integrated Connectivity
    • 8.5.3. Tethered Connectivity
  • 8.6. Europe Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Service Type, 2025-2032
    • 8.6.1. Vehicle Management
    • 8.6.2. Infotainment Services
    • 8.6.3. Safety and Security Services
    • 8.6.4. Driver Assistance Services
  • 8.7. Europe Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2025-2032
    • 8.7.1. Passenger Vehicles
    • 8.7.2. Commercial Vehicles

9. East Asia Connected Vehicle Cloud Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 9.1. Key Highlights
  • 9.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 9.3. East Asia Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country, 2025-2032
    • 9.3.1. China
    • 9.3.2. Japan
    • 9.3.3. South Korea
  • 9.4. East Asia Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Development Model, 2025-2032
    • 9.4.1. Private Cloud
    • 9.4.2. Public Cloud
    • 9.4.3. Hybrid Cloud
  • 9.5. East Asia Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Connectivity Mode, 2025-2032
    • 9.5.1. Embedded Connectivity
    • 9.5.2. Integrated Connectivity
    • 9.5.3. Tethered Connectivity
  • 9.6. East Asia Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Service Type, 2025-2032
    • 9.6.1. Vehicle Management
    • 9.6.2. Infotainment Services
    • 9.6.3. Safety and Security Services
    • 9.6.4. Driver Assistance Services
  • 9.7. East Asia Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2025-2032
    • 9.7.1. Passenger Vehicles
    • 9.7.2. Commercial Vehicles

10. South Asia & Oceania Connected Vehicle Cloud Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 10.1. Key Highlights
  • 10.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 10.3. South Asia & Oceania Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country, 2025-2032
    • 10.3.1. India
    • 10.3.2. Southeast Asia
    • 10.3.3. ANZ
    • 10.3.4. Rest of SAO
  • 10.4. South Asia & Oceania Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Development Model, 2025-2032
    • 10.4.1. Private Cloud
    • 10.4.2. Public Cloud
    • 10.4.3. Hybrid Cloud
  • 10.5. South Asia & Oceania Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Connectivity Mode, 2025-2032
    • 10.5.1. Embedded Connectivity
    • 10.5.2. Integrated Connectivity
    • 10.5.3. Tethered Connectivity
  • 10.6. South Asia & Oceania Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Service Type, 2025-2032
    • 10.6.1. Vehicle Management
    • 10.6.2. Infotainment Services
    • 10.6.3. Safety and Security Services
    • 10.6.4. Driver Assistance Services
  • 10.7. South Asia & Oceania Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2025-2032
    • 10.7.1. Passenger Vehicles
    • 10.7.2. Commercial Vehicles

11. Latin America Connected Vehicle Cloud Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 11.1. Key Highlights
  • 11.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 11.3. Latin America Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country, 2025-2032
    • 11.3.1. Brazil
    • 11.3.2. Mexico
    • 11.3.3. Rest of LATAM
  • 11.4. Latin America Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Development Model, 2025-2032
    • 11.4.1. Private Cloud
    • 11.4.2. Public Cloud
    • 11.4.3. Hybrid Cloud
  • 11.5. Latin America Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Connectivity Mode, 2025-2032
    • 11.5.1. Embedded Connectivity
    • 11.5.2. Integrated Connectivity
    • 11.5.3. Tethered Connectivity
  • 11.6. Latin America Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Service Type, 2025-2032
    • 11.6.1. Vehicle Management
    • 11.6.2. Infotainment Services
    • 11.6.3. Safety and Security Services
    • 11.6.4. Driver Assistance Services
  • 11.7. Latin America Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2025-2032
    • 11.7.1. Passenger Vehicles
    • 11.7.2. Commercial Vehicles

12. Middle East & Africa Connected Vehicle Cloud Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 12.1. Key Highlights
  • 12.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 12.3. Middle East & Africa Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country, 2025-2032
    • 12.3.1. GCC Countries
    • 12.3.2. South Africa
    • 12.3.3. Northern Africa
    • 12.3.4. Rest of MEA
  • 12.4. Middle East & Africa Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Development Model, 2025-2032
    • 12.4.1. Private Cloud
    • 12.4.2. Public Cloud
    • 12.4.3. Hybrid Cloud
  • 12.5. Middle East & Africa Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Connectivity Mode, 2025-2032
    • 12.5.1. Embedded Connectivity
    • 12.5.2. Integrated Connectivity
    • 12.5.3. Tethered Connectivity
  • 12.6. Middle East & Africa Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Service Type, 2025-2032
    • 12.6.1. Vehicle Management
    • 12.6.2. Infotainment Services
    • 12.6.3. Safety and Security Services
    • 12.6.4. Driver Assistance Services
  • 12.7. Middle East & Africa Market Size (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2025-2032
    • 12.7.1. Passenger Vehicles
    • 12.7.2. Commercial Vehicles

13. Competition Landscape

  • 13.1. Market Share Analysis, 2025
  • 13.2. Market Structure
    • 13.2.1. Competition Intensity Mapping
    • 13.2.2. Competition Dashboard
  • 13.3. Company Profiles
    • 13.3.1. Microsoft Corporation
      • 13.3.1.1. Company Overview
      • 13.3.1.2. Product Portfolio/Offerings
      • 13.3.1.3. Key Financials
      • 13.3.1.4. SWOT Analysis
      • 13.3.1.5. Company Strategy and Key Developments
    • 13.3.2. IBM Corporation
    • 13.3.3. Amazon Web Services, Inc.
    • 13.3.4. Google LLC
    • 13.3.5. Cisco Systems, Inc.
    • 13.3.6. Oracle Corporation
    • 13.3.7. Verizon Communications Inc.
    • 13.3.8. Intel Corporation
    • 13.3.9. Siemens AG
    • 13.3.10. Robert Bosch GmbH

14. Appendix

  • 14.1. Research Methodology
  • 14.2. Research Assumptions
  • 14.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations