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市場調查報告書
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1689678

RTD 酒精飲料市場：全球產業分析、市場規模、佔有率、成長、趨勢和未來預測（2025-2032 年）

RTD Alcoholic Beverages Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2025 - 2032
出版日期: | 出版商: Persistence Market Research | 英文 185 Pages | 商品交期: 2-5個工作天內

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簡介目錄

Persistence Market Research 最近發布了一份關於全球即飲 (RTD) 酒精飲料市場的綜合報告，對關鍵市場動態進行了詳細分析，包括促進因素、新興趨勢、機會和挑戰。該報告提供了對市場格局的詳細了解，並幫助相關人員做出明智的決策。

關鍵見解

  • 即飲酒精飲料市場規模（2025年）：203億美元
  • 市場規模預測（以金額為準，2032年）：282億美元
  • 全球市場成長率（2025-2032年複合年成長率）：4.80%

即飲酒精飲料市場：分析範圍

RTD 酒精飲料市場包括為消費者提供便利和便攜性的預混合包裝飲料。這些飲料通常包括雞尾酒、調味酒精飲料和其他預混調酒。市場受到消費者偏好的不斷變化、對便利性的日益成長的需求以及對創新和多樣化口味日益成長的興趣的推動。行動消費的日益成長趨勢也促進了市場的擴張。

市場成長動力：

有幾個關鍵因素正在推動全球 RTD 酒精飲料市場的發展。即飲雞尾酒和調味酒精飲料在千禧世代和 Z 世代消費者中的日益普及是主要推動因素。忙碌的生活方式和對便利性的日益成長的偏好導致即飲飲料的消費量增加。此外，低熱量和有機即飲酒精飲料等產品創新正在吸引注重健康的消費者。電子商務平台和線上零售通路的擴張正在改善產品的獲取，從而推動市場成長。

市場限制：

儘管即飲酒精飲料市場具有良好的成長潛力，但它也面臨一些挑戰。精釀啤酒和傳統酒精飲料等替代產品的出現加劇了市場競爭。對酒精飲料的監管限制和稅收可能會影響某些地區的市場成長。此外，對飲酒對健康影響的擔憂可能會限制注重健康的消費者的市場擴張。

市場機會：

由於口味和包裝的不斷創新，RTD 酒精飲料市場提供了巨大的成長機會。優質和精製即飲酒精飲料的興起為製造商提供了滿足追求高品質產品的挑剔消費者的機會。向亞太、南美和中東等可支配收入不斷上升的新興市場擴張，提供了進一步的成長潛力。與酒吧、餐廳和酒店場所合作可以提高品牌知名度並激發消費者的興趣。

本報告回答的關鍵問題

  • 推動全球 RTD 酒精飲料市場成長的關鍵因素有哪些？
  • 哪些地區和細分市場對 RTD 酒精飲料的需求最高？
  • 新的產品形式和包裝如何改變市場動態？
  • 即飲酒精飲料市場的主要企業有哪些？他們採用什麼策略來保持競爭力？
  • 全球 RTD 酒精飲料市場的新興趨勢和未來預測是什麼？

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第2章 市場概述

  • 市場範圍和定義
  • 市場動態
    • 驅動程式
    • 限制因素
    • 機會
    • 任務
    • 主要趨勢
  • 宏觀經濟因素
    • 全球產業展望
    • 全球GDP成長前景
    • 全球清潔能源市場展望
  • COVID-19影響分析
  • 預測因子：相關性和影響力

第3章 增值洞察

  • 產品採用分析
  • 按產品類型評估
  • 監管狀況
  • 價值鏈分析
    • 原物料供應商名單
    • 製造商列表
    • 經銷商名單
    • 最終用戶列表
    • 盈利分析
  • 重大交易及合併
  • PESTLE分析
  • 波特五力分析
  • 地緣政治緊張局勢：市場影響

第4章 價格趨勢分析（2019-2032）

  • 主要亮點
  • 影響產品價格的關鍵因素
  • 按產品進行價格分析
  • 各地區價格及產品偏好

第5章全球 RTD 酒精飲料市場展望：歷史（2019-2024 年）與預測（2025-2032 年）

  • 主要亮點
    • 市場規模預測（以數量為基礎）
    • 市場規模及與前一年同期比較率（以金額為準（十億美元））
    • 絕對的商機
  • 市場規模分析與預測（以金額為準（十億美元））
    • 歷史市場規模分析（十億美元，2019-2024）
    • 當前市場規模分析與預測（十億美元，2025-2032）
  • 全球即飲酒精飲料市場展望（依產品類型）
    • 簡介/主要發現
    • 按產品類型分類的歷史市場規模分析（十億美元，2019-2024 年）
    • 目前市場規模分析及依產品類型預測（十億美元，2025-2032）
      • 發酵飲料
      • 非發酵飲料
      • 酒精飲料
  • 市場吸引力分析：按產品類型
  • 全球即飲酒精飲料市場（按通路）展望
    • 簡介/主要發現
    • 按分銷管道分類的歷史市場規模分析（十億美元，2019-2024 年）
    • 目前市場規模分析及通路預測（十億美元，2025-2032）
      • 超級市場/大賣場
      • 專賣店
      • 便利商店
      • 網路零售
      • 本地
      • 其他
  • 按分銷管道進行市場吸引力分析

6. 全球即飲酒精飲料市場（按地區）展望

  • 主要亮點
  • 按地區分類的歷史市場規模分析（十億美元，2019-2024 年）
  • 各地區目前市場規模預測（十億美元，2025-2032）
    • 北美洲
    • 歐洲
    • 東亞
    • 南亞和大洋洲
    • 拉丁美洲
    • 中東和非洲
  • 市場吸引力分析：按地區

第7章。北美 RTD 酒精飲料市場展望：歷史（2019-2024 年）和預測（2025-2032 年）

第 8 章。歐洲 RTD 酒精飲料市場展望：歷史（2019-2024 年）與預測（2025-2032 年）

第9章東亞 RTD 酒精飲料市場展望：歷史（2019-2024 年）與預測（2025-2032 年）

第 10 章。南亞和大洋洲 RTD 酒精飲料市場展望：歷史（2019-2024 年）和預測（2025-2032 年）

第 11 章拉丁美洲 RTD 酒精飲料市場展望：歷史（2019-2024 年）與預測（2025-2032 年）

第 12 章。中東和非洲 RTD 酒精飲料市場展望：歷史（2019-2024 年）和預測（2025-2032 年）

第13章競爭格局

  • 市場佔有率分析（2025年）
  • 市場結構
    • 競爭強度圖：按市場
    • 競爭儀錶板
  • 公司簡介（詳情：概述、財務狀況、策略、最新發展）
    • Abbott Laboratories Inc.
    • Bacardi Limited
    • Danone SA
    • Del Monte Foods, Inc.
    • Diageo PLC.
    • Keurig Dr. Pepper, Inc.
    • Molson Coors Brewing Company
    • Nestle SA
    • PepsiCo., Inc.
    • Pernod Ricard
    • Rauch Fruchtsafte GmbH &Co OG
    • Suntory Holdings Limited
    • The Coca-Cola Company
    • Yakult Honsha Co. Ltd.
    • Other Players

第14章 附錄

  • 分析方法
  • 分析前提條件
  • 首字母縮寫和簡稱
簡介目錄
Product Code: PMRREP31198

Persistence Market Research has recently released a comprehensive report on the global RTD (Ready-to-Drink) Alcoholic Beverages Market, providing an in-depth analysis of key market dynamics, including driving forces, emerging trends, opportunities, and challenges. This report offers a detailed understanding of the market landscape, helping stakeholders make well-informed decisions.

Key Insights:

  • RTD Alcoholic Beverages Market Size (2025E): USD 20.3 Bn
  • Projected Market Value (2032F): USD 28.2 Bn
  • Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2025 to 2032): 4.80%

RTD Alcoholic Beverages Market - Report Scope:

The RTD alcoholic beverages market encompasses pre-mixed, packaged drinks that offer consumers convenience and portability. These beverages typically include cocktails, flavored alcoholic drinks, and other pre-mixed spirits. The market is driven by evolving consumer preferences, increasing demand for convenience, and a rising interest in innovative and diverse flavor profiles. The growth of on-the-go consumption trends further contributes to market expansion.

Market Growth Drivers:

Several key factors are driving the global RTD alcoholic beverages market. The growing popularity of ready-to-drink cocktails and flavored alcoholic beverages among millennials and Gen Z consumers is a significant growth driver. Busy lifestyles and the increasing preference for convenience have led to higher consumption of RTD beverages. Additionally, product innovation, including low-calorie and organic RTD alcoholic drinks, is attracting health-conscious consumers. The expansion of e-commerce platforms and online retail channels has enhanced product accessibility, fueling market growth.

Market Restraints:

Despite its promising growth potential, the RTD alcoholic beverages market faces several challenges. The availability of substitute products, such as craft beer and traditional alcoholic beverages, intensifies market competition. Regulatory constraints and taxes on alcoholic beverages can impact market growth in certain regions. Additionally, concerns regarding the health effects of alcohol consumption may limit market expansion among health-conscious consumers.

Market Opportunities:

The RTD alcoholic beverages market presents significant growth opportunities driven by continuous innovation in flavor profiles and packaging. The rise of premium and craft RTD alcoholic beverages offers manufacturers the chance to cater to discerning consumers seeking high-quality products. Expansion into emerging markets such as Asia-Pacific, South America, and the Middle East, where disposable income is increasing, provides additional growth potential. Collaborations with bars, restaurants, and hospitality venues can enhance brand visibility and consumer engagement.

Key Questions Answered in the Report:

  • What are the primary factors driving the global RTD alcoholic beverages market's growth?
  • Which regions and market segments are experiencing the highest demand for RTD alcoholic beverages?
  • How are innovations in product formulation and packaging influencing market dynamics?
  • Who are the key players in the RTD alcoholic beverages market, and what strategies are they adopting to stay competitive?
  • What are the emerging trends and future projections for the global RTD alcoholic beverages market?

Competitive Intelligence and Business Strategy:

Leading companies in the global RTD alcoholic beverages market, such as Diageo PLC, Bacardi Limited, and The Coca-Cola Company, are investing in product innovation, premiumization, and strategic partnerships to maintain their market presence. These companies focus on expanding their portfolio of flavored and low-calorie RTD beverages to cater to evolving consumer preferences. Strengthening distribution networks through supermarkets, specialty stores, and online retail channels enhances market reach. Collaborations with hospitality venues and advancements in sustainable packaging solutions contribute to market differentiation.

Key Companies Profiled:

  • Abbott Laboratories Inc.
  • Bacardi Limited
  • Danone S.A
  • Del Monte Foods, Inc.
  • Diageo PLC.
  • Keurig Dr. Pepper, Inc.
  • Molson Coors Brewing Company
  • Nestle S.A.
  • PepsiCo., Inc.
  • Pernod Ricard
  • Rauch Fruchtsafte GmbH & Co OG
  • Suntory Holdings Limited
  • The Coca-Cola Company
  • Yakult Honsha Co. Ltd.

Global RTD Alcoholic Beverages Market Segmentation:

By Product Type:

  • Fermented Beverages
  • Non-fermented Beverages
  • Alcoholic Beverages

By Distribution Channel:

  • Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
  • Specialty Stores
  • Convenience Stores
  • Online Retail
  • On-premise
  • Others

By Region:

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • South America
  • The Middle East and Africa

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1. Global RTD Alcoholic Beverages Market Snapshot, 2025-2032
  • 1.2. Market Opportunity Assessment, 2025-2032, US$ Bn
  • 1.3. Key Market Trends
  • 1.4. Future Market Projections
  • 1.5. Premium Market Insights
  • 1.6. Industry Developments and Key Market Events
  • 1.7. PMR Analysis and Recommendations

2. Market Overview

  • 2.1. Market Scope and Definition
  • 2.2. Market Dynamics
    • 2.2.1. Drivers
    • 2.2.2. Restraints
    • 2.2.3. Opportunity
    • 2.2.4. Challenges
    • 2.2.5. Key Trends
  • 2.3. Macro-Economic Factors
    • 2.3.1. Global Sectorial Outlook
    • 2.3.2. Global GDP Growth Outlook
    • 2.3.3. Global Clean Energy Market Outlook
  • 2.4. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
  • 2.5. Forecast Factors - Relevance and Impact

3. Value Added Insights

  • 3.1. Product Adoption Analysis
  • 3.2. Product Type Assessment
  • 3.3. Regulatory Landscape
  • 3.4. Value Chain Analysis
    • 3.4.1 List of Raw Material Supplier
    • 3.4.2 List of Manufacturers
    • 3.4.3 List of Distributors
    • 3.4.4 List of End Users
    • 3.4.5 Profitability Analysis
  • 3.5. Key Deals and Mergers
  • 3.6. PESTLE Analysis
  • 3.7. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 3.8. Geopolitical Tensions: Market Impact

4. Price Trend Analysis, 2019-2032

  • 4.1. Key Highlights
  • 4.2. Key Factors Impacting Product Prices
  • 4.3. Pricing Analysis, By Product
  • 4.4. Regional Prices and Product Preferences

5. Global RTD Alcoholic Beverages Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 5.1. Key Highlights
    • 5.1.1. Market Volume (Units) Projections
    • 5.1.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) and Y-o-Y Growth
    • 5.1.3. Absolute $ Opportunity
  • 5.2. Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast
    • 5.2.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, 2019-2024
    • 5.2.2. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, 2025-2032
  • 5.3. Global RTD Alcoholic Beverages Market Outlook: Product Type
    • 5.3.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 5.3.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Product Type, 2019-2024
    • 5.3.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Forecast, By Product Type, 2025-2032
      • 5.3.3.1. Fermented Beverages
      • 5.3.3.2. Non-fermented Beverages
      • 5.3.3.3. Alcoholic Beverages
  • 5.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Product Type
  • 5.5. Global RTD Alcoholic Beverages Market Outlook: Distribution Channel
    • 5.5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 5.5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2024
    • 5.5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2025-2032
      • 5.5.3.1. Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
      • 5.5.3.2. Specialty Stores
      • 5.5.3.3. Convenience Stores
      • 5.5.3.4. Online Retail
      • 5.5.3.5. On-premise
      • 5.5.3.6. Others
  • 5.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Distribution Channel

6. Global RTD Alcoholic Beverages Market Outlook: Region

  • 6.1. Key Highlights
  • 6.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Region, 2019-2024
  • 6.3. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Forecast, By Region, 2025-2032
    • 6.3.1. North America
    • 6.3.2. Europe
    • 6.3.3. East Asia
    • 6.3.4. South Asia and Oceania
    • 6.3.5. Latin America
    • 6.3.6. Middle East & Africa
  • 6.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Region

7. North America RTD Alcoholic Beverages Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 7.1. Key Highlights
  • 7.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 7.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 7.3.1. By Country
    • 7.3.2. By Product Type
    • 7.3.3. By Distribution Channel
  • 7.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 7.4.1. U.S.
    • 7.4.2. Canada
  • 7.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product Type, 2025-2032
    • 7.5.1. Fermented Beverages
    • 7.5.2. Non-fermented Beverages
    • 7.5.3. Alcoholic Beverages
  • 7.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2025-2032
    • 7.6.1. Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
    • 7.6.2. Specialty Stores
    • 7.6.3. Convenience Stores
    • 7.6.4. Online Retail
    • 7.6.5. On-premise
    • 7.6.6. Others
  • 7.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. Europe RTD Alcoholic Beverages Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 8.1. Key Highlights
  • 8.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 8.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 8.3.1. By Country
    • 8.3.2. By Product Type
    • 8.3.3. By Distribution Channel
  • 8.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 8.4.1. Germany
    • 8.4.2. France
    • 8.4.3. U.K.
    • 8.4.4. Italy
    • 8.4.5. Spain
    • 8.4.6. Russia
    • 8.4.7. Turkey
    • 8.4.8. Rest of Europe
  • 8.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product Type, 2025-2032
    • 8.5.1. Fermented Beverages
    • 8.5.2. Non-fermented Beverages
    • 8.5.3. Alcoholic Beverages
  • 8.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2025-2032
    • 8.6.1. Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
    • 8.6.2. Specialty Stores
    • 8.6.3. Convenience Stores
    • 8.6.4. Online Retail
    • 8.6.5. On-premise
    • 8.6.6. Others
  • 8.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. East Asia RTD Alcoholic Beverages Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 9.1. Key Highlights
  • 9.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 9.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 9.3.1. By Country
    • 9.3.2. By Product Type
    • 9.3.3. By Distribution Channel
  • 9.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 9.4.1. China
    • 9.4.2. Japan
    • 9.4.3. South Korea
  • 9.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product Type, 2025-2032
    • 9.5.1. Fermented Beverages
    • 9.5.2. Non-fermented Beverages
    • 9.5.3. Alcoholic Beverages
  • 9.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2025-2032
    • 9.6.1. Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
    • 9.6.2. Specialty Stores
    • 9.6.3. Convenience Stores
    • 9.6.4. Online Retail
    • 9.6.5. On-premise
    • 9.6.6. Others
  • 9.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

10. South Asia & Oceania RTD Alcoholic Beverages Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 10.1. Key Highlights
  • 10.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 10.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 10.3.1. By Country
    • 10.3.2. By Product Type
    • 10.3.3. By Distribution Channel
  • 10.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 10.4.1. India
    • 10.4.2. Southeast Asia
    • 10.4.3. ANZ
    • 10.4.4. Rest of South Asia & Oceania
  • 10.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product Type, 2025-2032
    • 10.5.1. Fermented Beverages
    • 10.5.2. Non-fermented Beverages
    • 10.5.3. Alcoholic Beverages
  • 10.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2025-2032
    • 10.6.1. Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
    • 10.6.2. Specialty Stores
    • 10.6.3. Convenience Stores
    • 10.6.4. Online Retail
    • 10.6.5. On-premise
    • 10.6.6. Others
  • 10.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

11. Latin America RTD Alcoholic Beverages Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 11.1. Key Highlights
  • 11.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 11.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 11.3.1. By Country
    • 11.3.2. By Product Type
    • 11.3.3. By Distribution Channel
  • 11.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 11.4.1. Brazil
    • 11.4.2. Mexico
    • 11.4.3. Rest of Latin America
  • 11.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product Type, 2025-2032
    • 11.5.1. Fermented Beverages
    • 11.5.2. Non-fermented Beverages
    • 11.5.3. Alcoholic Beverages
  • 11.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2025-2032
    • 11.6.1. Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
    • 11.6.2. Specialty Stores
    • 11.6.3. Convenience Stores
    • 11.6.4. Online Retail
    • 11.6.5. On-premise
    • 11.6.6. Others
  • 11.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

12. Middle East & Africa RTD Alcoholic Beverages Market Outlook: Historical (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2032)

  • 12.1. Key Highlights
  • 12.2. Pricing Analysis
  • 12.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 12.3.1. By Country
    • 12.3.2. By Product Type
    • 12.3.3. By Distribution Channel
  • 12.4. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 12.4.1. GCC Countries
    • 12.4.2. Egypt
    • 12.4.3. South Africa
    • 12.4.4. Northern Africa
    • 12.4.5. Rest of Middle East & Africa
  • 12.5. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Product Type, 2025-2032
    • 12.5.1. Fermented Beverages
    • 12.5.2. Non-fermented Beverages
    • 12.5.3. Alcoholic Beverages
  • 12.6. Current Market Size (US$ Bn) Analysis and Forecast, By Distribution Channel, 2025-2032
    • 12.6.1. Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
    • 12.6.2. Specialty Stores
    • 12.6.3. Convenience Stores
    • 12.6.4. Online Retail
    • 12.6.5. On-premise
    • 12.6.6. Others
  • 12.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

13. Competition Landscape

  • 13.1. Market Share Analysis, 2025
  • 13.2. Market Structure
    • 13.2.1. Competition Intensity Mapping By Market
    • 13.2.2. Competition Dashboard
  • 13.3. Company Profiles (Details - Overview, Financials, Strategy, Recent Developments)
    • 13.3.1. Abbott Laboratories Inc.
      • 13.3.1.1. Overview
      • 13.3.1.2. Segments and Products
      • 13.3.1.3. Key Financials
      • 13.3.1.4. Market Developments
      • 13.3.1.5. Market Strategy
    • 13.3.2. Bacardi Limited
    • 13.3.3. Danone S.A
    • 13.3.4. Del Monte Foods, Inc.
    • 13.3.5. Diageo PLC.
    • 13.3.6. Keurig Dr. Pepper, Inc.
    • 13.3.7. Molson Coors Brewing Company
    • 13.3.8. Nestle S.A.
    • 13.3.9. PepsiCo., Inc.
    • 13.3.10. Pernod Ricard
    • 13.3.11. Rauch Fruchtsafte GmbH & Co OG
    • 13.3.12. Suntory Holdings Limited
    • 13.3.13. The Coca-Cola Company
    • 13.3.14. Yakult Honsha Co. Ltd.
    • 13.3.15. Other Players

14. Appendix

  • 14.1. Research Methodology
  • 14.2. Research Assumptions
  • 14.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations