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市場調查報告書
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1878109

監管營運外包市場-2025年至2030年預測

Regulatory Affairs Outsourcing Market - Forecasts from 2025 to 2030

出版日期: | 出版商: Knowledge Sourcing Intelligence | 英文 146 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

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簡介目錄

監管營運外包市場預計將從 2025 年的 83.69 億美元成長到 2030 年的 124.93 億美元,複合年成長率為 8.34%。

監管外包市場的根本驅動力在於應對日益複雜且瞬息萬變的全球法規環境所帶來的財務負擔。隨著生命科學公司專注於創新和市場拓展,合約監管機構提供的專業化、擴充性的知識和技能正從戰術性的成本節約措施轉變為一項策略性需求。這種轉變在高成長領域尤其明顯,例如複雜的生物製藥和先進治療方法,這些領域需要加快核准流程並滿足獨特的技術文件要求,因此需要掌握複雜且最新的監管資訊,而只有大規模內部部門才能在所有司法管轄區內維護這些資訊。

主要市場成長促進因素

推動需求成長的關鍵因素是全球監管要求的日益複雜和繁多。監管機構不斷提高對產品安全性、有效性和品管系統的要求。諸如歐盟醫療設備法規 (MDR) 和體外診斷醫療設備法規 (IVDR) 等嚴格的新框架的實施,直接加重了製造商的合規負擔。這導致對專業外包服務的需求持續成長,尤其是來自缺乏完善內部基礎設施來獨立應對這些複雜要求的中小企業 (SME)。

此外,臨床試驗和產品上市的全球化催生了對跨多個司法管轄區監管資訊的巨大需求。尋求進入多元化國際市場的公司需要深厚的本地專業知識,以提供法律代理、備案流程以及遵守各國特定法規。外包能夠即時提供這種分散的全球專業知識,從而加快產品上市速度,有效消除設立衛星監管辦事處所帶來的行政負擔和高成本。基因和細胞療法等科學領域的不斷發展也需要外包,因為這些新型產品的法規結構仍在不斷演變,需要獨特且前沿的策略諮詢服務。

主要挑戰和機遇

市場面臨的一項關鍵挑戰是依賴知識移轉及其後續品管問題所帶來的風險。當關鍵的監管策略和業務知識完全掌握在外包合作夥伴手中時,客戶公司很容易受到服務中斷和績效波動的影響,這可能會嚴重延誤產品核可。

儘管有上述限制,但供應商仍擁有開發更整合、技術主導解決方案的巨大機會。整個產業正朝著數位化、數據驅動的監管流程轉型,這推動了對能夠整合先進的監管資訊管理軟體平台並利用高級分析技術進行合規性檢查和快速生成文件的合作夥伴的需求。這種技術需求為能夠提供高科技、端到端監管營運服務的供應商創造了巨大的成長空間。

政府法規的影響

法規環境本身就是該市場的潛在需求促進因素。政府法規日益複雜,推動了對外包專業知識的需求。在歐盟,對臨床證據和技術文件的更嚴格要求直接推動了外包需求的成長,尤其是來自需要修改舊版技術文件的醫療設備製造商的需求。在美國,對電子提交的重視以及監管文件中新型數據類型的使用,催生了對監管工作外包和專業諮詢服務的需求,以跟上不斷變化的標準。

詳細細分市場分析

按服務類別:臨床和監管支持

受專業藥物研發加速推進的推動,臨床監管支持的需求正爆炸性成長。從傳統臨床試驗轉向創新、複雜的試驗設計,使得技術和監管的複雜性日益增加。每一種非標準設計都需要新的監管策略以及與監管機構的專家合作。此外,隨著臨床試驗在全球範圍內擴展至新興市場,專業的外部服務對於管理多個國家/地區的特定申報和報告要求至關重要——這項任務對於企業內部團隊而言往往不堪重負。

按最終用戶分類:製藥和生物技術公司

製藥和生物技術公司是最大的終端用戶群。其核心需求促進因素是簡化高成本且耗時的研發流程的壓力,以及日益複雜的上市後合規環境。這些公司正在將部分職能外包,以便將內部資金和人才集中在核心藥物發現和臨床開發活動。尤其是新興生物技術公司,它們正在利用全方位外包模式,即時獲得全面的監管部門支援——這些能力如果自行構建,在財務上將面臨巨大挑戰。

區域市場分析

需求特徵因當地法規結構和市場動態的不同而呈現不同的區域模式:

  • 美國:該市場的特點是,由創新生物技術Start-Ups和大型製藥企業組成的密集生態系統帶來了高價值的需求,而這種需求又受到美國食品藥物管理局 (FDA) 對新型治療方法的複雜要求的驅動。
  • 巴西:需求主要源自於國際公司需要滿足當地衛生監督機構的具體要求,從而產生了對外包本地監管策略和產品註冊服務的巨大需求。
  • 德國:作為醫療設備製造的主要地區,德國正面臨來自歐盟新法規的巨大壓力,導致對技術文件更正和臨床評估報告等外包服務的需求激增。
  • 沙烏地阿拉伯:市場成長受到政府為實現醫療保健現代化所做的努力的推動,需求集中在滿足當地政府對市場准入的要求上。
  • 日本:這個複雜的市場需要專門的服務來管理國內監管機構獨特的審查流程和嚴格標準,特別是對於創新產品而言。

競爭環境

競爭格局的特點是既有提供端到端監管服務的大規模跨國委外研發機構組織(CRO),它們將監管服務納入更廣泛的研發組合;也有專注於特定領域的小規模高度專業化的諮詢公司。競爭的關鍵在於可證明的專業能力、深厚的專家團隊以及與全球衛生監管機構建立的穩固關係。領導主要企業的策略重點是將監管服務深度整合到藥品和醫療設備的整個研發生命週期中,從而將自身定位為加速研發和市場准入的關鍵合作夥伴。

本報告的主要優勢:

  • 深入分析:獲取主要和新興地區的深入市場洞察,重點關注客戶群、政府政策和社會經濟因素、消費者偏好、垂直行業和其他細分市場。
  • 競爭格局:了解全球主要企業的策略舉措,並了解透過正確的策略實現市場滲透的潛力。
  • 市場促進因素與未來趨勢:探索推動市場的動態因素和關鍵趨勢,以及它們將如何塑造未來的市場發展。
  • 可操作的建議:利用洞察力,做出策略決策,在動態環境中發展新的業務流和收入來源。
  • 受眾廣泛:適用於Start-Ups、研究機構、顧問公司、中小企業和大型企業,且經濟實惠。

企業使用我們的報告的目的是什麼?

產業與市場分析、機會評估、產品需求預測、打入市場策略、地理擴張、資本投資決策、法規結構及影響、新產品開發、競爭情報

報告範圍:

  • 2022年至2024年的歷史數據和2025年至2030年的預測數據
  • 成長機會、挑戰、供應鏈前景、法規結構與趨勢分析
  • 競爭定位、策略和市場佔有率分析
  • 按業務板塊和地區分類的收入成長和預測評估,包括國家/地區
  • 公司概況(策略、產品、財務資訊、關鍵發展等)

監管營運外包市場的市場細分

  • 透過服務
  • 監理策略與諮詢
  • 臨床和監管支持
  • 產品註冊
  • 監管文件的編制和發布
  • 法律代理
  • 其他
  • 依產品類型
  • 製藥
  • 生物製藥和生物相似藥
  • 醫療設備
  • 疫苗
  • 其他
  • 最終用戶
  • 製藥和生物技術公司
  • 醫療設備製造商
  • 按地區
  • 北美洲
  • 美國
  • 加拿大
  • 墨西哥
  • 南美洲
  • 巴西
  • 阿根廷
  • 其他
  • 歐洲
  • 德國
  • 法國
  • 英國
  • 西班牙
  • 其他
  • 中東和非洲
  • 沙烏地阿拉伯
  • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
  • 以色列
  • 其他
  • 亞太地區
  • 中國
  • 印度
  • 日本
  • 韓國
  • 印尼
  • 泰國
  • 其他

目錄

第1章執行摘要

第2章 市場概覽

  • 市場概覽
  • 市場定義
  • 調查範圍

第2章 4. 市場區隔

第3章 商業情境

  • 市場促進因素
  • 市場限制
  • 市場機遇
  • 波特五力分析
  • 產業價值鏈分析
  • 政策與法規
  • 策略建議

第4章 技術展望

第5章 依服務分類的監理營運外包市場

  • 介紹
  • 監管事務
  • 臨床試驗申請
  • 產品註冊
  • 監管文件的編制和發布
  • 監理諮詢
  • 法律代理
  • 其他

6. 各地區的監管營運外包市場

  • 介紹
  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 其他
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 法國
    • 英國
    • 西班牙
    • 其他
  • 中東和非洲
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 其他
  • 亞太地區
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韓國
    • 印尼
    • 泰國
    • 其他

第7章 競爭格局與分析

  • 主要企業和策略分析
  • 市佔率分析
  • 合併、收購、協議和合作
  • 競爭對手儀錶板

第8章 公司簡介

  • Syneos Health
  • Genpact
  • CRITERIUM, INC.
  • PRAHEALTHSCIENCES
  • PMI
  • WuXi AppTec
  • Medpace, Inc.
  • Pharmaceutical Product Development, LLC
  • PAREXEL International Corporation
  • IQVIA

第9章附錄

  • 貨幣
  • 先決條件
  • 基準年和預測年時間表
  • 相關人員的主要收益
  • 調查方法
  • 簡稱列表

第1章執行摘要

第2章 市場概覽

  • 市場概覽
  • 市場定義
  • 調查範圍

第2章 4. 市場區隔

第3章 商業情境

  • 市場促進因素
  • 市場限制
  • 市場機遇
  • 波特五力分析
  • 產業價值鏈分析
  • 政策與法規
  • 策略建議

第4章 技術展望

第5章 依服務分類的監理營運外包市場

  • 介紹
  • 監管事務
  • 臨床試驗申請
  • 產品註冊
  • 監管文件的編制和發布
  • 監理諮詢
  • 法律代理
  • 其他

6. 各地區的監管營運外包市場

  • 介紹
  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 其他
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 法國
    • 英國
    • 西班牙
    • 其他
  • 中東和非洲
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國
    • 其他
  • 亞太地區
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韓國
    • 印尼
    • 泰國
    • 其他

第7章 競爭格局與分析

  • 主要企業和策略分析
  • 市佔率分析
  • 合併、收購、協議和合作
  • 競爭對手儀錶板

第8章 公司簡介

  • Syneos Health
  • Genpact
  • CRITERIUM, INC.
  • PRAHEALTHSCIENCES
  • PMI
  • WuXi AppTec
  • Medpace, Inc.
  • Pharmaceutical Product Development, LLC
  • PAREXEL International Corporation
  • IQVIA

第9章附錄

  • 貨幣
  • 先決條件
  • 基準年和預測年時間表
  • 相關人員的主要收益
  • 調查方法
  • 簡稱列表
簡介目錄
Product Code: KSI061611988

The regulatory affairs outsourcing market, at a 8.34% CAGR, is expected to grow from USD 8.369 billion in 2025 to USD 12.493 billion in 2030.

The Regulatory Affairs Outsourcing market is fundamentally driven by the escalating complexity and financial burden of navigating a fragmented and continuously evolving global regulatory environment. As life sciences companies intensify their focus on innovation and market expansion, the specialized, scalable expertise offered by contract regulatory organizations has transitioned from a tactical cost-saving measure to a strategic imperative. This shift is particularly evident in high-growth segments such as complex biologics and advanced therapies, where accelerated approval pathways and unique technical documentation requirements mandate a level of deep, up-to-date regulatory intelligence that is difficult for all but the largest internal departments to maintain across all jurisdictions.

Primary Market Growth Drivers

The primary factor propelling demand is the increasing complexity and volume of regulatory mandates globally. Regulatory bodies are continuously strengthening requirements for product safety, efficacy, and quality management systems. The implementation of stringent new frameworks, such as the European Union's Medical Device Regulation (MDR) and In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR), directly escalates the compliance burden on manufacturers. This creates a persistent and increasing demand for specialized outsourcing services, particularly from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that lack the comprehensive in-house infrastructure to manage these heightened requirements independently.

Furthermore, the globalization of clinical trials and product launches generates a critical demand for multi-jurisdictional regulatory intelligence. Companies seeking to enter diverse international markets require deep local expertise for legal representation, submissions, and adherence to country-specific regulations. Outsourcing provides immediate access to this distributed global competence, effectively eliminating the management overhead and high cost of establishing satellite regulatory offices, thereby accelerating time-to-market. The constant evolution in scientific areas like gene and cell therapies also necessitates outsourcing, as the regulatory frameworks for these novel products are nascent and require unique, cutting-edge strategic consulting.

Critical Challenges and Opportunities

A key challenge facing the market is the risk associated with knowledge transfer dependency and subsequent quality control issues. When critical regulatory strategy and operational knowledge reside exclusively with an outsourcing partner, the client company becomes vulnerable to service disruptions or performance inconsistencies, which can critically delay product approvals.

This constraint is counterbalanced by a significant opportunity for providers to develop more integrated, technology-driven solutions. The industry-wide shift toward digital and data-driven regulatory processes creates a demand for partners capable of integrating sophisticated regulatory information management software platforms and leveraging advanced analytics for compliance checks and expedited documentation generation. This technological imperative represents a substantial growth avenue for providers who can offer high-tech, end-to-end regulatory operations services.

Government Regulatory Impact

The regulatory environment itself is the foundational demand driver for this market. Government regulations continuously increase the complexity and demand for outsourced expertise. In the European Union, stricter requirements for clinical evidence and technical documentation directly increase demand for outsourcing, especially from medical device manufacturers needing to remediate legacy technical files. In the United States, the emphasis on electronic submissions and the use of novel data types in regulatory dossiers creates demand for outsourced regulatory operations and specialized consulting expertise to navigate these evolving standards.

In-Depth Segment Analysis

By Service: Clinical Regulatory Support

Demand for Clinical Regulatory Support is surging, primarily fueled by the acceleration of specialized drug development. The shift from traditional clinical trials to innovative, complex designs introduces a higher degree of technical and regulatory complexity. Each non-standard design requires novel regulatory strategies and expert interaction with health authorities. Furthermore, the global expansion of clinical trials into emerging markets necessitates specialized outsourcing to manage multiple country-specific applications and reporting requirements, a task that often overwhelms in-house teams.

By End-User: Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies

Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology companies represent the largest end-user segment. The core demand driver is the pressure to reduce the high-cost, long-duration R&D process while navigating an increasingly complex post-market compliance landscape. These companies outsource to focus internal capital and talent on core drug discovery and clinical development. Emerging biotech firms, in particular, utilize a full-service outsourcing model to instantly access a comprehensive regulatory department, a capability that would be financially prohibitive to build internally.

Geographical Market Analysis

Demand characteristics exhibit distinct regional patterns driven by local regulatory frameworks and market dynamics:

  • United States: The market is characterized by high-value demand from a dense ecosystem of innovative biotech startups and large pharmaceutical firms, driven by the complexity of FDA requirements for novel therapies.
  • Brazil: Demand is largely influenced by the need for international companies to navigate the specific requirements of the local health surveillance agency, creating significant need for outsourced local regulatory strategy and product registration services.
  • Germany: As a major hub for medical device manufacturing, the market faces immense pressure from new EU regulations, generating a massive demand spike for outsourced technical documentation remediation and clinical evaluation report updates.
  • Saudi Arabia: Market growth is driven by government initiatives to modernize healthcare, with demand centered on achieving compliance with local authority requirements for market access.
  • Japan: This sophisticated market demands specialized services to manage the unique review processes and rigorous standards of the national regulatory agency, particularly for innovative products.

Competitive Environment

The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of large, multinational Contract Research Organizations (CROs) that offer end-to-end regulatory services as part of a broader development portfolio and smaller, highly specialized consulting firms focusing on niche areas. Competition hinges on verifiable expertise, a deep bench of subject matter experts, and established relationships with global health authorities. The strategic focus for leading players is on integrating regulatory services deeply into the broader drug and device development lifecycle, positioning themselves as essential partners for acceleration and market access.

Key Benefits of this Report:

  • Insightful Analysis: Gain detailed market insights covering major as well as emerging geographical regions, focusing on customer segments, government policies and socio-economic factors, consumer preferences, industry verticals, and other sub-segments.
  • Competitive Landscape: Understand the strategic maneuvers employed by key players globally to understand possible market penetration with the correct strategy.
  • Market Drivers & Future Trends: Explore the dynamic factors and pivotal market trends and how they will shape future market developments.
  • Actionable Recommendations: Utilize the insights to exercise strategic decisions to uncover new business streams and revenues in a dynamic environment.
  • Caters to a Wide Audience: Beneficial and cost-effective for startups, research institutions, consultants, SMEs, and large enterprises.

What do businesses use our reports for?

Industry and Market Insights, Opportunity Assessment, Product Demand Forecasting, Market Entry Strategy, Geographical Expansion, Capital Investment Decisions, Regulatory Framework & Implications, New Product Development, Competitive Intelligence

Report Coverage:

  • Historical data from 2022 to 2024 & forecast data from 2025 to 2030
  • Growth Opportunities, Challenges, Supply Chain Outlook, Regulatory Framework, and Trend Analysis
  • Competitive Positioning, Strategies, and Market Share Analysis
  • Revenue Growth and Forecast Assessment of segments and regions including countries
  • Company Profiling (Strategies, Products, Financial Information, and Key Developments among others.

Regulatory Affairs Outsourcing Market Segmentation

  • By Service
  • Regulatory Strategy & Consulting
  • Clinical Regulatory Support
  • Product Registrations
  • Regulatory Writing and Publishing
  • Legal Representation
  • Others
  • By Product Type
  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Biologics & Biosimilars
  • Medical Devices
  • Vaccines
  • Others
  • By End-User
  • Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies
  • Medical Device Companies
  • By Geography
  • North America
  • USA
  • Canada
  • Mexico
  • South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Others
  • Europe
  • Germany
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Spain
  • Others
  • Middle East and Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE
  • Israel
  • Others
  • Asia Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • Indonesia
  • Thailand
  • Others

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2. MARKET SNAPSHOT

  • 2.1. Market Overview
  • 2.2. Market Definition
  • 2.3. Scope of the Study

2.4. Market Segmentation

3. BUSINESS LANDSCAPE

  • 3.1. Market Drivers
  • 3.2. Market Restraints
  • 3.3. Market Opportunities
  • 3.4. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
  • 3.5. Industry Value Chain Analysis
  • 3.6. Policies and Regulations
  • 3.7. Strategic Recommendations

4. TECHNOLOGICAL OUTLOOK

5. REGULATORY AFFAIRS OUTSOURCING MARKET BY SERVICES

  • 5.1. Introduction
  • 5.2. Regulatory Affairs
  • 5.3. Clinical Trial Applications
  • 5.4. Product Registrations
  • 5.5. Regulatory Writing and Publishing
  • 5.6. Regulatory Consulting
  • 5.7. Legal Representation
  • 5.8. Others

6. REGULATORY AFFAIRS OUTSOURCING MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY

  • 6.1. Introduction
  • 6.2. North America
    • 6.2.1. USA
    • 6.2.2. Canada
    • 6.2.3. Mexico
  • 6.3. South America
    • 6.3.1. Brazil
    • 6.3.2. Argentina
    • 6.3.3. Others
  • 6.4. Europe
    • 6.4.1. Germany
    • 6.4.2. France
    • 6.4.3. United Kingdom
    • 6.4.4. Spain
    • 6.4.5. Others
  • 6.5. Middle East and Africa
    • 6.5.1. Saudi Arabia
    • 6.5.2. UAE
    • 6.5.3. Others
  • 6.6. Asia Pacific
    • 6.6.1. China
    • 6.6.2. India
    • 6.6.3. Japan
    • 6.6.4. South Korea
    • 6.6.5. Indonesia
    • 6.6.6. Thailand
    • 6.6.7. Others

7. COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT AND ANALYSIS

  • 7.1. Major Players and Strategy Analysis
  • 7.2. Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3. Mergers, Acquisitions, Agreements, and Collaborations
  • 7.4. Competitive Dashboard

8. COMPANY PROFILES

  • 8.1. Syneos Health
  • 8.2. Genpact
  • 8.3. CRITERIUM, INC.
  • 8.4. PRAHEALTHSCIENCES
  • 8.5. PMI
  • 8.6. WuXi AppTec
  • 8.7. Medpace, Inc.
  • 8.8. Pharmaceutical Product Development, LLC
  • 8.9. PAREXEL International Corporation
  • 8.10. IQVIA

9. APPENDIX

  • 9.1. Currency
  • 9.2. Assumptions
  • 9.3. Base and Forecast Years Timeline
  • 9.4. Key Benefits for the Stakeholders
  • 9.5. Research Methodology
  • 9.6. Abbreviations

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2. MARKET SNAPSHOT

  • 2.1. Market Overview
  • 2.2. Market Definition
  • 2.3. Scope of the Study

2.4. Market Segmentation

3. BUSINESS LANDSCAPE

  • 3.1. Market Drivers
  • 3.2. Market Restraints
  • 3.3. Market Opportunities
  • 3.4. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
  • 3.5. Industry Value Chain Analysis
  • 3.6. Policies and Regulations
  • 3.7. Strategic Recommendations

4. TECHNOLOGICAL OUTLOOK

5. REGULATORY AFFAIRS OUTSOURCING MARKET BY SERVICES

  • 5.1. Introduction
  • 5.2. Regulatory Affairs
  • 5.3. Clinical Trial Applications
  • 5.4. Product Registrations
  • 5.5. Regulatory Writing and Publishing
  • 5.6. Regulatory Consulting
  • 5.7. Legal Representation
  • 5.8. Others

6. REGULATORY AFFAIRS OUTSOURCING MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY

  • 6.1. Introduction
  • 6.2. North America
    • 6.2.1. USA
    • 6.2.2. Canada
    • 6.2.3. Mexico
  • 6.3. South America
    • 6.3.1. Brazil
    • 6.3.2. Argentina
    • 6.3.3. Others
  • 6.4. Europe
    • 6.4.1. Germany
    • 6.4.2. France
    • 6.4.3. United Kingdom
    • 6.4.4. Spain
    • 6.4.5. Others
  • 6.5. Middle East and Africa
    • 6.5.1. Saudi Arabia
    • 6.5.2. UAE
    • 6.5.3. Others
  • 6.6. Asia Pacific
    • 6.6.1. China
    • 6.6.2. India
    • 6.6.3. Japan
    • 6.6.4. South Korea
    • 6.6.5. Indonesia
    • 6.6.6. Thailand
    • 6.6.7. Others

7. COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT AND ANALYSIS

  • 7.1. Major Players and Strategy Analysis
  • 7.2. Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3. Mergers, Acquisitions, Agreements, and Collaborations
  • 7.4. Competitive Dashboard

8. COMPANY PROFILES

  • 8.1. Syneos Health
  • 8.2. Genpact
  • 8.3. CRITERIUM, INC.
  • 8.4. PRAHEALTHSCIENCES
  • 8.5. PMI
  • 8.6. WuXi AppTec
  • 8.7. Medpace, Inc.
  • 8.8. Pharmaceutical Product Development, LLC
  • 8.9. PAREXEL International Corporation
  • 8.10. IQVIA

9. APPENDIX

  • 9.1. Currency
  • 9.2. Assumptions
  • 9.3. Base and Forecast Years Timeline
  • 9.4. Key Benefits for the Stakeholders
  • 9.5. Research Methodology
  • 9.6. Abbreviations