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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
2100183
海上管道市場-2026-2032年全球市場預測Offshore Pipeline Market - Global Forecast 2026-2032 |
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預計到 2032 年,海上管道市場規模將成長至 253.9 億美元,複合年成長率為 5.29%。
| 主要市場統計數據 | |
|---|---|
| 基準年 2025 | 177億美元 |
| 預計年份:2026年 | 186億美元 |
| 預測年份 2032 | 253.9億美元 |
| 複合年成長率 (%) | 5.29% |
海上管道系統仍是連接海上油田、加工中心、液化設施、出口碼頭和陸上能源網路,輸送原油、天然氣、冷凝油、二氧化碳、氫氣相容於混合氣體和生產水的關鍵基礎設施。該產業的發展受到深海開發、棕地回接、海底壓縮、浮體式生產基礎設施、跨境天然氣供應安全優先事項以及日益嚴格的完整性和環境要求等因素的影響。對可靠海底管線基礎設施的需求源於以下幾個方面:連接偏遠儲存、透過天然氣貨幣化減少常規燃燒、增強海上能源的韌性以及推動新興的碳捕獲、利用和儲存(CCUS)價值鏈。同時,海上管道營運商面臨複雜的技術風險,包括腐蝕、自由跨度疲勞、地質災害、水合物形成、蠟沉積、第三方損壞、極端天氣條件的影響以及深海環境中的檢測限制。隨著各國政府收緊甲烷排放法規、海洋許可要求和退役義務,高水準的工程設計、穩健的風險管理、數位化完整性監測以及基於生命週期的資產規劃對於專案執行至關重要。因此,海洋管道產業正從傳統的油氣運輸領域轉型為連接能源安全、脫碳、海洋產業化和海底技術創新的戰略基礎設施領域。
受深水開發、更長回接距離、更嚴苛的作業環境以及日益重視減排和能源安全的政策推動,海上管道產業正經歷變革性的變化。連接海底與海岸線以及油田之間的管道系統擴大採用先進的耐腐蝕合金、機械襯裡管道、高性能儲存、陰極防蝕系統和增強型流動保障解決方案,以應對高壓、高溫油藏和酸性環境。營運商也優先考慮採用電氣化海底架構、海底泵和壓縮技術,這些技術可以提高採收率,同時減少對地面基礎設施的需求。在發生多起備受矚目的海上事故後,監管機構和相關人員的審查力度加大,管道健康管理、環境基準調查、緊急應變計畫和透明的退役策略成為專案核准的關鍵。另一個重大轉變是,海上管道走廊預計將被改造和新建設,用於二氧化碳的運輸和儲存,尤其是在枯竭的海上儲存和鹹水含水層附近。輸送高濃度二氧化碳面臨許多獨特的挑戰,例如裂紋控制、雜質管理、脫水和材料相容性等,這些都改變了技術要求。此外,隨著各國尋求確保天然氣來源多元化、發展國內海上天然氣生產並建立安全的出口路線,地緣政治格局的轉變也正在重塑管道選址和投資重點。這些變化正推動產業向模組化建造、數位孿生、自主檢測、即時洩漏檢測和一體化海底資產管理等領域發展。
人工智慧 (AI) 正在對海上管道的設計、建造、運作、檢測、維護和退役的各個階段產生累積影響。在工程領域,AI 驅動的建模透過整合測深資料、海底資料、地震風險、氣象和海洋條件、環境限制以及橫斷面要求,幫助最佳化管道線路。在建造階段,機器學習工具可用於改善焊接品質分析、無損檢測結果解讀、鋪管船生產率分析以及可用工期規劃。對於運作中資產,AI 驅動的預測性維護結合了來自壓力、溫度、流量、振動、聲學、腐蝕探針、遠程操作車輛(ROV)、自主水下航行器 (AUV) 和衛星的數據,以便在健康異常惡化之前識別它們。基於 AI 的洩漏檢測可以透過識別細微的運行偏差來增強傳統的品質平衡和瞬態模型,但高品質的感測器校準、網路安全措施和人工檢驗對於防止誤報和漏報至關重要。電腦視覺技術日益廣泛地應用於海底檢測影像分析,以檢測塗層損傷、自由跨度、碎屑相互作用、陽極磨損和外部腐蝕等徵兆。人工智慧也透過預測不同儲存和運作條件下水合物、段塞流、蠟和瀝青質的風險,提升了流動保障。其最大的戰略價值在於將人工智慧與數位孿生技術和基於風險的檢測程序相結合,使營運商能夠在不影響安全的前提下,優先處理干預措施,延長資產壽命,減少意外停機時間,並提高合規性。
亞太地區的特點是海上天然氣開發不斷擴張、液化天然氣相關基礎設施不斷完善,以及橫跨淺水至深水、涵蓋成熟盆地和前沿區域的複雜管道網路,其在能源安全、進口替代和海上碳儲存方面的巨大潛力吸引了區域關注。歐洲海上管道格局受北海成熟基礎設施、跨境天然氣互聯、退役義務、甲烷減排法規、與離岸風力發電的共存以及利用枯竭海上儲存加速捕碳封存(CCS)舉措等因素的影響。北美受益於墨西哥灣技術先進的海上作業、嚴格的管道安全監管、積極的海底回接開發以及對海上碳運輸走廊與產業叢集日益成長的興趣。拉丁美洲尤其關注鹽層下下層的深水和超深水作業以及海上天然氣商業化項目,這需要長距離海底管線、立管、輸油管線和出口系統來承受高壓、腐蝕和惡劣的海底環境。在非洲,海上管道格局複雜多樣,涵蓋西非的深海油氣開發、東非新興的天然氣出口基礎設施,以及日益重視國內天然氣利用、區域能源取得和韌性海上基礎設施的政策。在中東,儘管大規模油氣生產、島嶼加工、天然氣回注和出口作業仍然依賴海上管道網路,但針對高溫、酸性氣體和腐蝕性環境的強化完整性控制也在不斷實施。在所有地區,監管合規、環境保護、海底偵測能力和熟練的技術人員都是影響海上管道可靠性的關鍵因素。
北約成員國日益重視保護關鍵海底基礎設施、提升網路韌性、增強海上態勢感知能力和加強跨境合作,尤其是在海底能源和通訊資產脆弱性日益受到關注的情況下。七國集團(G7)國家通常在海上管道的安全管治、環境監測、數位化檢測實施和碳管理政策方面發揮主導作用,支持先進的完整性管理和低排放海上作業。金磚國家連接著主要的海上生產商、快速成長的能源消費國以及投資於深海生產、國內天然氣安全和戰略性水下基礎設施的國家,由此產生了從北極和深海系統到熱帶鹽層下環境等各種不同的技術需求。歐盟(EU)專注於跨境能源安全、甲烷監管、海上基礎設施再利用和碳運輸網路,並正在製定政策框架以促進更安全的資產管理和脫碳產業叢集。東協的海上管道活動與天然氣供應密切相關,這些天然氣供應用於發電、液化天然氣(LNG)進出口系統以及需要回接、延壽和改進熱帶海洋環境中完整性的成熟海上油田。海灣合作理事會(GCC)的特點是擁有龐大的海上油氣基礎設施、大規模酸性天然氣加工、海上島嶼開發以及支持在嚴苛溫度和腐蝕性環境下進行生產、回注、加工和出口策略的管道網路。這些國家共同表明,海上管道建設的優先事項不再僅僅取決於產量的增加,而是日益體現出能源安全、工業脫碳、海上安全和基礎設施韌性等因素。
中國正擴大海上天然氣生產、海底工程能力和國內深海開發能力,以增強能源安全。同時,美國憑藉其墨西哥灣海底基礎設施、嚴格的聯邦安全監管、深海回接以及沿海工業區新興的碳儲存機遇,繼續保持海上管道領域的領先地位。日本依靠其海上能源供應的韌性、液化天然氣互操作系統和先進的檢測技術,而印度則專注於海上天然氣貨幣化、進口基礎設施建設以及擴大沿海地區的能源需求。德國海上管道的重要性體現在其天然氣進口安全、與北海的連接、氫能應用討論以及工業脫碳走廊建設等方面,而英國則以其成熟的北海資產、退役計劃、海上碳儲存項目和基礎設施再利用戰略為特徵。澳洲將海上天然氣出口基礎設施、長距離海底管線和碳儲存機會相結合,而法國則在更廣泛的歐洲能源轉型框架內,專注於海洋環境法規、能源安全和海上基礎設施標準。韓國在造船、海洋工程、液化天然氣基礎設施以及海底建設和監測技術開發方面發揮重要作用。義大利作為地中海能源門戶,憑藉其海上管道網路,在天然氣多元化、液化天然氣互聯互通和區域供應安全方面發揮著至關重要的作用。加拿大海上管道的重要性取決於大西洋的海上生產、惡劣天氣條件下的工程建設、北極和亞北極地區的考量以及嚴格的環境審查要求。俄羅斯在海上和海底管線擁有豐富的經驗,包括出口導向天然氣基礎設施、北極地區的技術挑戰以及地緣政治敏感的路線選擇考量。巴西是深水和超深水區的主要海上管道樞紐,鹽層下下層的開發需要整合高壓輸氣管線、天然氣出口路線、軟性立管、防腐蝕措施和先進的海底處理系統。墨西哥正在推動墨西哥灣的海上油氣開發,同時兼顧政府主導的基礎設施建設優先事項、私營部門的技術參與以及管道現代化改造,以確保管道的完整性。西班牙是地中海和大西洋的另一個能源門戶,其海上管道網路支持天然氣來源多樣化、液化天然氣連接和區域供應穩定。
行業領導者應優先考慮貫穿整個生命週期的健康管理,從概念選擇到退役,並透過利用基於風險的測試、檢驗的材料認證、先進的腐蝕防護和流動保障建模來降低營運不確定性。企劃團隊應將數位孿生、人工智慧驅動的異常檢測和自主測試整合到資產策略中,同時保持人工監督、透明的審計追蹤和強大的網路安全。海上管線開發商應在設計階段(如技術可行)評估碳輸送能力、氫相容性和未來基礎設施再利用潛力,尤其是在工業叢集和枯竭的海上儲存附近。運營商應透過改進甲烷監測、洩漏檢測、溢油緊急應變能力、海洋棲息地保護以及在授權和運營過程中加強相關人員溝通,來強化環境和社會治理。除了對關鍵管道材料、塗層系統、閥門、海底連接器和檢測服務進行雙重採購外,還應透過制定切合實際的船舶運轉率計劃來增強供應鏈管治。領導者也應提升員工在水下機器人、焊接品質分析、地質災害評估、數位完整性平台和法規遵循方面的能力。對於跨境和安全關鍵型資產,各組織應與海事當局合作,加強海底基礎設施監測、緊急維修計畫和網路實體風險管理。最具競爭力的策略是將技術可靠性、合規性、脫碳準備和數據驅動營運相結合。
本執行摘要採用系統性的二手研究方法檢驗,重點關注經核實的公共領域和行業認可的資訊來源,包括政府能源機構、海事安全監管機構、環境主管部門、標準化機構、政府間能源機構、技術指導文件、學術出版物以及公開的項目和政策記錄。研究途徑著重於定性檢驗,而非市場規模計算、估算、佔有率計算或預測。評估的關鍵主題包括海上管道設計、建造、完整性管理、檢測技術、監管趨勢、碳運輸準備、區域海上活動以及能源安全優先事項。數據盡可能與多個可靠來源進行交叉核對,以確保一致性,並將洞察結果整合起來,以反映當前的行業狀況,而不依賴宣傳性標語或檢驗的預測。從海上資源開發、海底工程成熟度、法規環境、基礎設施韌性和脫碳政策等方面評估了區域、集團和國家觀點的情況。本調查方法排除了公司層面的廣告,而是專注於與海上能源基礎設施決策者相關的行業促進因素、風險和營運影響。
隨著傳統油氣運輸需求與能源安全、減排、碳管理以及關鍵海底基礎設施保護等目標日益融合,海上管道基礎設施正步入一個更加複雜和戰略性的階段。該行業未來的競爭力將取決於其能否設計出適用於深海、惡劣、腐蝕性和高壓環境的可靠系統,同時提升透明度、環境績效和營運韌性。人工智慧、數位孿生、自主海底檢測和先進的洩漏檢測技術正在變革健康管理,但其價值在於檢驗的數據品質、專家解讀和健全的管治。區域趨勢顯示出廣泛的優先事項,從歐洲成熟油氣天然氣田的退役和基礎設施再利用,到拉丁美洲深海開發的擴張,再到亞太地區海上天然氣供應的穩定,中東的大規模生產網路,以及非洲的新發展機會。對於行業領導者而言,最有效的前進方向是使管道設計和營運與整個生命週期的安全、脫碳方案、監管準備以及網路物理韌性保持一致。隨著海上管道繼續成為全球能源系統的重要基礎設施,並成為低碳海上價值鏈的潛在驅動力,它們的角色正在擴大。
The Offshore Pipeline Market is projected to grow by USD 25.39 billion at a CAGR of 5.29% by 2032.
| KEY MARKET STATISTICS | |
|---|---|
| Base Year [2025] | USD 17.70 billion |
| Estimated Year [2026] | USD 18.60 billion |
| Forecast Year [2032] | USD 25.39 billion |
| CAGR (%) | 5.29% |
Offshore pipeline systems remain a critical backbone for moving crude oil, natural gas, condensates, carbon dioxide, hydrogen-ready gas blends, and produced water between offshore fields, processing hubs, liquefaction facilities, export terminals, and onshore energy networks. The sector is shaped by deepwater development, brownfield tiebacks, subsea compression, floating production infrastructure, cross-border gas security priorities, and increasingly stringent integrity and environmental requirements. Demand for reliable subsea pipeline infrastructure is supported by the need to connect remote reservoirs, reduce routine flaring through gas monetization, improve offshore energy resilience, and enable emerging carbon capture, utilization, and storage value chains. At the same time, offshore pipeline operators face complex technical risks, including corrosion, free-span fatigue, geohazards, hydrate formation, wax deposition, third-party damage, extreme weather exposure, and inspection limitations in deepwater environments. As governments tighten methane emissions rules, marine permitting conditions, and decommissioning obligations, project execution now depends on high-specification engineering, robust risk management, digital integrity monitoring, and lifecycle-based asset planning. The offshore pipeline landscape is therefore transitioning from a conventional hydrocarbon transport segment into a strategic infrastructure domain linking energy security, decarbonization, offshore industrialization, and subsea technology innovation.
The offshore pipeline industry is undergoing transformative shifts driven by deeper water developments, longer tieback distances, harsher operating environments, and a stronger policy focus on emissions reduction and energy security. Subsea-to-beach and inter-field pipeline systems are increasingly being designed with advanced corrosion-resistant alloys, mechanically lined pipe, high-performance coatings, cathodic protection systems, and enhanced flow assurance solutions to support high-pressure, high-temperature reservoirs and sour service conditions. Operators are also prioritizing electrified subsea architecture, subsea pumping, and compression technologies that can improve recovery while reducing topside infrastructure needs. Regulatory and stakeholder scrutiny has intensified after high-profile offshore incidents, making pipeline integrity management, environmental baseline studies, emergency response planning, and transparent decommissioning strategies central to project approval. Another major shift is the repurposing and new-build potential of offshore pipeline corridors for carbon dioxide transport and storage, particularly near depleted offshore reservoirs and saline aquifers. This is changing engineering requirements because dense-phase carbon dioxide introduces specific fracture control, impurity management, dehydration, and material compatibility considerations. Geopolitical changes are also reshaping pipeline routing and investment priorities as countries seek diversified gas supply, domestic offshore production, and secure export routes. These changes are pushing the sector toward modular construction, digital twins, autonomous inspection, real-time leak detection, and integrated subsea asset management.
Artificial intelligence is having a cumulative impact across offshore pipeline design, construction, operation, inspection, maintenance, and decommissioning. In engineering, AI-assisted modeling supports route optimization by integrating bathymetry, seabed geotechnical data, seismic risk, metocean conditions, environmental constraints, and crossing requirements. During construction, machine learning tools can improve weld quality analytics, non-destructive testing interpretation, lay vessel productivity analysis, and weather-window planning. For operating assets, AI-enabled predictive maintenance combines pressure, temperature, flow, vibration, acoustic, corrosion probe, remotely operated vehicle, autonomous underwater vehicle, and satellite-derived data to identify integrity anomalies before they escalate. AI-based leak detection can enhance conventional mass balance and transient models by recognizing subtle operational deviations, although such systems require high-quality sensor calibration, cybersecurity controls, and human validation to avoid false positives or missed events. Computer vision is increasingly used to interpret subsea inspection footage, detect coating damage, free spans, debris interaction, anode depletion, and external corrosion indicators. AI also improves flow assurance through hydrate, slugging, wax, and asphaltene risk prediction under changing reservoir and operating conditions. The largest strategic value comes from connecting AI with digital twins and risk-based inspection programs, enabling operators to prioritize interventions, extend asset life, reduce unplanned shutdowns, and strengthen regulatory compliance without compromising safety.
Asia-Pacific is characterized by expanding offshore gas development, LNG-linked infrastructure, and complex shallow-to-deepwater pipeline networks across mature basins and frontier areas, with regional attention on energy security, import substitution, and offshore carbon storage potential. Europe's offshore pipeline landscape is shaped by mature North Sea infrastructure, cross-border gas interconnectivity, decommissioning obligations, methane reduction rules, offshore wind coexistence, and accelerating carbon capture and storage initiatives using depleted offshore reservoirs. North America benefits from technically advanced offshore operations in the Gulf of Mexico, stringent pipeline safety oversight, active subsea tieback development, and growing interest in offshore carbon dioxide transport corridors linked to industrial clusters. Latin America is anchored by deepwater and ultra-deepwater activity, particularly in pre-salt and offshore gas monetization projects, where long-distance subsea pipelines, risers, flowlines, and export systems must address high pressure, corrosion, and challenging seabed conditions. Africa presents a diverse offshore pipeline profile, with deepwater oil and gas development in West Africa, emerging gas export infrastructure in East Africa, and growing policy emphasis on domestic gas utilization, regional energy access, and resilient marine infrastructure. The Middle East continues to rely on offshore pipeline networks for large-scale oil and gas production, island-based processing, gas reinjection, and export operations, while also adopting enhanced integrity management in high-temperature, sour, and corrosive environments. Across all regions, regulatory alignment, environmental protection, subsea inspection capacity, and skilled engineering resources are decisive factors for offshore pipeline reliability.
NATO members place additional emphasis on critical seabed infrastructure protection, cyber resilience, maritime domain awareness, and cross-border coordination, particularly after increased concern over the vulnerability of subsea energy and communication assets. G7 countries generally lead in offshore pipeline safety governance, environmental oversight, digital inspection adoption, and carbon management policy, supporting advanced integrity management and lower-emission offshore operations. BRICS economies bring together major offshore producers, fast-growing energy consumers, and countries investing in deepwater production, domestic gas security, and strategic subsea infrastructure, creating diverse technical requirements from Arctic and deepwater systems to tropical pre-salt environments. The European Union emphasizes cross-border energy security, methane regulation, offshore infrastructure repurposing, and carbon dioxide transport networks, with policy frameworks encouraging safer asset management and decarbonized industrial clusters. ASEAN's offshore pipeline activity is closely tied to natural gas supply for power generation, LNG import and export systems, and mature offshore fields requiring tiebacks, life extension, and integrity upgrades in tropical marine conditions. The GCC is distinguished by extensive offshore oil and gas infrastructure, large-scale sour gas handling, offshore island developments, and pipeline networks supporting production, reinjection, processing, and export strategies under demanding temperature and corrosion profiles. Together, these country groups show that offshore pipeline priorities are no longer defined only by production growth; they increasingly reflect energy security, industrial decarbonization, marine safety, and infrastructure resilience.
China is expanding offshore gas production, subsea engineering capacity, and domestic deepwater capabilities to strengthen energy security, while the United States remains a leading offshore pipeline environment through Gulf of Mexico subsea infrastructure, rigorous federal safety oversight, deepwater tiebacks, and emerging carbon storage opportunities along industrial coastal regions. Japan relies on maritime energy supply resilience, LNG-linked systems, and advanced inspection technologies, while India is focused on offshore gas monetization, import infrastructure, and coastal energy demand growth. Germany's offshore pipeline relevance is linked to gas import security, North Sea connections, hydrogen-readiness discussions, and industrial decarbonization corridors, while the United Kingdom is shaped by mature North Sea assets, decommissioning programs, offshore carbon storage projects, and infrastructure reuse strategies. Australia combines offshore gas export infrastructure, long-distance subsea pipelines, and carbon storage opportunities, and France focuses on marine environmental regulation, energy security, and offshore infrastructure standards within a broader European transition framework. South Korea's role is supported by shipbuilding, offshore engineering, LNG infrastructure, and technology development for subsea construction and monitoring, while Italy serves as an important Mediterranean energy gateway with offshore pipeline links supporting gas diversification, LNG connectivity, and regional security of supply. Canada's offshore pipeline relevance is influenced by Atlantic offshore production, harsh-weather engineering, Arctic and sub-Arctic considerations, and strong environmental review requirements. Russia has extensive offshore and subsea pipeline experience across export-oriented gas infrastructure, Arctic engineering challenges, and geopolitically sensitive routing considerations. Brazil is a major deepwater and ultra-deepwater offshore pipeline center, with pre-salt developments requiring high-pressure flowlines, gas export routes, flexible risers, corrosion control, and advanced subsea processing integration. Mexico is advancing offshore oil and gas development in the Gulf of Mexico while balancing state-led infrastructure priorities, private-sector technical participation, and pipeline integrity modernization. Spain serves as another Mediterranean and Atlantic energy gateway, with offshore pipeline links supporting gas diversification, LNG connectivity, and regional security of supply.
Industry leaders should prioritize lifecycle integrity management from concept selection through decommissioning, using risk-based inspection, verified materials qualification, advanced corrosion control, and flow assurance modeling to reduce operational uncertainty. Project teams should integrate digital twins, AI-enabled anomaly detection, and autonomous inspection into asset strategies while maintaining human oversight, transparent audit trails, and robust cybersecurity. Offshore pipeline developers should evaluate carbon dioxide transport readiness, hydrogen compatibility, and future infrastructure repurposing at the design stage where technically feasible, especially near industrial clusters and depleted offshore reservoirs. Operators should strengthen environmental and social governance by improving methane monitoring, leak detection, spill response readiness, marine habitat protection, and stakeholder communication during permitting and operations. Supply chain resilience should be improved through dual sourcing of critical pipe materials, coating systems, valves, subsea connectors, and inspection services, alongside realistic vessel availability planning. Leaders should also expand workforce capabilities in subsea robotics, welding quality analytics, geohazard assessment, digital integrity platforms, and regulatory compliance. For cross-border or security-sensitive assets, organizations should coordinate with maritime authorities to enhance seabed infrastructure surveillance, emergency repair planning, and cyber-physical risk management. The most competitive strategies will combine engineering reliability, regulatory discipline, decarbonization readiness, and data-driven operations.
This executive summary is developed using a structured secondary research approach focused on verified public-domain and industry-recognized sources, including government energy agencies, offshore safety regulators, environmental authorities, standards organizations, intergovernmental energy bodies, technical guidance documents, academic publications, and publicly available project and policy records. The analysis emphasizes qualitative validation rather than market sizing, estimation, share calculation, or forecasting. Key themes were evaluated across offshore pipeline design, construction, integrity management, inspection technologies, regulatory developments, carbon dioxide transport readiness, regional offshore activity, and energy security priorities. Data points were cross-checked for consistency across multiple credible references wherever possible, and insights were synthesized to reflect current industry conditions without relying on promotional claims or unverified projections. Regional, group, and country perspectives were assessed through the lens of offshore resource development, subsea engineering maturity, regulatory environment, infrastructure resilience, and decarbonization policy. The methodology excludes company-level promotion and instead focuses on sector-wide drivers, risks, and operational implications relevant to decision-makers in offshore energy infrastructure.
Offshore pipeline infrastructure is entering a more complex and strategic phase as conventional oil and gas transport requirements converge with energy security, emissions reduction, carbon management, and critical seabed infrastructure protection. The sector's future competitiveness will depend on the ability to engineer reliable systems for deepwater, harsh, corrosive, and high-pressure environments while improving transparency, environmental performance, and operational resilience. Artificial intelligence, digital twins, autonomous subsea inspection, and advanced leak detection are transforming integrity management, but their value depends on verified data quality, skilled interpretation, and strong governance. Regional dynamics show varied priorities, from mature basin decommissioning and infrastructure reuse in Europe to deepwater expansion in Latin America, offshore gas security in Asia-Pacific, large-scale production networks in the Middle East, and emerging development opportunities across Africa. For industry leaders, the most effective path forward is to align pipeline design and operations with lifecycle safety, decarbonization optionality, regulatory readiness, and cyber-physical resilience. Offshore pipelines will remain essential infrastructure for global energy systems, and their role is expanding as they become potential enablers of lower-carbon offshore value chains.